dav european security 2009
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European Security
Eric Remacle
Professor, Universit libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Institute of European Studies
Visiting Professor, University of Pittsburgh
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1. The European Security Strategy:A Secure Europe in a Better World(Dec. 2003)
Large scale aggression againstany Member state is nowimprobable. Instead Europe facesnew threats which are morediverse, less visible and less
predictable .
*Key threats
Terrorism Proliferation of WMD Regional conflicts
State failure Organised crime
*Addressing the threats
First line of defence often abroad
Need for preventive action
*Building security in ourneighbourhood
Promote ring of well governedcountries around EU
Resolution of Arab-Israeli conflict
is a strategic priority
*International order based oneffective multilateralism
Strengthening the UN
Core element of internationalsystem is transatlantic relations Support to multilateralism: WTO,
Kyoto protocol, ICC
*Promotion or regionalintegration worldwide andestablishment of strategicpartnerships
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2. The European Union andEuropean Security:
A wider agenda for CFSPhttp://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=248&lang=EN&mode=g
CFSP statements CFSP calendar European Security Strategy Non-proliferation, disarmament and arms controls Security-related export controls EU Special Representatives Personal Representatives of the SG/HR Third countries and regions
EU human rights policy International humanitarian law United Nations International Criminal Court OSCE and Council of Europe Fight against terrorism
Sanctions Reference (list of all legal documents)
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3. The Start of European Securityand Defence Policy (ESDP)
Established in 2000 (before the defence component of the EU wasdelegated to another organization: the WEU)
ESDP is the crisis management dimension of CFSP; it worksaccording to the same procedures and is managed by the same
institutions
Crisis management is wider than pure military operations: it refersalso to civilian operations (police deployment, demining,support to the rule of law, customs and border control)
ESDP is designed for deploying 60,000 troops and 5,000 civilianpolicemen abroad (today: much less)
Fast deployment is possible for batllegroups created bymember-states (13 battlegroops of 1,500 troops among which 2are permanently deployable)
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EU using NATO assets
(= Berlin plus
mechanism)
-- Op Cdr: either MS or
NATO D-SACEUR
-- OHQ: either MS or
SHAPE
- NATO assets = CJTF
Ex.: EUFOR in BiH
EU alone (no NATO involvement)
-- Op Cdr.: MS
-- OHQ: MS with HQ assets(D/F/IT/UK/GR) or
EU civilian-military cell or
Multinational force (Eurocorps)
Ex.: ARTEMIS, EUFOR-RD Congo
4. Two Patterns for Military Operations
http://www.euforbih.org/ -
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CONCORDIA ARTEMIS ALTHEA
5. EU Military Operations:
What They Are, What They Are Not No European army, military operations based on national
capabilities
Strategic command and political control: PSC (support of EUMS)
But command structures (headquarters) come either frommember-states (framework-nation) or from NATO
EU has established an embryo of civilian-military cell which couldbe on the long-term the basis for EU headquarters
Most EU troops deployed under national flags (forces in Iraq,bilateral defence agreements between France or UK and theirformer colonies in Africa), UN flags (Cyprus, Lebanon, SierraLeone) or NATO flags (Afghanistan, Kosovo)
ESDP is very reactive, no strategic design (except Balkans)
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6. The Lisbon Treaty
* More coordination/centralization of external policies
A permanent Chairman of the European Council will coordinateexternal representation of the Union
The position of the High Representative is strengthened: becomesVice-President of the Commission for External Relations and chairsthe Foreign Affairs Council
He/She will rely on an European external action service
* Integration by military means
European Defence Agency is working since 2004 Concept of permanent structured co-operation (core group used
for benchmarking in military efforts) Longer list of ESDP missions Solidarity clause
Clause of mutual assistance in case of aggression (opt out forneutral states)
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7. NATOs Strategic Changes* Expansion To borders of former Soviet Union and Black Sea (Baltic States,
Poland, Romania) To Balkans (Albania, Croatia, Macedonia + troops in Kosovo) Question of membership of Ukraine and Georgia Strategic Partnership with Russia Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
Mediterranean Policy Global Partnerships (Australia, NZ, Japan, Korea, Israel) NATO in Afghanistan: a Model or an Exceptional Case ?
* Military Integration and the Role of European Union
Frances reintegration of military structures in 2009 US give-up with the antiballistic missile system; only protection
against tactical missiles organized within NATO The uncertain future of nuclear tactical weapons in NATO Complementarity and competition between ESDP and NATO New threats ? Proliferation of WMD, Terrorism, Organized Crime NATO in the Middle East ? The Gaza Strip Temptation
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