dbh (cm) quercus stellata number of basal sprouts quercus marilandica dbh (cm) number of basal...
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DBH (cm)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
010
2030
Basal Sprouts
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Q. marilandica
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Q. stellata
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
010
2030
40
Epicormic Sprouts
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
02
46
8
Q. marilandica
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
02
46
8
Q. stellata
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
Quercus stellata
Nu
mb
er o
f b
asal
sp
rou
ts
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
010
2030
Basal Sprouts
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Q. marilandica
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Q. stellata
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
010
2030
40
Epicormic Sprouts
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
02
46
8
Q. marilandica
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
02
46
8
Q. stellata
DBH
# of
Spr
outs
Quercus marilandica
DBH (cm)
Nu
mb
er o
f b
asal
sp
rou
ts
Poisson regressions demonstrate the relation between number of basal sprouts and Diameter for Q. marilandica and Q. stellata. Both have similar numbers of sprouts when undamaged, but blackjack oak (marilandica) responds more dramatically to destruction.
Research focus: Response to a tornadoResearch focus: Response to a tornado
-0.6 1.0
-0.8
0.8
AMCR
AMGO
AMRO
BEWRBGGN
BHCO
BLGR
NOBOCACH
CARW
DICKDOWO
EAME
EAWP
FISP
GCFL
GRSP
INBU
LASP
MODO
NOCA
PABU
PIWO
RWBL
SOSP
SUTA
TUTI
YBCU
Impacted Forest
Grassland
Non-impacted Forest
pCCA Axis 1
pCC
A A
xis
2
The bird community
In March 2003, a severe tornado (F4 on the Fujita scale) struck a crosstimbers stand, causing substantial damage and mortality. Blackjack oak proved much more susceptible to damage than post oak, but had a much stronger resprouting response. The bird community was strongly affected by tornado damage. Ongoing research will evaluate the long-term effects of the tornado on a permanently marked plot.
Epicormic sprouting on oaks
Torn
ado
path
Research in the Crosstimbers of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Osage County, Oklahoma
Laboratory for Innovative Biodiversity Research and
Analysis
The crosstimbers are forests dominated by Quercus stellata (post oak) and Quercus marilandica (blackjack oak), and are prevalent throughout much of Oklahoma. Research conducted by LIBRA at the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve (managed by The Nature Conservancy) aims to resolve how these enigmatic ecosystems function.
Throughout their ranges, post and blackjack oak share dominance. Thus, they can provide a useful model system for the study of coexistence.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
X
Y
Quercus stellata Quercus marilandica other
Map of a crosstimbers stand (units are meters) showing highly clumped spatial distribution of both species
Forest cover
Aci
dity
, sa
nd
Sandstone
Limestone or
bottomland
Tallgrass Prairie
mesic forest
savannas
Shortgrass prairie / limestone outcrops
crosstimberscrosstimbers
Crosstimbers dominate the dry, sandstone-derived ridges of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. They are more species-poor than other forests of the
preserve, and grade imperceptibly into savannahs and prairies.
Sandstone outcrops
Research focus: Spatial patternsResearch focus: Spatial patterns
Research focus: Gradient AnalysisResearch focus: Gradient Analysis
Research focus: codominanceResearch focus: codominance
Post oakBlackjack
oak
Fire history of the tornado site: summary
There were 47 fire events over 51 years (a higher fire frequency than any documented in the literature). All known fires were recorded by the trees.
Most fires occurred in dormant season since 1973, although a few were in the early and late growing season. Fire years did not correspond with drought years
Research focus: fire historyResearch focus: fire history
Fires seem to have the largest effects on the prairie/forest border
Contrary to popular thought, Contrary to popular thought, oaks effectively record fire oaks effectively record fire eventsevents
Although the effects of fire on grasslands are well-studied, the historic fire regime is largely unknown. Fire scars on trees at the edges of crosstimbers represent an opportunity for understanding fire history of both forests and grasslands.
Preliminary research on the fire history of the tornado site demonstrates the feasibility of research in fire ecology
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Osage tribe hunted bison seasonally, using fire to attract bison
First oil wells drilledFirst cattle in Osage CountyGrazing leases for Texas and Kansas cattlemen
Osage Reservation established; tribe relocated thereFirst railroad through Osage County
First white settlers
Dramatic increase in stocking of cattle
Major oil field discovered
Osage tribal members become ranchers
Oklahoma Statehood
Decline in cattle after WW I
Increase in stocking rate due to WW II
Four largest ranches established
Oklahoma Land and Cattle Company purchased these ranches
TNC purchased preserve and implemented bison and fire management
Exis
tin
g f
ire
sca
r re
co
rd f
or
torn
ad
o-d
am
age
d s
ite
De
taile
d d
ocu
men
ted
fire
re
co
rd
Po
ten
tia
l fire
sca
r re
cord
re
su
ltin
g f
rom
th
is s
tud
y
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Osage tribe hunted bison seasonally, using fire to attract bison
First oil wells drilledFirst cattle in Osage CountyGrazing leases for Texas and Kansas cattlemen
Osage Reservation established; tribe relocated thereFirst railroad through Osage County
First white settlers
Dramatic increase in stocking of cattle
Major oil field discovered
Osage tribal members become ranchers
Oklahoma Statehood
Decline in cattle after WW I
Increase in stocking rate due to WW II
Four largest ranches established
Oklahoma Land and Cattle Company purchased these ranches
TNC purchased preserve and implemented bison and fire management
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Osage tribe hunted bison seasonally, using fire to attract bison
First oil wells drilledFirst cattle in Osage CountyGrazing leases for Texas and Kansas cattlemen
Osage Reservation established; tribe relocated thereFirst railroad through Osage County
First white settlers
Dramatic increase in stocking of cattle
Major oil field discovered
Osage tribal members become ranchers
Oklahoma Statehood
Decline in cattle after WW I
Increase in stocking rate due to WW II
Four largest ranches established
Oklahoma Land and Cattle Company purchased these ranches
TNC purchased preserve and implemented bison and fire management
Exis
tin
g f
ire
sca
r re
co
rd f
or
torn
ad
o-d
am
age
d s
ite
De
taile
d d
ocu
men
ted
fire
re
co
rd
Po
ten
tia
l fire
sca
r re
cord
re
su
ltin
g f
rom
th
is s
tud
y
Recent clearing of old-growth oaks on the border of the preserve has provided an opportunity for expanding the fire history study backwards in time, and over a larger spatial extent.
Fire history is closely tied in with human history, thus its study requires a transdisciplinary approach
Several hundred tree disks have been collected and are currently being cross-dated and evaluated for fire history.
Support for the fire history project is provided by the National Science Foundation’s Small Grants for Exploratory Research
The plant virus biodiversity and ecology (PVBE) group is attempting to inventory the plant viruses of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, with a special interest in the crosstimbers. So far, approximately half of crosstimber specimens are positive for RNA viruses, although the majority display no obvious viral symptoms.
Research focus: Plant Viruses of the CrosstimbersResearch focus: Plant Viruses of the Crosstimbers
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
David W. Stahle, David W. Stahle, Richard Guyette, Donald A. Falk, Michael Stambaugh Stephen W. Richard Guyette, Donald A. Falk, Michael Stambaugh Stephen W. Hallgren, Ronald Tyrl, Tom Wohlgemuth, Jerad Linneman, Shyam Thomas, Robert Hallgren, Ronald Tyrl, Tom Wohlgemuth, Jerad Linneman, Shyam Thomas, Robert
Hamilton, Miwa Hara, Michael C. Marler, Per Milberg and the Hamilton, Miwa Hara, Michael C. Marler, Per Milberg and the QuercusQuercus group of group of Linköping University, many volunteersLinköping University, many volunteers
Support bySupport by The Nature Conservancy, OSU Botany Department, Payne County Audubon Society, The Nature Conservancy, OSU Botany Department, Payne County Audubon Society, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma State Regents for Higher
Education, National Science FoundationEducation, National Science Foundation
Research in the crosstimbers is of international interest, as there are other ancient oak woodlands in the temperate northern hemisphere. This Quercus robur specimen is part of a complex of ancient oak woodlands in Östergötland Province, Sweden. There are many ecological similarities between these woodlands and the crosstimbers.
Fumiko Shirakura1, Matt Allen1, José Ramón Arévalo1,2, Mary Carmen Cobo1,3, Peter Earls1, Daniel McGlinn1, Kiyoshi Sasaki1, Vaskar Thapa1, and Michael W. Palmer1
1Oklahoma State University, 2University of La Laguna, 3Jaén University
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