departemen ekonomi sumberdaya & lingkungan … · struktur pasar market structure a. seberapa...
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DEPARTEMEN EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA & LINGKUNGAN
FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN MANAJEMEN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
Penentuan HargaPRICE DETERMINATION
Struktur PasarMARKET STRUCTURE
a. Seberapa besar/banyaknya penjual & pembeli atau
besar/kecilnya pasar
b. Pangsa masing-masing pasar
c. Seberapa besar/banyaknya produk yang terdiferensiasi atau
homogen
c. Mudahnya/sulitnya suatu firms masuk ke pasar
d. Informasi pasar
Klasifikasi PasarBehubungan dengan perilaku pasar pada setiap pasar adalah berbeda-beda
Pasar
Persaingan
Sempurna
Pasar
Monopoli
Monopolistic
Competition
Oligopolistic
(few firms)
PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA
(Perpect Competition Market)
PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA
(Perpect Competition Market)
Banyak penjual dan pembeli
Pangsa pasar < uang di pasar
Homogen produknya
Tidak ada barrier
Mudah dan murahnya informasi pasar
Terbentuknya:
Kurva; Pasar Persaingan Sempurna
P
Q
P*
P
Q
P*
D
S
Penambahan Output tidak mengubah harga perusahaan
Kurva penawaran &
permintaan di Pasar
Kurva Perusahaan
XYZ
Secara Matematis :
TR = PQ
MR = dTR/dQ = d(PQ)/dQ =
P dQ/dQ + Q (dP)/dQ
Catatan : dP tetap = 0, maka
MR = P + 0
MR = MC = P
Q*
Memaksimumkan Keuntungan:
MC
AVC
AC
P *
AC*
Keuntungan
(TR > TC)
Q*
Memaksimumkan keuntungan
P = MC
MC
AVC
AC
P *
AC*
Kerugian (TR < TC)
Jika VC < TR < TC -----> Terus
Jika TR < VC ------> Tutup
Q*
MR= P
TR = P* Q*
TC = AC* Q*
Kurva I
Kurva II
Terbentuknya MR pada keuntungan maksimum
л = TR – TC
л max = d η/dQ = 0
dл/dQ = dTR/dQ - dTC/dC = 0
TR = P . Q
MR = dTR/dQ = P dQ/dQ + Q dP/dQ = 0
Tetap = 0
Jadi MR =MC = P
PASAR MONOPOLI
(Monopoly Market)
Pasar Monopoli
Price Setter
Produknya unik/ terdiferensiasi
Barrier (sudah ditentukan), meliputi ; modal yg
besar, teknologi, economic of scale (skala
ekonomi)
Informasi pasar sulit di didapat
Demand
P
Q
Berslope negatif
Ilustrasi Penetapan harga pada pasar monopoli
Marginal Cost
Average Cost
Demand
Marginal Revenue (MR)
P*
0 Q*
P
Q
Memaksimumkan KeuntunganMC
AVC
AC
P*
P
QQ*
AC
Keuntungan
AVC
AC
DemandDemand
MCP
Q
P*
AC
Kerugian
MRMR
Q*
Terbentuknya MR Pada Keuntungan Maksimum
Secara Matematis:
TR = P. Q
MR = dTR/dQ = P dQ/dQ + Q dP/dQ
dP negatif jika dQ positif atau
dP positif jika dQ negatif
MR = P - Q P > MR q = f(P) P = a - bqP
Q
a
-b
Demand
TR = P.q = (a – bq) . Q
= aq – bq2
dTR/dQ = MR = a – 2bq
-b-2b
a
P
QMR Demand
1. Perfect Price Discrimination (1st);
2. Second Degree Price Discrimination
(2nd);
3. Different Prices to Different Groups
(3rd)
Types of Price Discrimination :
First Degree Price Discrimination
Charge a separate price to each
customer : the maximum price
they are willing to pay.
Examples of imperfect price
discrimination where the seller
has the ability to segregate the
market to some extent and
charge different prices for the
same product :
1. Lawyers, doctors,
accountants
2. Car salesperson (15% profit
margin)
3. Colleges and universities
Why would a producer have difficulty in achieving first-degree price discrimination?
Answer
1) Too many customers (impractical)
2)Could not estimate the maximum price for
each customer
Third Degree Price Discrimination
1) Divides the market into two-groups.
2) Each group has its own demand function.
Third-degree price discrimination is feasible when the
seller can separate his/her market into groups who
have different price elasticities of demand.
MC = MR1
MC = MR2
∏ = TR1 + TR2 – TC(q1+q2)
3rd Degree of PD$
Q2 Q1
p2
p1
MC
MR1MR2
Quantity, Group2, Q2 Quantity, Group1, Q1
Second-Degree Price Discrimination
Quantity
$/Q
D
MR
MC
AC
P0
Q0
Without discrimination: P = P0
and Q = Q0. With second-degree
discrimination there are three
prices P1, P2, and P3.
(e.g. electric utilities)
P1
Q1
1st Block
P2
Q2
P3
Q3
2nd Block 3rd Block
Second-degree price
discrimination is pricing
according to quantity
consumed--or in blocks.
Terima Kasih
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