dna (deoxyribonucleic acid)

DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Genetic material of cells…Genetic material of cells…

• GENES – units of genetic material that GENES – units of genetic material that CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAITCODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT

• Called Called NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

• DNA is made up of repeating molecules DNA is made up of repeating molecules called called NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES

DNA NucleotideDNA Nucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

A HISTORY OF DNAA HISTORY OF DNA

• Discovery of the DNA double helixDNA double helix

A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928)

B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA.(1952)

C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray.(1953)

Watson & Crick proposed…Watson & Crick proposed…

•DNA had specific pairing between the DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases:nitrogen bases:

ADENINEADENINE – – THYMINETHYMINE

CYTOSINECYTOSINE - - GUANINEGUANINE

•DNA was made of DNA was made of 22 long stands of long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way nucleotides arranged in a specific way

called the called the “Complementary Rule”“Complementary Rule”

DNA Double HelixDNA Double Helix

NitrogenousNitrogenousBase (A,T,G or C)Base (A,T,G or C)

““Rungs of ladder”Rungs of ladder”

““Legs of ladder”Legs of ladder”

Phosphate &Phosphate &Sugar BackboneSugar Backbone

DNA Double HelixDNA Double Helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

Nitrogenous BasesNitrogenous Bases

• PURINESPURINES

1. Adenine (A)Adenine (A)

2. Guanine (G)Guanine (G)

• PYRIMIDINESPYRIMIDINES

3. Thymine (T)Thymine (T)

4. Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C) T or C

A or G

Chargaff’s RuleChargaff’s Rule

• AdenineAdenine must pair with ThymineThymine

• GuanineGuanine must pair with CytosineCytosine

• Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the sameabout the same.

G CT A

BASE-PAIRINGSBASE-PAIRINGS

CG

H-bonds

T A

Genetic Diversity…Genetic Diversity…• Different Different

arrangements of arrangements of NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES in a in a nucleic acid (DNA) nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to provides the key to DIVERSITYDIVERSITY among among living organisms.living organisms.

The Code of Life…The Code of Life…

• The “code” of the chromosome is the The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDERSPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur. that bases occur.

A T C G T A T G C G G…A T C G T A T G C G G…

DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form

chromosomes

See p. 297

DNA DNA ReplicationReplication• DNA must be copiedDNA must be copied

• The DNA molecule produces The DNA molecule produces 2 2 IDENTICALIDENTICAL new complementary new complementary strands following the rules of strands following the rules of base pairing: base pairing:

A-T, G-CA-T, G-C

•Each strand of the Each strand of the original DNA serves as original DNA serves as a template for the new a template for the new strand strand See p. 298See p. 298

DNA DNA ReplicationReplication

• Semiconservative Semiconservative Model:Model:

1. Watson and Crick Watson and Crick showed:showed: the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand.

. Parental DNA

DNA Template

New DNA

1. Why is replication necessary?

2. When does replication occur?

3. Describe how replication works.

4. Use the complementary rule to create the complementary strand:

A---?G---?C---?T---?A---?G---?A---?G---?C---?A---?G---?T---?

Replication Quiz

1. Why is replication necessary?So both new cells will have the correct DNA2. When does replication occur?During interphase (S phase).3. Describe how replication works.Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary

nucleotides join each original strand.4. Use the complementary rule to

create the complementary strand:

A---TG---CC---GT---AA---TG---CA---TG---CC---GA---TG---CT---A

Replication Quiz

(1961)(1961) Watson & Crick proposed… Watson & Crick proposed…• ……DNA controlled cell function by DNA controlled cell function by

serving as a template for serving as a template for PROTEINPROTEIN structure.structure.

• 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODONCODON(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)

See p.303See p.303

• AMINO ACIDSAMINO ACIDS are the building blocks are the building blocks of proteins.of proteins.

DNA DNA TranscriptionTranscription

• DNA can “unzip” DNA can “unzip” itself and itself and RNARNA nucleotides match nucleotides match up to the DNA up to the DNA strand.strand.

• Both DNA & RNA Both DNA & RNA are formed from are formed from NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES and and are called are called NUCLEICNUCLEIC acids.acids.

See p.301See p.301

DNA DNA TranslationTranslation

• The cell uses The cell uses information from information from “messenger” RNA “messenger” RNA to produce proteinsto produce proteins

See p.304-305See p.304-305

We will We will discuss details discuss details

of this on a of this on a later datelater date

Transcription/Translation Quiz1. Why is transcription necessary?

2. Describe transcription.

3. Why is translation necessary?

4. Describe translation.

5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA.

6. Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons:

UGGCAGUGC

1. Why is transcription necessary?Transcription makes messenger RNA (MRNA) to carry the code for proteins out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

2. Describe transcription.

RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one strand as a template to assemble MRNA.

3. Why is translation necessary?

Translation assures that the right amino acids are joined together by peptides to form the correct protein.

4. Describe translation.The cell uses information from MRNA to produce proteins.

5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA.DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA has 2 strands, RNA has one strand; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.

6. Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGCtryptophan-glutamine-cysteine

AMAZING DNA FACTS…AMAZING DNA FACTS…

• DNA from a single human DNA from a single human cell extends in a single cell extends in a single thread for almost 2 meters thread for almost 2 meters long!!!long!!!

• It contains information It contains information equal to some 600,000 equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words printed pages of 500 words each!!! each!!! (a library of about 1,000 books)(a library of about 1,000 books)

LET’S REVIEW DNA…LET’S REVIEW DNA…

1.1. List the conclusions Griffith & Avery, List the conclusions Griffith & Avery, Hershey & Chase drew from their Hershey & Chase drew from their experiments.experiments.

2.2. Summarize the relationship between Summarize the relationship between genes & DNA.genes & DNA.

3.3. Describe the overall structure of the Describe the overall structure of the DNA molecule.DNA molecule.

4.4. What are the 4 kinds of bases?What are the 4 kinds of bases?