data security cryptography
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Data
Security:Cryprography
Presented By
VARAPRASAD
M.Tech(Software Engineering)
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A Model Of Cryptography
Terms and Definitions
Palintext:
An intelligible message that is tobe converted into an unintelligible form.
Ciphertext:
A message in encrypted form.
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Encryption:
The process of converting aplaintext to a ciphertext.
Decryption:The process of converting a
ciphertext to a plaintext.
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Symmetric:
If key is the same for both encryptionand decryption the system is referred to as
symmetric. Cryptosystem:
Is a system for encryption anddecryption of information.
Cryptology:Is the science for encryption and
decryption of information.
Cryptography:
Refers to the practice of usingcryptosystems to maintain confidentiality ofinformation.
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Classification Of Cryptographic
Systems
Cryptographic Systems classified into
Conventional systems
and
Modern systems
Modern systems
again
classified intopublic key systems
and
Private Key systems
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Classical Encryption Techniques
Substitution techniques
The letters of the message are replaced by
other letters or by numbers or symbols.
Transposition techniques
Performing some sort of permutation on the
messages letters
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Caesar Cipher
The earliest known use of a substitution
cipher was by Julius Caesar.
message: meet me after the partycipher: phhw ph diwhu wkh sduwb
C= (m+3) mod 26
C= (m+k) mod 26
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Monoalphabetic Cipher
Use any permutation of the 26 alphabetic
characters
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y zq e r y u i o p a s d f g w h j k l z x c v b n m t
under attack we need helpcwyulqxxqrdbuwuuypufj
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Frequency of Letters in English
3.5
4.25
12.75
3
2
3.5
7.75
0.250.5
3.75
2.75
7.757.5
2.75
0.5
8.5
6
3
0.5
2.25
0.25
9.25
1.25
1.51.5
7.75
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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Polyalphabetic Cipher
Using different monoalphabetic
substitution
message: wearediscoveredsaveyourself
key: deceptivedeceptivedeceptive
Ciphertext: ZICVTWQNGRZGVTWAVZHCQYGLMGJ
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Transposition
Performing sort of permutation on the
message letters
message: meet me after the toga party
m e m a t r h t g p r y
e t e f e t e o a a t
Ciphertext: MEMATRHTGPRYETEFETEOAAT
G E i M hi
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German Enigma MachineIn the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable ciphermachine
used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. More precisely,
Enigma was a family of related electro-mechanical rotor machines
comprising a variety of different models.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryptographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryptography -
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Practical Problems
Generating a fully random key ispractically very hard (sometimesimpossible).
To ensure the security of the system, keysize should not be less than messagesize.
Sending a not repeated key in same sizeof the message through a secure channelto the receiver is impossible.
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Computational Security
An encryption scheme is secure if it takes
very long time to break the ciphertext
Lifetime is defined in each application,
for example:
Military orders = 1 hour to 3 years
Check transaction = 1 year
Business agreement = 10-15 years
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Good News
With enough number of the substitution
and transposition modules we can make a
strong encryption scheme
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Data Encryption Standard
(DES)
input (2w bits)
w bits
F
w bitsround key
nonlinear function
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DES
k2
k1
k16
k15
k16
k1
Block size
64 bits
Key size
56 bits
Encryption Decryption
Permutation
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Triple DES
DES
DES
DES
ka
kb
ka
message
cipher
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Applications for Public-Key
Cryptosystems Three categories:
Encryption/decryption: The sender encrypts
a message with the recipients public key.
Digital signature:The sender signs amessage with its private key.
Key echange: Two sides cooperate two
exhange a session key.
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Public-Key Cryptographic
Algorithms RSA and Diffie-Hellman
RSA - Ron Rives, Adi Shamir and Len Adlemanat MIT, in 1977.
RSA is a block cipher The most widely implemented
Diffie-Hellman Echange a secret key securely
Compute discrete logarithms
e gor m ey
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e gor m eyGeneration
1. Selectp,q p and q both prime
2. Calculate n = p x q
3. Calculate4. Select integere
5. Calculate d
6. Public Key KU = {e,n}7. Private key KR = {d,n}
)1)(1()( qpn)(1;1)),(gcd( neen
)(mod1 ned
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Example of RSA Algorithm
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The RSA Algorithm - Encryption
Plaintext: M
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The RSA Algorithm - Decryption
Ciphertext: C
Plaintext: M = Cd
(mod n)
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Digital Signatures
digital signatures provide the ability to:
verify author, date & time of signature
authenticate message contents
be verified by third parties to resolve disputes
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Digital Signature Properties
must depend on the message signed
must use information unique to sender
to prevent both forgery and denial
must be relatively easy to produce
must be relatively easy to recognize & verify
be computationally infeasible to forge
with new message for existing digital signature with fraudulent digital signature for given message
be practical save digital signature in storage
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Authentication Applications
will consider authentication functions
developed to support application-level
authentication & digital signatures
will consider Kerberos a private-key
authentication service
then X.509 directory authentication service
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Kerberos
trusted key server system from MIT
provides centralised private-key third-party
authentication in a distributed network
allows users access to services distributed
through network
without needing to trust all workstations
rather all trust a central authentication server
two versions in use: 4 & 5
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Kerberos Requirements
first published report identified its
requirements as:
security
reliability
transparency
scalability
implemented using an authentication
protocol based on Needham-Schroeder
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Kerberos 4 Overview
a basic third-party authentication scheme
have an Authentication Server (AS)
users initially negotiate with AS to identify self
AS provides a non-corruptible authentication
credential (ticket granting ticket TGT)
have a Ticket Granting server (TGS)
users subsequently request access to other
services from TGS on basis of users TGT
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Kerberos 4 Overview
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Kerberos Realms
a Kerberos environment consists of:
a Kerberos server
a number of clients, all registered with server
application servers, sharing keys with server
this is termed a realm
typically a single administrative domain
if have multiple realms, their Kerberos
servers must share keys and trust
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Kerberos Version 5
developed in mid 1990s
provides improvements over v4
addresses environmental shortcomings
encryption alg, network protocol, byte order, ticket
lifetime, authentication forwarding, interrealm auth
and technical deficiencies
double encryption, non-std mode of use, sessionkeys, password attacks
specified as Internet standard RFC 1510
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References
Cryptography and NetworkSecurity:Principles and Practice ,
William Stallings (Prentice Hall)
Advanced Concepts in OperatingSystems,Mukesh Singhal,Niranjan
ECC Online tutorial, Certicome
website,http://www.certicom.com/resources/ecc_tutorial/ecc_tutorial.html
Cryptography: theory andpractice ,
Douglas Robert Stinson (CRC press
series)
http://www.certicom.com/resources/ecc_tutorial/ecc_tutorial.htmlhttp://www.certicom.com/resources/ecc_tutorial/ecc_tutorial.html -
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Any Questions?
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Thank you
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