cycles of matter unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is ______________
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Cycles of Matter
• Unlike the one-way flow of energy,
matter is ______________
Cycles of Matter
• Unlike the one-way flow of energy,
matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
Cycles of Matter
• Biogeochemical cycles –
Cycles of Matter
• Biogeochemical cycles –
Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter
passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another
Cycles of Matter
• Biogeochemical cycles –
Biological
Geological
Chemical
Cycles are all connected
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation -
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation – process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation – process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
• Transpiration -
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation – process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
• Transpiration – process of water evaporating from the leaves of plants
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation and transpiration occur
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation and transpiration occur
• Sun heats the atmosphere
• Warm air rises, and eventually cools
The Water Cycle
• Sun heats the atmosphere
• Warm air rises, and eventually cools
• Water vapor condenses and forms clouds
The Water Cycle
• When large enough, water droplets return to Earth’s surface in form of precipitation – rain, snow sleet or hail
The Water Cycle
• When large enough, water droplets return to Earth’s surface in form of precipitation – rain, snow sleet or hail
• On land, water runs along surface until it enters stream, river, lake or ocean
The Water Cycle
• On land, water runs along surface until it enters stream, river, lake or ocean
• Some water also seeps into soil and becomes ground water
The Water Cycle
• Some water also seeps into soil and becomes ground water
• Some water in soil enters plants through the roots
The Water Cycle
• Some water in soil enters plants through the roots and
water cycle begins again
Nutrient Cycles
Nutrient Cycles
• Benefits -
Nutrient Cycles
• Benefits –– Every organism needs nutrients to build
tissues and carry out essential life functions
Nutrient Cycles
• Benefits –– Every organism needs nutrients to build
tissues and carry out essential life functions• Like water, nutrients are passed between
organisms and the environment through biogeochemical processes
Nutrient Cycles
• Benefits –– In many ecosystems, nutrients are in short
supply
Nutrient Cycles
• Benefits –– In many ecosystems, nutrients are in short
supply• Thus recycling nutrients is essential for the
ecosystem to keep functioning
Nutrient Cycles
• Benefits –– Nutrient cycling prevents many chemicals
from reaching concentrations that would otherwise be toxic or harmful to organisms
Nutrient Cycles
• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere
Nutrient Cycles
• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere– The carbon cycle
Nutrient Cycles
• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere– The carbon cycle– The nitrogen cycle
Nutrient Cycles
• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere– The carbon cycle– The nitrogen cycle– The phosphorus cycle
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
– Biological processes -
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
– Biological processes – photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition of plants and animals
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
– Geochemical processes -
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
– Geochemical processes – release of carbon dioxide to atmosphere by volcanoes
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
– Mixed biogeochemical processes -
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
– Mixed biogeochemical processes – burial of carbon-rich remains of organisms and their conversion into fossil fuels (coal and petroleum) by the pressure of overlying earth
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
– Human activity -
The Carbon Cycle
• There are four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle
– Human activity – including mining, the burning of fossil fuels, and the cutting and burning of forests
The Carbon Cycle
• In the atmosphere, carbon is present as carbon dioxide.
CO2
CO2
The Carbon Cycle
• In the atmosphere, carbon is present as carbon dioxide.
• This carbon dioxide came from – Volcanic activity– Respiration– Burning of fossil fuels– Decomposition of
organic matter
CO2
CO2
The Carbon Cycle
• Plants take in carbon dioxide
CO2
CO2
The Carbon Cycle
• Plants take in carbon dioxide– The carbon is used to
build carbohydrates during photosynthesis
CO2
CO2
The Carbon Cycle
• The carbohydrates are passed along food webs to animals and other consumers
CO2
CO2
The Carbon Cycle
• In the ocean organisms use carbon to make calcium carbonate
CO2
CO2
The Carbon Cycle
• In the ocean organisms use carbon to make calcium carbonate– This calcium
carbonate accumulates in marine sediments and in the bones and shells of organisms
CO2
CO2
The Carbon Cycle
• These calcium carbonate compounds eventually break down and the carbon returns to the atmosphere
CO2
CO2
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen fixation -
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen fixation – process where nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia by bacteria found in roots of plants called legumes
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen required to make amino acids, which are used to build proteins.
N2
NH3
NO3-NO2-
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen required to make amino acids, which are used to build proteins.
• When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia
N2
NH3
NO3-NO2-
The Nitrogen Cycle
• nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of atmosphere
N2
NH3
NO3-NO2-
The Nitrogen Cycle
• nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of atmosphere
• Through nitrogen fixation, nitrogen gas converted to ammonia
N2
NH3
NO3-NO2-
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3-), and nitrite ions(NO2-) are found in wastes produced by organisms
N2
NH3
NO3-NO2-
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3-), and nitrite ions(NO2-) are found in wastes produced by organisms
• These compounds taken up by producers to make proteins
N2
NH3
NO3-NO2-
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in process called denitrification
N2
NH3
NO3-NO2-
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA
• Not very common in biosphere
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA
• Not very common in biosphere
• Does not enter atmosphere
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA and RNA
• Not very common in biosphere
• Does not enter atmosphere– Instead it remains mostly on land in rock and
soil minerals, and in ocean sediments
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Does not enter atmosphere– Instead it remains mostly on land in rock and
soil minerals, and in ocean sediments– As rocks wear down, phosphate is released
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Does not enter atmosphere– Instead it remains mostly on land in rock and soil
minerals, and in ocean sediments– As rocks wear down, phosphate is released– It is released into streams and rivers and eventually
makes its way to the ocean and is used by marine organisms
– On land it is absorbed by plants and passes up through the food chain
Nutrient Limitation
• Primary productivity -
Nutrient Limitation
• Primary productivity – rate at which organic matter is created by producers.
Nutrient Limitation
• Limiting nutrient – single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem
Nutrient Limitation
• Limiting nutrient – single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem– Examples –
• farmers add fertilizers that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to their crops
Nutrient Limitation
• Limiting nutrient – single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem– Examples –
• farmers add fertilizers that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to their crops
• In freshwater aquatic environment, phosphorus is usually the limiting nutrient
Nutrient limitation
• Algal bloom -
Nutrient limitation
• Algal bloom – immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient
Nutrient limitation
• Algal bloom – immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient– Often results when runoff from heavily
fertilized fields increases amount of limiting nutrient
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