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Designing for Situation Designing for Situation AwarenessAwareness
--the world behind the glassthe world behind the glass--
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
prof dr ir Max Mulder
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
today
• introduce the human-machine systems group
• cognitive systems engineering & ecological interface design
• example : airborne separation assurance
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
aerospace human-machine systems @ TU Delft
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
aerospace human-machine systems
TU DelftTU Delft
Aerospace EngineeringAerospace Engineering
Control & SimulationControl & Simulation
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
+ approximately 20-25 MSc graduate students each year
people in the HMS cluster
Max Mulder & René van Paassen
Mark Mulder
Clark BorstOlaf Stroosma
Xander in ‘t Veld Herman Damveld
Joost Ellerbroek
Stijn van DamMariam Rahman
Arjen de Leege
Daan Pool
Rita PaisStefan de Groot
Joost Venrooij
Bruno Gracio
Jan ComansPaul de Jong
Deniz Yilmaz
Frank Nieuwenhuizen Johan de Prins
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
know-how
create, integrate and validate knowledge from various
domains
1) engineering sciences
systems and control theory
artificial intelligence
real-time simulation
2) cognitive sciences
(ecological) psychology
cognitive systems engineering
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
cognitive systems engineering & ecological interface design
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
why do we need to study humans in the aerospace domain?
>70 % of all accidents is attributed to human error
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
response options
• Fire the pilot• Improve training• Better maintenance, improve reliability• Adapt procedures• Add automation/warning systems (TCAS, EGPWS)• Improve the interface
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
why do we need to study humans in the aerospace domain?
enormous cost reductions through automation…
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
why do we need to study humans in the aerospace domain?
…changing roles of humans
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
the evolving cockpit
our approach: design systems in which cognition is a joint process
Yes, all information is presented to the pilot. But, in doing so, all cognition needs to be done by the human
High workloadHigh workload, low performance
Yes, most tasks are automated. But, in doing so, only a small part of the cognition needs to be done by the human
Low workload, low situation low situation awarenessawareness
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
levels in interface design
• illumination, readability, colors, symbols
• integrated displays, configural displays, emergent features, principle of moving part
• ...so, what’s next?
?
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
the flight deck is . . .
• an “OPEN” system (Vicente)• extensive + complex
interaction with the environment
• “the airborne office”
. . . a workplace for cognitive (team)work
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
the challenge of automation
Apologies to Edwards’ SHELL
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
. . . is there a display format that helps pilots with their (cognitive) tasks?
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
human capabilities “direct perception” – Gibson
affording
specifying
perception-actioncoupling
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ecological interface design
Basic idea: “make visible the invisible ”
Work Domain Analysis
Use technology to create an interface that provides meaningful information and that allows humans to directly act on the information to achieve their goal
Transfer a cognitive process into a perceptual process
Interface design
(Vicente & Rasmussen, 1992)
Control task analysisStrategies analysisSocial organization and cooperationWorker competencies analysis
+
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
work domain analysis• Consider the path taken by
an ant on the beach. It looks irregular, the ant must be a complex organism to remember & follow this path
• If one instead studies the beach, the path seems obvious. The ant creates that path as it feels, sees and smells the beach
• We did not evolve to feel, see and smell process plants and airplanes. We should analyse “the beach” and create an appropriate representation
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
airborne separation assurance
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
typical engineering approaches
Calculation CPA
(CPA < look-ahead time) & (CPA dist < 5 NM) = conflict
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
interface: visualise the CPA
• Conflict location moves when maneuvering
• Affordance ‘hit’ is clear, affordance ‘avoidance’ is not
• Only heading, no speed
• Conflicts triggered by manoeuvres
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
predictive ASAS
• Conflict location moves when maneuvering
• Affordance ‘hit’ is clear, affordance ‘avoidance’ is not
• Conflicts triggered by maneuvers
Engineer’s answer : p-ASAS (predictive ASAS)
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
predictive ASAS (2)
• “no-go” bands for• track/heading• vertical speed
and speed
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
p-ASAS issues
• yes, we can see how to avoid aircraft,• but we cannot see how to do it efficiently, and• the computer-aided solution can be within a no-go
heading or speed zone....• so how can we check that the computer is right??• no-go bands for multiple aircraft??
Over to EID/Cognitive Systems Engineering
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
let’s take another look at a conflict situation
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP: airborne trajectory planningassume we have two aircraft
own
intruder
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....set intruder aircraft to stand still
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP...then we should also change the speed of own...
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP...add the protected zone...
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....create Forbidden Beam Zone....in relative space
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....calculate relative speed....here: we’re safe
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....move FBZ with intruder speed....to obtain own a/c
“speed/heading space”
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....an owncraft-centered
presentation of own motion constraints
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....look at another situation
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....look at another situation
own velocity
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....look at another situation
velocity of the intruder aircraft
own velocity
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....look at another situation
velocity of the intruder aircraft
own velocity
relative velocity
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....add own a/c maximum speed
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....add own a/c minimum speed
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....add maximum heading changes for productivity
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....the result is the state vector envelope for 2D motion
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
demo: conflict with one aircraft
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
no reaction, development of conflict
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....heading bands??
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....heading bands?
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....heading bands!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....a whole family of heading bands!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....speed bands??
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....speed bands!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....a whole family of speed bands!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....multiple intruder aircraft??
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....multiple intruder aircraft!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
demonstration: multiple intruders
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....optimal solution??
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....optimal solution!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP
smallest state change
....optimal solution!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....implicit
coordination!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....implicit
coordination!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
safety
production
efficiency
locomotion
relativemotion
flight and control
aircraft limits
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
. . . is there a display format that helps pilots with their (cognitive) tasks?
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
closing statements
The goal of EID is to transform a cognitive task into a perceptual task by providing meaningful information that humans can directly perceive and act on accordingly.
“make visible the invisible”
Distribute the cognition between humans and the automated systems through the interface. Strive for a joint cognitive system.
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
our approach to interface design
...usually starts out with a lot of engineering calculations, modelling and describing the system
...we have learned that picking the right representation (state variables) is crucial to the success of the interface design
...we are no rocket scientists, so we go through lots of iterations!!
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
….current work
Ecological ASAS (funded by EUROCONTROL + NLR)Ecological ASAS (funded by EUROCONTROL + NLR)
Merging terrain and traffic constraintsMerging terrain and traffic constraints
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
….current work
….creating joint cognitive systems for air traffic control through a SOLUTION SPACE DIAGRAMSOLUTION SPACE DIAGRAM approach
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
thank you for your attention
Designing for Situation Designing for Situation AwarenessAwareness
--the world behind the glassthe world behind the glass--
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
prof dr ir Max Mulder
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....the FBZ is a family of circles
EUROCONTROL scientific seminar January 21, 2011
ATP....that represent the intruder’s 4D trajectory relative to own
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