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CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER GRAPHICS- 2 MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
SEM/YEAR-07/IV
UNIT – I
2D PRIMITIVES
1. Define Computer graphics.
Computer graphics remains one of the most existing and rapidly growing computer
fields. Computer graphics may be defined as a pictorial representation or graphical
representation of objects in a computer.
2. Name any four input devices.
Four input devices are keyboard, mouse, image scanners, and trackball.
3. What is resolution?
The maximum number of points that can be displayed without overlap on a CRT is
referred to as the resolution.
4. Write the types of clipping?
Point clipping, line clipping, area clipping, text clipping and curve clipping.
5. Define pixel?
Pixel is shortened forms of picture element. Each screen point is referred to as
pixel or pel.
6. What is frame buffer?
Picture definition is stored in a memory area called frame buffer or refresh buffer.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
7. What is point in the computer graphics system?
The point is a most basic graphical element & is completely defined by a pair of
user coordinates (x, y).
8. Write short notes on lines?
A line is of infinite extent can be defined by an angle of slope q and one point on
the line P=P(x,y). This can also be defined as y=mx+C where C is the Yintercept.
9. Define Circle?
Circle is defined by its center xc, yc and its radius in user coordinate units. The
equation of the circle is (x-xc) + (y-yc) = r2.
10. What are the various attributes of a line?
The line type, width and color are the attributes of the line. The line type includes
solid line, dashed lines, and dotted lines.
11. What is Transformation?
Transformation is the process of introducing changes in the shape size and
orientation of the object using scaling rotation reflection shearing & translation etc.
12. What is translation?
Translation is the process of changing the position of an object in a straight-line
path from one coordinate location to another. Every point (x , y) in the object must
under go a displacement to (x|,y|). the transformation is: x’ = x + tx ; y’ = y+ty
13. What is rotation?
A 2-D rotation is done by repositioning the coordinates along a circular path, in the
x-y plane by making an angle with the axes. The transformation is given by:
X’ = r cos (q + f) and Y’ = r sin (q + f).
14. What is scaling?
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
A 2-D rotation is done by repositioning the coordinates along a circular path, in the
x-y plane by making an angle with the axes. The transformation is given by:
X’ = r cos (q + f) and Y|’= r sin (q + f).
15. What is shearing?
The shearing transformation actually slants the object along the X direction or the
Y direction as required. ie; this transformation slants the shape of an object along a
required plane.
16. What is reflection?
The reflection is actually the transformation that produces a mirror image of an
object. For this use some angles and lines of reflection.
17. Distinguish between window port & view port?
A portion of a picture that is to be displayed by a window is known as window
port. The display area of the part selected or the form in which the selected part is
viewed is known as view port.
18. Define clipping?
Clipping is the method of cutting a graphics display to neatly fit a predefined
graphics region or the view port
19. What is the need of homogeneous coordinates?
To perform more than one transformation at a time, use homogeneous coordinates
or matrixes. They reduce unwanted calculations intermediate steps saves time and
memory and produce a sequence of transformations.
20. Distinguish between uniform scaling and differential scaling?
When the scaling factors sx and sy are assigned to the same value, a uniform
scaling is produced that maintains relative object proportions. Unequal values for
sx and sy result in a differential scaling that is often used in design application
21. What is fixed point scaling?
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
The location of a scaled object can be controlled by a position called the fixed
point that is to remain unchanged after the scaling transformation.
22. What is Zooming?
Zooming means enlarging a digital image to see it more clearly or make it easier to
alter. It allows the user to see more detail for a specific area of the image.
23. What is Rubber Banding?
Rubber Banding is another form of zooming. The user can use a mouse to
define two corners of a rectangle. The selected area can be copied to a clipboard,
cut, moved or zoomed.
24. What is an output primitive?
Graphics programming packages provide function to describe a scene in terms of
these basic geometric structures, referred to as output primitives.
25. List out the graphics applications
paint programs : Allow you to create rough freehand drawings. The images are
stored as bit maps and can easily be edited.
illustration/design programs: Supports more advanced features than paint
programs, particularly for drawing curved lines. The images are usually
stored in vector-based formats. Illustration/design programs are often called
draw programs.
presentation graphics software : Lets you create bar charts, pie charts, graphics, and
other types of images for slide shows and reports. The charts can be based
on data imported from spreadsheet applications.
animation software: Enables you to chain and sequence a series of images to
simulate movement. Each image is like a frame in a movie.
CAD software: Enables architects and engineers to draft designs.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
desktop publishing : Provides a full set of word-processing features as well as
fine control over placement of text and graphics, so that you can create
newsletters, advertisements, books, and other types of documents.
UNIT II
3D CONCEPTS
1. Define Projection?
The process of converting the description of objects from world coordinates
to viewing coordinates is known as projection. The process of displaying 3D into a
2D display unit is known as projection. The projection transforms 3D objects into a
2D projection plane
2. What are the steps involved in 3D transformation?
• Modeling Transformation
• Viewing Transformation
• Projection Transformation
Workstation Transformation
3. What do you mean by view plane?
A view plane is nothing but the film plane in camera which is positioned and
oriented for a particular shot of the scene.
4. List out the 3D Issues?
More Complicated Objects than 2D
More involved geometric transformations
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
Viewing transformations much more complicated
Projection onto a two dimensional output display (usually)
Identification of Visible Surfaces
5. What you mean by parallel projection?
Parallel projection is one in which z coordinates is discarded and parallel
lines from each vertex on the object are extended until they intersect the view
plane.
6. What do you mean by Perspective projection?
Perspective projection is one in which the lines of projection are not parallel.
Instead, they all converge at a single point called the center of projection.
7. What is Projection reference point?
In Perspective projection, the lines of projection are not parallel. Instead,
they all converge at a single point called Projection reference point.
8. Define computer graphics animation?
Computer graphics animation is the use of computer graphics equipment
where the graphics output presentation dynamically changes in real time. This is
often also called real time animation.
9. What is two lining?
It is the process, which is applicable to animation objects defined by a
sequence of points, and that change shape from frame to frame.
10. Define frame?
One of the shape photographs that a film or video is made of is known as frame.
11. What is key frame?
One of the shape photographs that a film or video is made of the shape of an
object is known initially and for a small no of other frames called keyframe
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
12. Define Random scan/Raster scan displays?
Random scan is a method in which the display is made by the electronic
beam which is directed only to the points or part of the screen where the picture is
to be drawn.
The Raster scan system is a scanning technique in which the electrons sweep
from top to bottom and from left to right. The intensity is turned on or off to light
and unlight the pixel.
13. What is bit map?
A bit map (often spelled "bitmap") defines a display space and the color for
each pixel or "bit" in the display space. A Graphics Interchange Format and a JPEG are
examples of graphic image file types that contain bit maps. A bit map does not
need to contain a bit of color-coded information for each pixel on every row. It
only needs to contain information indicating a new color as the display scans along
a row. Thus, an image with much solid color will tend to require a small bit map.
Because a bit map uses a fixed or raster graphics method of specifying an
image, the image cannot be immediately rescaled by a user without losing
definition. A vector graphics graphic image, however, is designed to be quickly
rescaled. Typically, an image is created using vector graphics and then, when the
artist is satisfied with the image, it is converted to (or saved as) a raster graphic file
or bit map.
14. What is Pixel?
The pixel (a word invented from "picture element") is the basic unit of
programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image. Think of it as a
logical - rather than a physical - unit. The physical size of a pixel depends on how
you've set the resolution for the display screen. If you've set the display to its
maximum resolution, the physical size of a pixel will equal the physical size of the
dot pitch (let's just call it the dot size) of the display. If, however, you've set the
resolution to something less than the maximum resolution, a pixel will be larger
than the physical size of the screen's dot (that is, a pixel will use more than one
dot). The specific color that a pixel describes is some blend of three components of
the color spectrum - RGB.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
15. What is RGB?
RGB (red, green, and blue) refers to a system for representing the colors to
be used on a computer display. Red, green, and blue can be combined in various
proportions to obtain any color in the visible spectrum. Levels of R, G, and B can
each range from 0 to 100 percent of full intensity. Each level is represented by the
range of decimal numbers from 0 to 255 (256 levels for each color), equivalent to
the range of binary numbers from 00000000 to 11111111, or hexadecimal 00 to FF.
The total number of available colors is 256 x 256 x 256, or 16,777,216 possible
colors.
16. What is cathode ray tube (CRT)?
A cathode ray tube (CRT) is a specialized vacuumtube in which images are
produced when an electron beam strikes aphosphorescent surface. Most desktop
computer displays make useof CRTs. The CRT in a computer display is similar to
the"picture tube" in a television receiver.
A cathode ray tube consists of several basiccomponents, as illustrated below. The
electron gun generates anarrow beam of electrons. The anodes accelerate the
electrons.Deflecting coils produce an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field
that allowsfor constant adjustment of the direction of the electron beam.There are
two sets of deflecting coils: horizontal and vertical.(In the illustration, only one set
of coils is shown forsimplicity.) The intensity of the beam can be varied.
17. List out the methods used for smoothly joining two line segments?
Mitter join- by extending the outer boundaries of each of the two lines
until they meet.
Round join – by capping the connection between the two segments with a
circular boundary whose diameter is equal to the line width.
Bevel join – by displaying the line segments with butt caps and filling in
the triangular gap where the segment meet.
18. Define bundled attributes?
Individual attribute commands provide a simple and direct method for specifying
attributes when a single output device is used. When several kinds of output device
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
are available at a graphics installation, it is convenient to set up a table for each
output device that lists set of attribute values that are to be used on that device to
display each primitive type. Attribute specified in this manner is known as bundled
attribute.
19. What is scan line algorithm?
One way to fill the polygon is to apply the inside test. i.e to check whether the
pixel is inside the polygon or outside the polygon and then highlight the pixel
which lie inside the polygon. This approach is known as scan-line algorithm. .
20. What is a Line cap?
Line caps can be used to adjust the shape of the line ends to give a better
appearance. There are three types of line caps. Butt cap which has a square end,
round cap which has a semi circle end, projecting square cap which has one half of
the line width beyond the specified end points
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
UNIT III
GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
1. State the properties of Holographic images?
Holographic images are
not clear diagrams
3-dimensional
can also be recorded on materials other than photographic plates
records intensity of light and phase
created by coherent light using a laser beam
2. Define Fractals?
Fractals are regular objects with a high degree of irregular shapes. It is a lossy
compression technique but it doesn’t change the shape of the image. Fractals are
decompressed images that result from a compression format
3. Explain Fractal Compression?
Fractal Compression is based on image content i.e., it is based on similarity of
patterns within an image. The steps in Fractal compression are
a digitized image is broken into segments
the individual segments are checked against a library of fractals
the library contains a compact set of numbers called iterated function
these system codes will reproduce the corresponding fractal
4. State the applications of Document Imaging?
Document Imaging is used in organizations such as
Insurance agencies
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
Law offices
Country and State Governments
Federal Government
Department of Defence (DOD)
5. Define Compression Efficiency?
Compression Efficiency is defined as the ratio in bytes of an uncompressed image
to the same image after compression.
6. What is Image Processing?
Image Processing refers to processing a digital image using a digital computer. An
image processing system will alter the contents of the image. It involves Image
Recognition, Image Enhancement, Image Synthesis and Image Reconstruction.
7. Explain Image Calibration?
The overall image density is calibrated. In Image calibration the image pixels are
adjusted to a predefined level.
8. What is Grayscale Normalization?
The overall grayscale of an image or picture is evaluated to determine if it is
skewed in one direction and if it needs correction.
9. What is Frame Averaging?
The intensity level of the frame is averaged to overcome the effects of very dark or
very light areas by adjusting the middle tones.
10. What is Image Animation?
Images are displayed sequentially at controlled display speeds to provide image
animation. Image Animation is the basic concept of displaying successive images
at short intervals to give the perception of motion. Image Animation is a
technology developed by Walt Disney and brought to every home in the form of
cartoons.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
11. How Image Annotation is done?
Image Annotation can be performed in two ways
as a text file stored along the image.
as a small image stored with the original image.
12. State the resolution of Facsimile, Document Images and Photographic
Images?
Facsimile – 100 to 200 dpi
Document images – 300 dpi (dots/pixels per inch)
Photographic images – 600 dpi
13. What is the compression technique used in Facsimile and Document
Images?
Facsimile - CCITT Group3
Document Images - CCITT Group4
14. What are the applications of Photographic Images?
Photographic images are used in Imaging Systems that are used for identification
such as
Security Badges
Fingerprint Cards
Photo Identification Systems
15. What is Raster graphics?
Raster graphics are digital images created or captured (for example, by scanning in
a photo) as a set of samples of a given space. A raster is a grid of x and y coordinates
on a display space. (And for three-dimensional images, a z coordinate.) A raster
image file identifies which of these coordinates to illuminate in monochrome or
color values. The raster file is sometimes referred to as a bitmap because it contains
information that is directly mapped to the display grid.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
A raster file is usually larger than a vector graphics image file. A raster file is usually
difficult to modify without loss of information, although there are software tools
that can convert a raster file into a vector file for refinement and changes.
Examples of raster image file types are: BMP, TIFF, GIF, and JPEG files.
16. Define computer graphics animation?
Computer graphics animation is the use of computer graphics equipment where the
graphics output presentation dynamically changes in real time. This is often also
called real time animation.
17. What is key frame?
One of the shape photographs that a film or video is made of the shape of an object
is known initially and for a small no of other frames called keyframe
18. What is pseudo animation?
Pseudo animation is creating a sequence of stills, photographing or video graphing
each still as one frame, and then later playing back the frames at a faster speed.
19. What is the normal speed of a visual animation?
Visual animation requires a playback of at least 25 frames per second
20. What is an intuitive interface?
The intuitive interface is one, which simulates the way a person would perform a
corresponding operation on real object rather than have menu command.
21. What is Sprite?
A Sprite is graphics shape in animation and games programs. Each sprite provided
in the system has its own memory area similar to but smaller than pixel RAM.
22. What is computer graphics realism?
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
The creation of realistic picture in computer graphics is known as realism. It is
important in fields such as simulation, design, entertainments, advertising,
research, education, command, and control.
UNIT IV
RENDERING
1. What is meant by Rendering?
In 3D graphics rendering means the calculation of the final image from the scene
that includes models, textures, lights, special effects and cameras. The final image
will be 2D image made of pixels. Utilizing materials, lighting techniques, and
renderer’s settings one can render multitude of different images from a single 3D
scene.
2. Types of Rendering?
Realistic rendering
Clay Rendering
Wire Rendering
3. Purpose of Wire Rendering.
The purpose of wire rendering is to reveal the polygon structure of the model. Wire
rendering displays only edges of the polygons. Wire render and clay render are
often combined.
4. Write the syntax of smooth shading.
Syntax:
glshadeModel(GL_smooth);
It calculates the color at each vertex.
It produces much better image.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
It computes during scan conversion.
5. List out the drawbacks of shadow mapping.
• Aliasing especially when using small shadow maps.
• The scene geometry must be rendered once per light inorder to generate the
shadow map for a spot light.
6. What are the two types of textures.
Two types of textures are:
Bitmap
Procedural
7. What are the stages of rendering?
Loading the shadow buffer
Rendering the scene
8. Write the function of bitmap textures.
The function texture (s,t) accesses in the code:
color3 texture(Float s,Float t)
{
return txtr[(int)(s*c)][(int)(t*R)]
}
where colr3 holds an RGB tuple.
9. List the advantages of phong shading.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
In Phong shading the direction of normal vector varies smoothly from
point to point and more closely approximates that of an underlying smooth
surface.
More realistic rendering are produced.
The production of specular highlights is much more faithful than with
Gouraud shding.
10.Define Texture mapping?
One of the most important tool in computer graphics is texture mapping.Texture
mapping applies an image to a surface.It allows a simple polygon to appear to have
a complex surface texture.
11. List the advantages of flat shading?
inexpensive to compute
Appropriate for objects with flat surface
Less pleasant for smooth surfaces.
12. What are the methods of shading?
Circulism
Blended Circulism
Dark Blacks
Loose cross Hatching
Tight cross Hatching
Powder Shading
13. What is the UDC technique
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
UDC stands for User Defined Character set.It is graphics animation trick which
used in early microcomputer system.
14. List the advantages of shadow mapping?
No knowledge or processing of the scene geometry is required.
Only a single texture is required to hold shadowing information for each
light.
Avoids the high fill requirement of shadow volume.
15. What is computer graphics realism
The creation of realistic picture in computer graphics is known as realism.It is
important in fields such as
simulation,design,entertainments,advertising,research,education,command and
control.
16. Define shadow volume.
The stencil buffer is used to find the interaction between the polygons in
the scene and the shadow volume.
This technique treat the shadows cast by objects as polygonal volumes.
17.What are the steps in rendering 3D texture.
Create the 3D texture
Create Texture Coordinates
Enable Texturing
18.What is the purpose of stencil buffer in shadowing?
The stencil buffer is used to compute which parts of the objects in the scene
are in the shadow volume.It uses a non zero winding rule technique.For every
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
pixel in the scene, the stencil value is incremented as it crosses a shadow boundary
going into the shadow volume and decrement as it crosses a boundary going out.
19.What is texturing?
A texture image is a rectangular array of pixel data.Applying textures a
graphical object to achieve a more interesting image or add information to the
image without computing additional geometry.The key idea is to apply additional
information to your image is computed and displayed.
20. What is shadow mapping?
Shadow mapping is just one of many different ways of producing shadows in your
graphics applications each with its own advantages and disadvantages
UNIT V
FRACTALS
1. What is Fractals?
A Fractal is an object whose shape is irregular at all scales.
2. What is a Fractal Dimension?
Fractal has infinite detail and fractal dimension. A fractal imbedded in n
dimensional space could have any fractional dimension between 0 and n.
The Fractal Dimension D= LogN / Log S
Where N is the No of Pieces and S is the Scaling Factor.
3. What is marble texture?
Marble shows veins of dark and light material that have some regularity but that
also exhibit strongly chaotic irregularities..
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
4. What is solid texture?
Solid texture is sometimes called as 3D texture.We view an object as being carved
out of the texture material such as marble or wood.The texture is represented by a
fuction texture(x,y,z)that produces an (r,g,h) color value at every point in space.
5. What is Koch curve?
The Koch curve can be drawn by dividing line into 4 equal segments with scaling
factor 1/3. and middle 2 segments are so adjusted that they form adjustment sides
of an equilateral triangle.
6. What is turtle graphics program?
The turtle program is a Robert that can move in 2 dimensions and it has a pencil
for drawing. The turtle is defined by the following parameters. g. Position of the
turtle (x, y) h. Heading of the turtle 0 the angle from the x axis.
7. What is graftals?
Graftals are applicable to represent realistic rendering plants and trees. A tree is
represented by a String of symbols 0, 1, [, ]
8. What is a Particle system?
A particle system is a method for modeling natural objects, or other irregularly
shaped objects, that exhibit “fluid-like” properties. Particle systems are suitable for
realistic rendering of fuzzy objects, smoke, sea and grass.
9. Give some examples for computer graphics standards?
CORE – The Core graphics standard
GKS -- The Graphics Kernel system
PHIGS – The Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System.
GSX – The Graphics system extension m.
NAPLPS – The North American presentation level protocol syntax.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
10. What is geometric fractal?
Geometric fractal is a fractal that repeats self similar patterns over all scales.
11. What is random fractal?
The patterns in the random fractals are no longer perfect and the random defects at
all scale.
12. Write about drawing scenes using OPENGL.
OpenGL draws scenes by combining the ambient ,diffuse and specular
components of light that illuminate a vertex of an object.
It uses the phong model to calculate the specular light component.
13. Give the types of textures.
There are two principle kinds of textures used.
With a image texture a 2D image is pasted onto each surface of the object.
With a solid texture the object is considered to be carved out of a block of
solid material that itself has texturing.The ray traces reveals the color of the
texture at each point on the surface of the object.
14. What is the purpose of scene class?
The scene class can read a file in the SDL language and build a list of objects in a
scene.This class can be used for ray tracing as well as to build scenes using the
following code:
Scene scn;
read(“myScene.dat”);
15. Define a Peano curve.
A curve can in fact fill the plane and therefore have a dimension of 2 such curves
are called Peano curve.
CS 72-COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2 MARKS WITH ANSWERS
Prepared by:Mrs.R.J.Alice Nineta,AP/IT
16.Define Random Factrals?
The term fractal usually refers to sets which, in some sense, have a self-similar
structure. Indeed, some form of self-similarity is common in random sets, in
particular those arising from stochastic processes. Therefore studying fractal
aspects is an important feature of modern stochastic geometry. Early progress in
fractal geometry often referred to sets with obvious selfsimilarity, like the _xed
pointsofiteratedfunctionsystems.
17. What is Multitexturing?
Multitexturing is the use of more than one texture at a time on a polygon. For
instance, a light map texture may be used to light a surface as an alternative to
recalculating that lighting every time the surface is rendered.
18.What is turbulence.
Turbulence is a noise generating method where several noise components
are mixed and they fluctates slowly as we move slightly through the space.The
more rapidly varying componts are given smaller strengths.
Define Ray class.
Class Ray
{
public:
Point3 start;
vector3 dir;
void setstart(point3 &p){start.x=p.x;...}
void setDir(Vector &v){dir.x=v.x;...}
}
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