democratic paradigm jefferson & madison 1801-1814
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Democratic Paradigm
Jefferson & Madison
1801-1814
Thomas Jefferson1801-1809
Rev. of 1800 Rise of Republicanism
• Jeff. reverses much of Fed. agenda
• Beginning of VA Dynasty
Restoring the Meaning of Rev.
• Limited nat. govt
• Enlightenment into practice
• States will care for people & property
• Free trade
• Freedom of religion & press
• Friendly w/ all nation, but allied to none
Actions
• Minimize fed. power & eliminate gov’t oversight of economy
• Cut expenses - Reduced gov’t employees
• Cut military & navy
• Abolished all taxes, except the tariff
• Paid off ½ debt
• Sedition Acts expire
Judicial Review
• John Marshall
• Marbury v. Madison (1803)– Supreme Court can determine if an act of
Congress violates Constitution
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– Judicial review extended to state law
Agrarian Program
• Aggressive expansion of frontier
• Push back Indians
• Reduce homestead prices
• For 20 yrs easy for ordinary people to get land
LA Purchase 1803
• Jeff. not sure its constitutional
• $250M today
• Strengthens farmer Republican tie
Lewis & Clark
• Meriwether Lewis & William Clark
• Goals scientific & commercial– Explore– Find water route to Pacific– Est. trade w/ Indians
• Showed overland travel possible
• Idea America’s destiny to Pacific
Bank
• Money moved to state banks
• Ignorant of possible inflation from lack of regulated currency
• Broke up privilege
1804 Reelection
• Public supports Jefferson’s egalitarian society – easy win
Problems w/ Europe
• 1803 GB & F War
• 1806 blockade
• US neutrality not recognized
• 6000 US sailors seized by 1807 (impressment)
• Chesapeake attacked & boarded (MD)
The Embargo 1807-1809
• (peaceful coercion)
• US ships can’t sail to foreign ports.– 1808 exports plummet 80%– Economy crippled– Domestic manufacturing did well.– US lost $16M in customs revenue.– Port cities devastated
Election 1808
• James Madison Sec. of State
• Voters overlook Embargo– Love Republican freedom
• Republican Party stronger (win S & W)
• Jefferson paradigm confirmed
James Madison1809-1817
Expansion
• Expand into Spanish West FL (AL & MS)– Part of LA Purchase
Madison Policy Change
• 1809 Non-Intercourse Act– Ban only on GB & Fr.
• Macon’s Bill No.2– Take back embargo– 1812 embargo on GB only
• Relations w/ Eng. deteriorate
• Republicans resist preparing for war
Indian Policy
• Washington – settled farming & slaves
• Jefferson – assimilation or removal– Purchase land– Indian debts– Move uncivilized tribes west
Civilized vs. Native Debate
• Decline irreversible
• Major Ridge & John Ross– Survival means assimilation– White fathers
• Nativists– Lose Euro influence– Resist white settlement– Stop selling land
Tecumseh
• & The Prophet (Shawnee)– Whites are evil & we must separate ourselves– Indians must unite & stop selling land (MS
Valley)
• 1810 attack settlements
• 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe– Prophetstown destroyed– Wm. Henry Harrison hero
War Hawks
• 1810 Midterm election victory• Young, Republican Congressmen
– Henry Clay (KY) – John C. Calhoun (SC)
• Defend honor & expansion (Canada & Florida) • Free access to markets key to a farming republic• Push Indians back • Push Madison to war
War Hawks
Causes of War
• GB encouraging Tecumseh
• Continuing attacks on shipping
• “independent people or colonists of GB”
• Vote divided country– North against (money & business)– South & West fore (farming)
1812 Madison Reelected
• Before war started going badly
• Fed. Govt couldn’t – Recruit troops, collect taxes, borrow $
• Militias would go home
• Militias wouldn’t fight out of state
Problems
• Country divided
• Bank of US expired 1811
• New England bankers wont lend $
• Fed. bankrupt at wars end
Hartford Convention
• Dec. 1814 • Federalist mad
– VA presidents– Loss of influence to west
• Amendments– Eliminate 3/5th clause– 2/3 vote for new states, war, trade restricting
laws– Right to own authority if Fed. is violating Con.
War of 1812
• Canada
• GB blockades US
• 1814 Troops run & GB burns DC
• Defense of Ft. McHenry (Balt.)
The South
• Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory”
• Jan. 1815 Battle of New Orleans– Outnumbered 2 to 1– War technically over – Most decisive victory of war– Feels like we won war – Jackson hero
Treaty of Ghent
• Dec. 1814
• Everything goes back way it was before war
• Best we could do
Aftermath
• Fought a war & govt survived
• Jackson national hero
• Indians lose Old NW & rich land in South
• Peace in Europe good for US
Death of the Federalists
• Against War of 1812
• Can’t escape unpatriotic charge
• Represent only the urban rich
• New Era of 1 party rule
• Nationalism & Expansion
Summary
• 15 yrs extended boundaries
• Encourage settlement of west
• Broke up artificial privileges
• Leveled playing field
• Made American society more democratic
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