decision support systems collaborative computer- supported technologies and group support systems
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Decision Support SystemsDecision Support Systems
Collaborative Computer-Collaborative Computer-Supported Technologies Supported Technologies
and Group Support and Group Support SystemsSystems
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Understand the basic concepts and processes
of groupwork, communication and collaboration Know the concepts and importance of the
time/place framework Know the process gains and losses and how
GSS increases/decreases each of them Describe indirect support for decision making,
especially in synchronous environments Understand the concept of GDSS and describe
how to structure an electronic meeting in a decision room
Understand how the Web enables collaborative computing and group support of virtual meetings
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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CollaborationCollaboration What is it?
“… making joint effort toward achieving an agreed upon goal.”
Meeting is a common form of collaboration
Why collaborate?
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Why Collaborate?Why Collaborate?
ReviewReview
Share WorkShare Work
Share the VisionShare the Vision
SocializeSocializeBuild ConsensusBuild Consensus
Solve ProblemsSolve Problems
Make DecisionsMake Decisions
SynergySynergy
Share InformationShare Information
Build TrustBuild Trust
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Collaboration is Collaboration is DifficultDifficult
Waiting to speakWaiting to speakDominationDomination
Fear of SpeakingFear of SpeakingMisunderstandingMisunderstanding
InattentionInattentionLack of FocusLack of Focus
Inadequate CriteriaInadequate CriteriaPremature DecisionsPremature DecisionsMissing InformationMissing Information
DistractionsDistractions
Wrong PeopleWrong PeopleGroupthinkGroupthink
Poor Grasp of ProblemPoor Grasp of ProblemIgnored AlternativesIgnored Alternatives
Lack of ConsensusLack of ConsensusPoor PlanningPoor PlanningHidden AgendasHidden Agendas
ConflictConflictInadequate ResourcesInadequate ResourcesPoorly Defined GoalsPoorly Defined Goals
IneffectiveIneffectiveCollaborationCollaboration
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Collaboration is ExpensiveCollaboration is Expensive
15 Million formal Sessions / day
? Million Informal Sessions / day
4 Billion Sessions / year
30-80% Manager’s time
Fortune 500 Companies3M Corporation Study
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Collaboration : Expensive Collaboration : Expensive and Essentialand Essential
30-80% Manager’s time No one has all the …
Experience Knowledge Resources Insight, and Inspiration
…to do the job alone Bottom line:
Collaboration is difficult, expensive, and yet essential for today’s organizations
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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How Do People Collaborate?
Level 1 Collected Work :Uncoordinated Individual EffortsLevel 2 Coordinated Work:Coordinated Individual EffortsLevel 3 Concerted Work:Concerted Team Effort
Sprinters
Relay
3 Levels of Collaboration Capability
CrewHigh
Low
Degree ofCollaborative
Effort
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Joint activity Equal or near equal status Outcome depends on participant’s
knowledge, etc. Outcome depends on group
composition Outcome depends on decision-
making process Disagreement settled by rank or
negotiation
Meetings (a form of Meetings (a form of collaboration)collaboration)
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Dozens of people attendsDozens of people attends Everyone …Everyone …
talks at oncetalks at once
hears everythinghears everything
understandsunderstands
remembersremembers The impossible dream?The impossible dream?
The Ideal MeetingThe Ideal Meeting
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Traditional MeetingsTraditional Meetings
Only Only ONEONE person can speak at a time person can speak at a time
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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GSS MeetingsGSS Meetings
By using the computer everyone By using the computer everyone cancan
SPEAK and be understood SPEAK and be understood simultaneouslysimultaneously
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Communication SupportCommunication Support
Vital Needed for collaboration Modern information
technologies provide inexpensive, fast, capable, reliable means of supporting communication
Internet / Web
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Evolution of Communication Word of mouth Delivery persons Horseback Snailmail Telegraph Telephone Radio Television Videoconferencing Internet / Web…
Supporting Supporting CommunicationCommunication
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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A Time/Place A Time/Place Communication Communication FrameworkFramework
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Goal: to support groupwork Increase benefits / decrease losses of
collaboration Based on traditional methods
Nominal Group Technique“Individuals work alone to generate ideas which are pooled under guidance of a trained facilitator”
Delphi Method“A structured process for collecting and distilling knowledge from a group of experts by means of questionnaires”
Electronic Meeting System (EMS)
Group Support SystemsGroup Support Systems
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Process Gains: Parallelism ( simultaneous contributions )
Larger groups can participate Anonymity ( promotes equal
participation ) Focus on content not personalities
Triggering ( stimulates thinking ) Synergy ( integrates ideas ) Structure ( facilitates problem solving ) Record keeping ( promotes organizational
memory )Process Loses:- Free-riding - Flaming
GSS – Important FeaturesGSS – Important Features
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Benefits of AnonymityBenefits of Anonymity
99##
Ideas considered on merit not source
Overcome fear of speaking up
More ideas leads to more quality ideas
Defuses tough political discussions
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Decision room Multiple use facility Web-based
GSS Enabling GSS Enabling TechnologiesTechnologies
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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12 to 30 networked personal computers
Usually recessed into the desktop Server PC Large-screen projection system Breakout rooms Need a Trained Facilitator for
Success
The Decision (Electronic The Decision (Electronic Meeting) RoomMeeting) Room
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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IBM Corp.IBM Corp.
Cool Decision RoomsCool Decision Rooms
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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US Air ForceUS Air Force
Cooler Decision RoomsCooler Decision Rooms
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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4
On-Demand Decision On-Demand Decision RoomsRooms
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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High Cost Need for a Trained Facilitator Requires Specific Software
Support for Different Cooperative Tasks
Infrequent Use Different Place / Different Time
Needs May Need More Than One
Few Organizations Use Few Organizations Use Decision RoomsDecision Rooms
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Multiple Use Facility Cheaper Still need a facilitator
Web-based Cheaper: no extra hardware needed
Still need facilitator
Other TechnologiesOther Technologies
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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From GroupSystems.com Enabling leaders to realize
extraordinary results from their teams
Collaboration-as-a-Service solutions
Leading software Tool: ThinkTank ThinkTank
GroupSystems, Inc.GroupSystems, Inc.
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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ThinkTank: Supported ThinkTank: Supported ActivitiesActivities
Supported tools and activities: Agenda and Other Planning
Activities Electronic Brainstorming Group Outliner Topic Commenter Categorizer Vote
Others…
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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GSS Meeting ProcessGSS Meeting Process
Iterate until the solution is reached…
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Visit a GSS MeetingVisit a GSS Meeting
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Why Successful? Parallelism Anonymity Synergy Structure Record keeping
Needs… Organizational commitment Executive sponsor Dedicated well-trained facilitator Good planning
Last Words about GSS?Last Words about GSS?
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Collaborative NetworksCollaborative Networks
Integrated supply-chain Collaborative planning, forecasting,
and replenishment (CPFR) Collaborative design and product
development Vendor Managed Inventories
Wal-Mart, … Collective Intelligence Animal Intelligence (swarm
intelligence)
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Collaborative Planning, Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)Replenishment (CPFR)
An industry-wide project in which suppliers and retailers collaborate in planning and demand forecasting in order to ensure that members of the supply chain will have the right amount of raw materials and finished goods when they need them
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Collective IntelligenceCollective Intelligence A shared intelligence that emerges
from the intentional cooperation, collaboration, and/or coordination of many individuals.
Examples: Wikipedia, video games, online advertising, learner-generated context, …
In order for CI to happen: Openness Peering Sharing Acting globally
For more info see Center for Collective
Intelligence at MIT (cci.mit.edu)
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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A Taxonomy of Collective A Taxonomy of Collective IntelligenceIntelligence
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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CreativityCreativity
Definition: Creativity is a characteristic of a person that leads to production of acts, items and/or instances of novelty
Creativity is the product of a genius vs. an idea generation environment
Creative people tend to have creative lives
CREATIVITY INNOVATION Idea Generation via Electronic
Brainstorming
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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Creativity…Creativity… What variables affects creativity
1.Cognitive variables: intelligence, knowledge, skills, etc.
2.Environmental variables: cultural and socioeconomic factors, working conditions, etc.
3.Personality variables: motivation, confidence, sense of freedom, etc.
Creativity is fostered by Freedom Permission-to-failAllow and Enable rather than Structure and
Control
Modified from Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence Systems 9E.
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End of the ChapterEnd of the Chapter
Questions / comments…
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