d12 history of canada immigrations
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History of Immigration to
Canada
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FCJ REFUGEE CENTREWalking with Uprooted People
Supported by:
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People have been coming to Canada for many years…
Early ‘policy’ was very simple…
Canada’s immigration policies (or lack thereof) have always had significant impacts on the people
who were allowed to come
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1896 - 1905“I think that a stalwart peasant in a sheepskin coat, born to the soil, with
a stout wife and a half dozen children, is good quality”
- Clifford Sifton, Ministry of Interior
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1901 Census Population 5,371,315 96% of European origin
13% population were immigrants
55% foreign-born were citizens
4% Chinese were citizens
43% immigrants female 41% pop of British
origin 31% French 22,050 Chinese 17, 347 Blacks 16,131 Jews
In 1901 the Chinese Head tax doubled from the 1885 level of $50 to $100.
Immigration Act passed to stop ‘undesirable immigrants’
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1906
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This ActExpanded the list of ‘prohibited immigrants’Allowed deportation of immigrants within 2
(then 3 then 5) years of landing for ….Becoming a public chargeInsanityDiseaseHandicapBecoming an inmate of a prison or
hospitalInfirmityCommitting crimes of ‘moral turpitude’
Deportations increased dramatically!
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Arrival of Sikhs in BC in 1906-07 resulted in an “anti-Asiatic” parade which ended in a riot
Chinese Immigration Act amended to increase those under the head tax and expand list of prohibited persons
Border inspection service created at US-Canada border
Continuous journey rule imposed
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1908 - 1910
New Act allowed Canada to prohibit immigrants belonging to any race deemed unsuitable and expanded deportation grounds to include immorality and political offences.
New Act introduced concept of ‘domicile’
First Caribbean Domestic Scheme10
1908 – 1910 (cont…)
Population: 7,206,643
97% population of European origin
22% population immigrants
47% of these naturalized (9% Chinese, 22% Japanese)
39% of immigrants were women
Population: 54% British origin29% French origin75,681 Jews27,774 Chinese9,021 Japanese3,342 “Hindus”
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1911 Census
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War Initiatives - Terror suspects???
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Special Measures
War Measures Act
Increased govt’s power to arrest, detain and deport
‘Enemy aliens’ forced to register themselves and subjected to many restrictions
8,000 – 9,000 ‘enemy aliens’ interned.
...released in response to labour shortages.
Wartime Elections Act (1917)
Disenfranchised all persons from ‘enemy alien’ countries who had been naturalized since 1902
Women's division created in 1919 within Immigration Dept to ‘care’ for single women immigrants
1919, Immigration Act amended to add new grounds for denying entry and deportation – alcoholism, illiteracy.
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And for the women…
Classes of immigrants could be denied entry because of unsuitability, peculiar habits, modes of life or holding property
British-born subject to deportation on political grounds (Winnipeg general strike)
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And for the women…
Population: 8,787,94997.5% European
origin22% immigrants44% immigrants
female58% of foreign-born
naturalized citizens55% pop British
origins33% French origins126,196 Hebrews39,347 Chinese23,342 Japanese18, 291 ‘Negroes’
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1921 Census
Chinese Immigrants Under Attack
Several restrictive laws
come into effect17
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1920’s Attacks on Chinese Immigrants
Opium and Narcotic Drug Act led to deportations: 35% of all the deportations in ’23-’24 in Pacific Division
1923 Order issued excluding ‘any immigrant of any Asiatic race’ – except agriculturalists, farm labourers, female domestic servants, and wife and children of persons legally in Canada
Chinese Immigration Act – more prohibitions. Humiliation Day
Doors opened to British citizens, Americans and citizens of ‘preferred countries’. Limitations placed on immigrants from Austria, Hungary, Poland, etc.
1930, Order further prohibited the landing of ‘any immigrant of any Asiatic race’ except wives and minor children of Cdn citizens
Order requiring Chinese and Japanese to renounce their former citizenship before becoming citizens; impact on Japanese.
Deportations on grounds of becoming public charge increased – from 1930 to ’34 the deportations on this ground increased 6x.
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Overt Targeting Of Identified Populations Characterized this period.
A time of terror.Communist party
made illegal – grounds for deportation (’31)
Deportation of unemployed
’31 political deportations legalized
’32 Red RaidIn ’34 94% of
applications for naturalization refused
Political deportations
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Faith communities join with others
To advocate for Jewish refugees (’38)
Opposed by many anti-Semitic groups
Cdn National Committee on Refugees and Victims of Persecution formed
Committee focused on individual cases, as unsuccessful in affecting policy
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’38 Canada reluctantly participated in Evian Conference on refugees with ‘NO’ mandate.
Canada’s immigration department was anti-Semitic (“None is too many”)
Canada takes some German refugees, but insists on higher payment from Britain
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Reluctant Moves on Refugee Issues
In response to ’38 refugee crisis, Canada insisted it would accept only those who met categories for admissible immigrants
2,500 “potentially dangerous enemy aliens” brought to Canada from Britain and interned (in fact many were Jews)
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Reluctant Moves on Refugee Issues
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1941 CensusPopulation: 11,506,675598% of European origin18% immigrants45% of these female71% of immigrants
naturalized50% population of
British origin30% French origin170,241 Jews34,627 Chinese22,174 Africans
The End of WWII – Some Change Gov’t resistance to pressure for a more open
immigration policy began to give way in the mid ’40s with:
SponsorshipsIdentity documentsCitizenship ActEmergency measures
for refugees(economic considerations)
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Gave the Minister and officials significant powers over selection, admission and deportation.
Allowed refusal on grounds of nationality, ethnic group, area of origin, peculiar customs, unsuitability re: climate, rate of assimilation, sexual orientation, etc.
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However, the ’52 Immigration Act still …
Gov’t allowed 4 groups to select and process immigrants in ’53
Oops! Conflict arose because the groups (churches) selected the people most in need!
’54 Bar Assn criticized the arbitrary exercise of power by immigration officials and called for a quasi-judiciary Immigration Appeals Board
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Population 18,238,24796.8% population European15% immigrants63% of these were citizens44% population of British origin30% French origin
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’61 Census followed restriction of admission of family members (temporary) & ’60 Bill of Rights …
’62 – removal of much racial discrimination with new immigration regulations.
Assisted loan program extended to Caribbean.
’66 White paper promoting a balance between economic interest and family relationship.
’67 – Points system’69 Canada finally signs Refugee
Convention & Protocol.29
’60’s Brought Significant hanges…
Opening the doors
’71 Multiculturalism policy announced
Many immigrants and refugees from new source countries
’74 – Creation of ISAP program
’78 New Immigration Act which identified 4 categories
Refugee sponsorship program
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Population 24,083,50086% had single European origin16% immigrants47% of these female69% immigrants were citizens40% population British origin27% FrenchGreater variety in countries of origin of
immigrants
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1981 Census
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Charter of Rights & Freedoms 1982
Everyone in Canada is to be treated equally. It is no longer possible to pass a law that discriminates on the basis of race, sexual orientation or disability.
Immigration policy now based on someone’s economic and educational background.
A change from being resistant to other cultures to being openly welcoming.
73% of immigrants are from non-white minorities in the 1990s, up from 52% in 1970s (Source: Heritage Community Foundation)
BUT, now new thinking needed to control migration rates. Higher focus on highly skilled, rich migrants away from overtly racially motivated policies.
1985 – increase in business immigration program
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Multiculturalism’s Impact
The ’86 Administrative Review,
MADE MANY PEOPLE HAPPY
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Bill C-55Completely revised the refugee
determination system creating IRB.
Proposed two stage process with exception for refugees passing a safe third country which received opposition from refugee advocates.
Eventually came into effect in 1989.
Population: 26,994,04566% single European origin16% population were
immigrants81% of these were citizens51% of immigrants female
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1991 Census(domestic worker program, special
measures for Salvadorans, CSIS, Singh, ’86 administrative review to clear up
backlog, creation of IRB for oral hearings)
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1990’s Overview1990: East European Self-Exiled
Class eliminated with fall of iron curtain
1993: Bill C-86 proposed restrictive revisions to the refugee determination system
1995: Right of Landing Fee modern version of the head tax - $975/person
Bill C-44 restricted right to appeal for permanent residents
1999: In July 123 Chinese arrived off the West Coast- the first of 4 such boats that summer
Population 29,639,030Not possible to calculate European
origin. 18% immigrants52% of these female69% immigrants were citizens10% of total population use a language
other than French or English at home
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2001 Census
IRPA: Enacted in June 2002. Safe Third Country Agreement: Enacted December 2004 made most claims at the
U.S CanadaBorder ineligible by declaring the U.S a safe
country. New Citizenship Bill: First introduced in 2002 and just recently passed
throughparliament reduce the Canadian citizenship. Anti-Terrorism Act.Bill C-50 (to reduce the overseas backlog)
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Canada Post 9/11
Which policies and challenges are affecting today’s
refugees and immigrants? IRPA
lack of a Refugee Appeal DivisionReuniting families and sponsorshipQuebec changes for sponsorship Imposition of visas for Mexicans
and Czech RepublicSafe Third Country Agreement
Cancel moratorium country list40
Which policies and challenges are affecting today’s
refugees and immigrants? Cont…
Immigration programs based on employment:Provincial nominee programs Temporary workers
Refugee Reform
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Skilled Worker program reduced from 50% of all immigrants in 2005 to less than 40% in 2009
Applications restricted to 38 occupations in 2009
Temporary Foreign Workers increased by over 70% between 2004 and 2009
Economic Immigration Policy Shifts
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Most of growth in TFW program is result of Low Skill Pilot Project – not eligible for permanent residence
TFWs not eligible for services
Economic Immigration Policy Shifts (cont…)
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Services delayed for those who qualify for Canadian Experience Class
TFWs with “closed” work permits being exploited
Policy shift occurring without debate
Economic Immigration Policy Shifts (cont…)
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Population: 34,241,030
Not possible to calculate European origin.
20% immigrants, 52% female
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2006 Census
73% immigrants were citizens
13% of total population use a language (over 180 languages in Toronto) other than French or English at home
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2006 Census (cont…)
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FCJ Refugee Centre
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