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Distracted Driving inNew York State: A Status Report
Presentation at 29th International Forum on
Traffic Records and Highway Information Systems
Denver, Colorado
July 14, 2003
Anne M. Dowling, Ph.D.
Institute for Traffic Safety Management and ResearchUniversity at Albany, State University of New York
Debra H. Rood, Director
Provisions of theNew York State Cell Phone Law
Effective Date: November 1, 2001
1. No person shall operate a motor vehicle upon a public highway while using a mobile telephone to engage in a call while such vehicle is in motion.
Exceptions:
A) Emergency situation
B) Performing official duties
C) Use of hands-free telephone
2. Fine of up to $100
3. DMV crash summary report to include type of driver inattention
4. Study of effects of cell phone use and other driver distractions on highway safety due by November 1, 2005
Study on Distracted Driving
►Telephone Survey
►Observational Survey
►Analysis of Tickets
►Analysis of Crash Records
Telephone Survey
Objectives: Collect information on cell phone use and attitudes related to the
cell phone law Identify most frequent sources of distracted driving Examine differences in sources of distracted driver characteristics
(e.g., age, gender) Examine changes in cell phone use and distracted driving over
time
Survey Population: New York State Licensed Drivers
Dates: Fall 2001 (pre-law)Spring 2003 (post-law)
Frequency of Having Cell Phone in Vehicle
38.1
7.611.0
43.348.7
10.9 8.8
31.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Always Most of the time Sometimes Never
Per
cen
t
Fall 2001 Spring 2003N=788 N=795
Frequency of Using Cell Phone While Driving
12.3
19.7
34.4 33.6
11.4
19.8
34.2 34.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Very Often Sometimes Once in a While Never
Per
cen
t
Fall 2001 Spring 2003
N=447 N=544
2003 Telephone SurveyDrivers Who Use Cell Phones While Driving
(N=359)
On a typical day, Average
How much time do you spend driving? 108 minutes
How much time do you spend usinga cell phone while driving? 13 minutes
How many outgoing calls do you make? 2
How many incoming calls do you receive? 2
Cell Phones and Driving:Differences by Gender
MEN WOMEN
2001(n=206)
2003(n=263)
2001(n=241)
2003
(n=281)
Very Often/Sometimes 39.3% 39.2% 25.7% 23.9%
Once in awhile 30.6% 33.1% 37.8% 35.2%
Never 30.1% 27.8% 36.5% 40.9%
Frequency of Using Cell Phone While Driving
Cell Phones and Driving:Differences by Age
16-34 35-44 45-54 55+
2001
(n=144)
2003
(n=143)
2001
(n=131)
2003
(n=130)
2001
(n=104)
2003
(n=129)
2001
(n=96)
2003
(n=138)
Very Often/Sometimes 45.6% 50.3% 36.6% 31.5% 24.0% 28.7% 18.8% 13.0%
Once in awhile 35.1% 29.4% 36.7% 43.8% 41.4% 34.1% 22.9% 30.4%
Never 19.3% 20.3% 26.7% 24.6% 34.6% 37.2% 58.3% 56.5%
Frequency of Using Cell Phone While Driving
Hands-Free Feature or Adapter for Cell Phone
Fall
2001(n=388)
Spring
2003(n=542)
Do you have a hands-free feature or adapter
for your cell phone?
% %
Yes 49.7 63.7
No 50.3 36.3
If yes, when using a cell phone while driving,
how often do you use the hands-free feature?
(n=193)
%
(n=331)
%
Always 49.7 48.0
Most of the time 14.0 23.3
Sometimes 22.8 11.5
Never 13.5 17.2
Most Common Reason for UsingCell Phone While Driving
46.6
7.7
4.0
23.2
8.6
2.1
24.5
34.3
7.35.1
10.3
26.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
Family Matters Business ReportEmergencies
CasualConversations
Make/ChangeAppointments
Other
Per
cent
Fall 2001 Spring 2003N=384 N=350
Perceptions of Safety Problems Associated with Using a Cell Phone While Driving
63.9
31.2
3.0 1.9
56.5
35.5
5.52.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
A great deal Somewhat Not at all Don't know
Per
cen
t
Fall 2001 Spring 2003
In your opinion, does using a cell phone affect a driver’s ability to drive safely…
N=805 N=800
Perceptions of Safety ProblemsAssociated with Using a Cell Phone While Driving
13.2
58.8
7.8
20.2
6.5
13.0
58.4
21.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Having aConversation
Dialing AnsweringIncoming
Calls
Don't Know
Per
cen
t
Fall 2001 Spring 2003
While driving, which part of using a cell phone is most likely to distract or take attention away from driving?
N=805 N=800
Frequency of Engaging in Distracting Behaviors While Driving
N=800%
N=800%
Very often…
Change radio, CDs or tapes 24.9 19.6Adjust heat/air conditioning 17.6 12.1
Eat or drink something 12.4 13.2
Daydream 8.8 6.8
Use a cell phone 7.0 12.9
Deal with child’s need or problem 5.3 8.3
Talk with passengers N/A 41.6
Fall 2001 Spring 2003
Distracted Driving and Crash Experience Due to Driver’s Own Behavior
Spring
2002
N=798
Spring
2003
N=800
Have you ever had an accident because you
were distracted or your attention was taken
away from driving? % %
Yes 11.7 11.6
No 87.6 88.1
Don’t Know 0.7 0.3
Observational Survey
Objectives:► Identify proportion of drivers using hand-held cell phones
► Identify other distracted driving behaviors drivers engage in
Method:► Observational survey (conducted in conjunction with New York’s annual seat belt survey)
► 200 sites in 20 counties
Survey Population: Drivers of passenger cars, minivans, vans, sport utility vehicles, and pickup trucks
Dates: Spring 2002, 2003, 2004
Driver Distraction Observational Survey Spring 2002 & Spring 2003
Spring 2002 Spring 2003
Drivers Observed 39,042 33,180
Drivers Using Cell Phone
Number 1,160 965
Percent of total 3.0% 2.9%
Drivers Engaged in Other Distracted
Driving Behaviors
Number 5,733 6,040
Percent of total 14.7% 18.2%
Driver Distraction Observational SurveyType of Cell Phone Use Observed
2002: n = 1,160 2003: n = 965
67%
11%
22%
72%
11%17%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Held to Ear Dialing Hands-Free
2002 2003
2003 Observation SurveyCell Phone Use While Driving:
Differences by Gender
11% 13%
76%
11%
20%
69%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Dialing Hands-free Held to ear
Women Men(n=401) (n=558)
2003 Observation SurveyCell Phone Use While Driving:
Differences by Age16-24
(n=199)
25-39
(n=411)
40-59
(n=308)
60+
(n=45)
Dialing 14% 11% 9% 9%
Hands-free 9% 21% 17% 7%
Held to ear 77% 68% 74% 84%
Driver Distraction Observational SurveyOther Distracted Driving Behaviors
13%
7%
4%
26%
35%
5% 6%
23%
28%
19%
8%10%
6%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Smoking Talking toPassenger
Eating/Drinking VehicleControls
Self-grooming Reading/Writing
Attending toChild
2002 2003
N/A
n= 5,733 n= 6,040
2003 Observation SurveyDistracted Driving: Differences by Gender
22%
26%
13%
6%
23%
20%
9%7% 7%
3%
7%
18%
10%
31%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Smoking Talking topassenger
Eating/Drinking
VehicleControls
Self-grooming
Reading/Writing
Attending toChild
Women Menn=2,827 n=3,184
2003 Observation SurveyDistracted Driving: Differences by Age
16-24
(n=1,031)
25-39
(n=2,224)
40-59
(n=1,889)
60+
(n=887)
Vehicle controls 8% 8% 9% 7%
Attending to child 4% 7% 7% 5%
Driver talking to passenger 25% 26% 27% 41%
Eating/drinking 21% 20% 19% 14%
Reading/writing 6% 6% 7% 6%
Self-grooming 9% 12% 9% 8%
Smoking 25% 22% 22% 21%
2003 Observation SurveyDistracted Driving: Differences by Vehicle Type
Car
(n=3,319)
SUV
(n=811)
Van
(n=918)
Pick-up
(n=955)
Vehicle controls 8% 10% 6% 9%
Attending to child 5% 7% 17% 6%
Driver talking to passenger 29% 32% 27% 23%
Eating/drinking 19% 24% 19% 17%
Reading/writing 7% 7% 7% 3%
Self-grooming 11% 12% 11% 5%
Smoking 22% 23% 18% 28%
Analysis of Tickets Issued for Non-Compliance with the Cell Phone Law
December 2001 – November 2002(N=76,346)
►Characteristics of Drivers Ticketed
►Characteristics of Arrest Event
►Outcome of Adjudication Process
2003 Telephone Survey
Every time
(N=800)35%
Almost every time 24%
Once in awhile 28%
Never 6%
Don’t know 8%
Perceived Probability of Receiving a Ticket
For Using Hand-Held Cell Phone While Driving
Cell Phone Tickets Issuedby Enforcement Agency
47%
9%
31%
13%
(N=76,346)
NYPD State Police
Sheriff/County
Local Police(non-NYC)
Drivers Issued Companion Tickets
44%
23%
9%
4%
12%15%
17%
12%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Speed Alcohol Seatbelt Inspection Insurance License AUO Other
(N=6,371)
Outcome of Adjudication ProcessTickets Issued December 2001 – November 2002
8%3%
87%
2%0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Dismissed Acquitted Convicted asCharged
Convicted onDifferentCharge
(N=62,617)
Fines for Cell Phone Convictions
Amount of Fine Drivers Convicted(N=50,612)
$0 7.0%
$1-25 4.6%
$26-50 14.4%
$51-75 63.8%
$76-100 8.3%
>$100 1.9%
Cell Phone Tickets Issued byDriver Gender
65%
35%
(N=30,979)
Women
Men
Cell Phone Tickets Issued:Drivers Ticketed vs. Licensed Drivers
Driver Age
23%
16%
20%
3%
10%10%
13%
28%
13%
22%22%
9%
6%5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
16-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 +
Drivers Ticketed Licensed Drivers
(N=31,126)
Analysis of Fatal Crash RecordsJuly 2001 – December 2002
(N=144)(N=144)
►Driver Inattention/Distraction
►Cell Phone (hand-held)
►Cell Phone (hands-free)
►Other Electronic Device
Fatal Crashes Involving Driver Inattention/Distraction
Driver Gender
6%
66%
28%
(N=144)
Men
UnknownWomen
Drivers in Fatal Crashes Involving Driver Inattention/Distraction vs. Licensed Drivers
Driver Age
(N=136)
19%
10%
14%15% 15%
10%
16%
5%6%
9%
22% 22%
16%
20%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
15-20 21-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 +
Distracted Drivers in Fatal Crashes Licensed Drivers
Type of Driver Distraction(n = 21)
n
Looking elsewhere 5
Adjusting car controls 4
Talking, arguing/dealing with passenger/child 3
Reaching for object 3
Cell phone 2
Other 4
Anne M. Dowling, Ph.D.
Deputy DirectorDeputy Director
Institute for Traffic Safety Management and ResearchInstitute for Traffic Safety Management and Research
80 Wolf Road, Suite 60780 Wolf Road, Suite 607
Albany, NY 12205Albany, NY 12205
Phone: 518-453-0291Phone: 518-453-0291
Fax: 518-453-0298Fax: 518-453-0298
E-mail: adowling@itsmr.orgE-mail: adowling@itsmr.org
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