cw inaugural wireless heritage sig event: “100 years of radio”
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Company confidential
100 Years of Radio
Thursday 6th February 2014
Dr Colin Smithers
1914-1934: The Wireless Wave
Company confidential
Agenda
• Major wireless events
• 1914 as a moment in history
• Transmission types
• Spectrum and spectrum management
• Devices and technology
• International competition and IP
• EMC
• Licensing and tax
• The effect of war
• Data pricing
Company confidential
Major wireless events
• 1897 Wireless Telegraph and Signal company Ltd incorporate
– November – Needles ioW – Bournemouth 14.5 miles
– December Needles – ship – 18 miles
• 1898
– June – 1st paid Marconigram
– July – reports of Kingstown regatta for Dublin Daily Express
• 1900
– April - British Patent “7777” – Tuning using Syntonisation
– Dec - Fessenden transmits speech
• 1901
– Fessenden engaged to develop weather station network
– 1st signals cross the Atlantic, received by Marconi
• 1904 Fleming invents Thermionic diode
Company confidential
Major wireless events -cont
• 1905 Ship messages accepted at all British post offices
• 1906 – Dec – Fessenden broadcasts Handel’s Largo
• Lee de Forest invents Audion – Triode – amplification
• 12th Jan 1910 Birth of Broadcasting, Lee de Forest, The
Father of radio
• 1912 – April – Titanic sinks. All survivors listed in NY press
• Laws start to change in mandate ships use of radio
Company confidential
1914 – a snapshot
• 10% of all ships carry wireless – growing rapidly
• Wireless Telegraph stations covered the developed world
• Ships newspaper arrives daily by telegraph
• Transmission are “Damped sparks”
• Professional transmissions up to 200m (1.5MHz)
• Amateur transmissions above (“useless” spectrum)
• Titanic disaster allowed monopolisation by Marconi
– Nearby ships had closed down at 11pm – missing SOS
– Radios not universally fitted – cost, space, manpower
• Production of continuous waves subject of discussion
• “Broadcasting” sporadic
• Anuity rates at 65: Men 14%, Women 10%
Company confidential
The 1914 Transmitter
• Spark transmission the norm
– Power 40W – 5kW
– Efficiency low ~ 10%
– “Damped Wave”
– What was its spectrum?
• Spark = broad
• Single resonator, Q of 20
• Antenna Q of 20
• Spark resulted from transformed AC or DC supply
– 25Hz – 60 Hz = 50-100Hz
– Transformer deliberately leaky – air gap
– Interupter disc added 3-500Hz “note”
» Aided detection – human ear ~10Hz detection bandwidth
Company confidential
1912 transceiver circuit
Company confidential
Rotary disc spark gap
Company confidential
Spark transmitter spectrum
Company confidential
The 1914 Receiver
• Use of Syntony – resonance
• Tuned antenna structure
• Main input tuned circuit
• Variable coupling to exchange senstivity and selectivity
• Detector
– Coherer
– Magnetic
– Crystal – many types
– Thermionic diode – novel
Company confidential
Company confidential
Company confidential
1909 receiver
Company confidential
1912 detector board
Company confidential
1912 Semiconductor technology
• Peroxide of Lead –
• Perikon - this is a detector that uses two different minerals,
usually zincite and chalcopyrite, in contact with each other for
detection.
• Iron Pyrite- a single mineral detector that, at the time, was
thought to be easy to use and fairly sensitive.
• Carborundum
Company confidential
The International Convention, London, July 1910
• Article 3 – bound to exchange..reciprocally..regardless of type
• Article 4 - NO JAMMING
• Article 10 – Allowable charges:Coast, ship, land, relays
• Organisation of Stations
– Art 1 Up to date
– Art 2
• 600m (normal) and 300m: general correspondence
• 1800m for long range
• 150m for radio location
– Art 7
• Minimum power necessary
• As little damping as possible
• NO sparks only to the aerial (except SOS)
• 20WPM min
• High selectiviy rx
Company confidential
1910 Convention - cont
– SII, Art 14
• Ship first
• Call only if within range
• Listen before transmit
• Use calling channel
• Cease upon request by coast station
• Formal close down
– SS II, Art 28
• Distance, in miles
• Position
• Next port
• Numer of messages
• Queuing information
Company confidential
1910 Convention - cont
– Navigation act (Aus) 1912
• All ships carrying 50 or more:
– Must be able to transit 100miles, day and night
– Must pass messages if asked
– 6 hours back-up power
– Have a sound-proof radio room
• Penalty £1,000 (= £20,000)
Company confidential
Achievements by 1915
• Spark CW
• Modulated CW
• AM
– Rotary transmitter (max 100kHz 3kW)
– Arc
• FDM
• TDM
• SSB AM
• Duplication of letters – early teletype
• Obstacle detection for ships – radar
• Frequency Hopping – “Change Tune” (1912)
• Protocol!
Company confidential
Poulsen 1MW Arc transmitter 1920
Company confidential
Military
• 1914 UK cut German lines of communications
• Germans cut British lines to colonies through Turkey
• Marconi building furiously to re-connect Empire
• 1916 Levy – supersonic modulation of carrier - secrecy
• Frequency hopping “Change Tune”
• Tx ban 1917 – 1919
• Admiralty Room 40 – decryption
– German inducement to Mexico
– Promised Texas, new Mexico and Arizona
– Brought US into WW1
Company confidential
Company confidential
Company confidential
Company confidential
Knowledge of propagation
• Inverse square law of radiation 1604
• Applied to wireless
– Diffraction does not explain
• 1902 iononsphere - Heaviside layer
• 1910 Skywaves
• Ionisation by sun-rays
– Day - night differences
• Knowledge of SW propagation starts 1923
Company confidential
Patent wars
• Fessenden 500 patents. Fight with RCA
• US grabs all wireless patents 1917
• Gave them all to RCA 1919
• Regeneration
– De Forest 1914
– Armstrong 1916
– Fight in supreme court lasted 12 years. Remains controversial
• Armstrong v RCA
– 90% of his life spent on this!
– Arguably caused his suicide
– David Sarnof “I did not kill Armstrong”
Company confidential
Circa 1920 De Forrest with two valves
Company confidential
Wireless patents in force 1897-1912
Company confidential
Advances during the 1920’s
• 1924 - Data bandwidth
• Boradcasting
• Licencing of key patents
– Regeneration
– Superheterodyne
• Hiding by immersion in wax
• Tax
– Receiver licence
– Rated by number of valves
– Leads to combined valves
Company confidential
Shipboard radio room
Company confidential
1920 shipboard receiver
Company confidential
1920 army receiver
Company confidential
1920 receiver circuit
Company confidential
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Annualised production
Annualised production
Company confidential
Steinway village
Company confidential
Company confidential
Wireless data: 1914-2014
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
£/Mbit
Year
M2M
SMS
3G/4G
Company confidential
Transmission mode lifetimes
AM 1920 2014 94
SSB 1930 2014 84
Analogue TV 1936 2010 74
CW 1920 1990 70
FM broadcast 1955 2014 59
TELEX 1933 1990 57
OFDM 1957 2014 57
2G 1990 2014 24
AMPS 1978 2000 22
Spark 1900 1920 20
PHS 1995 2011 16
TACS 1985 2000 15
CT2 1986 1996 10
Company confidential
End
The Wireless War
Did Wireless cause the Second World War?
Vatican Radio February 11 1931
Pope Pius II and Marconi
Vatican Radio
Two shortwave frequencies using 10 kilowatts of power
1933, permanent microwave link between the Vatican
Palace and Castel Gandolfo
1936 ITU recognised Vatican Radio as a special case
and authorized its broadcasting without any geographical
limits.
1937, upgraded with a 25 kW transmitter and two
directional antennas
George V Christmas Message
1932
Sandringham connected to the Empire Broadcasting Station at Daventry
Six short-wave transmitters reaching an audience of 20 million in
Australia, Canada, India, Kenya and South Africa.
"I speak now from my home and from my heart to you all; to men and
women so cut off by the snows, the desert, or the sea, that only voices
out of the air can reach them.“ Rudyard Kipling
1933 Droitwich long wave transmitter replaced Daventry
5XX equipment.
November 1936 BBC started the world’s first high
definition television (405 line) service from Alexandra
Place transmitting in VHF band 1 from 47 to 88 MHz
Marconi Emitron camera 1936 George V1 Coronation
1936 and addresses the nation on the outbreak of war
1936
Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fireside Chats 1933 to 1944
Fireside Chat on Banking, March 12th, 1933
Mussolini’s microphone
Nuremberg 1934 Hitler’s Neumann microphone
160,000 Germans 1934 Nuremberg
Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph des Willens (1935; Triumph
of the Will),
Olympics 1936
Was it all Hitler’s fault?
History seen through the looking glass of the post war
Nuremberg Trials – the war had to be all Hitler’s fault for
the prosecutions to be valid
Hitler’s army, navy and air force unprepared in 1939
Invaded Austria by accident - 70% of the German tanks
broke down between the border and Vienna
Poland the first time Hitler’s bluff had been called in ten
years
Did wireless win the war?
The valve that won the war?
High gain low capacitance series of all glass
valves for television receivers in areas with weak
reception
The radio that won the war?
WS19 Pye dual band wireless set
1939 German infantry using short wave for back to base communications and
VHF for short range
Dual band short wave/VHF radio developed as a response
Radar?
High gain broadband 45 MHz IF amplifiers, borrowed
from a pre war TV receiver
The aeroplane that won the war?
1931 Lady Lucy Houston professional dancer and
chorus girl donates £100,000 to the Super Marine
Aircraft Company to win the Sneider Trophy at 600 kph
The Grace Spitfire – shot the first German aircraft down
over the Normandy beaches in June 1944
The voice that won the war?
‘We shall fight them on the beaches;
we shall fight them in the hills’
TV and long wave radio broadcasting
suspended during the war and
medium wave reconfigured to make it
harder to use as a homing beacon for
German bombing raids
Cicero 100 BC
‘The sinews of war… a limitless supply of money’
Victory goes to the side that makes fewest mistakes.
If it hadn't been for Wellington we would all be speaking French
If it hadn't been for Hitler we would all be speaking German
Hitler’s catastrophic faith in cryptography but biggest mistake
declaring war on Russia and America- the world’s two largest
economic powers
Churchill – ‘America can always be relied upon to do the right thing,
having exhausted all other alternatives’
Post war two way radio – The MG years
Police radio – wearable wireless
http://www.rttonline.com/wirelessheritage.html
1945 - 1974
The Cold War
“Wireless goes Underground”
The impact of Radio Development during the Cold War period
Broadcast Radio
Military and Space Radio
Covert and “spy” radio
Changes in technology
• Component size
• Power Usage
• Weight
• Robustness
Impacts on technology
• Networking receivers and transmitters
– Linked systems
• New / improved Modulation techniques
– Movement of information
– Speech, Data and images
– Radio to provide Command and Control
Broadcast Radio
• International propaganda
– Government controlled Shortwave AM radio
– Selective programme material with the “right” message for the consumer
– World-wide, High Power Networks targeted to specific geography
Hours per week of Broadcast
Broadcaster 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1996[2]
Voice of America VOA 497 1,495 1,907 1,901 2,611 1,821
China Radio 66 687 1,267 1,350 1,515 1,620
BBC World Service 643 589 723 719 796 1,036
Radio Moscow 533 1,015 1,908 2,094 1,876 726
Broadcast Radio Technology
• Jamming• Technology Developments
– Antenna systems– Power Amplifiers
• 1950s : 100 kW • 1960s : 200 kW, early 1960s (2 x
100 kW 'twinned') • 1970s : 300 kW, but many
250 kW transmitters sold • 1980s : 500 kW sometimes
transmitters were "doubled up" to produce 1000 kW output
– Programme material distribution to relays
Broadcast Radio - domestic
• LW and MW– 200KHz Later 198KHz – BBC – “Letter of Last Resort”– Domestic consumption
• VHF FM national and local– 1955 - Government regulated – BBC only– 1967 – Local BBC radio starts in Leicester– 1973 - First Commercial Radio Station – Radio London
• Pirate Radio– Off shore, Commercial funding, un-regulated– 1964 – First Pirate station “Radio Caroline”
• BBC PAWN Bunker Wood Norton near Evesham– 1966, four radio studios and accommodation for 100 staff– Nuclear attack - provide the population with instructions, information,
guidance, news and Central Government announcements.– 100 days worth of programmes were ready to play
Military Radio in the Cold War
• The threat of nuclear war increases
• Under ground command and control bunkers
Radar ControlRegional Government HQ2 or 3 underground levels600 people3 months food, water, fuelBBC studioRadio communication links- VHF with LF shortwaveEMP problemsTeleprinter + phone links
Military Radio in the Cold War
• Long range aircraft strikes
– 1957 HF Single Sideband (SSB) - SAC – Collins Radio
– High stability Oscillators
– HF communication sites -
• Underwater launched missiles
– VLF – low data rates
• Intercontinental Missile control
– Nuclear EMP
Military Radio in the Cold war
• Over the Horizon radar
• Cobra Mist
– at Orford Ness, Suffolk
– $100-150M
• USSR Woodpecker
Covert Radio
• MCR-1 – 1943 Receiver
– SOE
– valve receiver
• Type A Mk3– 1945
– Valve transceiver
– Resistance
– SOE
– Parachute variant
Covert Radio
• Mk 122 – early 1950s
– Agents and special forces
– valve transmitter and receiver, cw only
• Mk128– Mid 1950s
– Valve – 1W TX
– Used by SAS in Malaysia and Oman
Covert Radio
• Type 301 Receiver– 1954 valve,
– Spy and special forces
• 328R Receiver – 1970 transistor
– special forces
Covert Radio
• Mk 123
• 1956
• MI6
• Valve
• Leave behind equipment
Coded Messages and speech encryption
• High Speed CW (morse code)
• Burst transmissions
• Data
• Numbers Stations
1974 to 1994 - Radio gets personal
Nigel Linge
Professor of Telecommunications
@nigellinge
www.engagingwithcommunications.com
G6BVF
AGENDA
Radio
Television
Military Communications
Satellite Navigation
Radiopaging
The Mobile phone
• 1973: Legal commercial broadcasting began in UK
• 1976: 20 independent local radio stations
• 1978: new international frequency plan for AM bands
• 1978: BBC re-organises its AM frequencies
• 1983: FM band extended to include 97.7 to 108 MHz
• 1983: regional programmes on Radio 4 FM ended
• 1987: FM band further extended down to 87.6 MHz
• 1992: Classic FM and Virgin Radio started
•1990s: Simultaneous AM/FM transmissions cease and FM
becomes dominant for UK radio listeners
Domestic Radio
- The rise of FM
FM was initially transmitted using horizontal polarisation – not
ideal for vertical car aerials
• 1980s: BBC converted its FM transmitters to mixed
polarisation
• 1980s: FM became standard on portable radios but
optional on car radios
• 1990s: FM becomes standard on car radios
The car radio remains the dominant device for listening to
radio. Ofcom CMR 2013
The Car Radio
The Car Radio
• 1980s: Growth in FM brings more stereo
transmissions
• 1974: European Broadcasting Union –
• system for automatic radio tuning on FM
• 1984: First specification for the Radio Data
System (RDS)
• 1987: BBC trials RDS
• 1988 : BBC launches RDS on FM
Improving the listener
experience
Personal radios
• 1973: Illegal use using equipment
imported from the USA (27MHz)
•1978: EMI Film “Convoy” popularises CB
•1981: CB Legalised in the UK (2nd November).
Imported USA CB equipment was made illegal. People had
to buy a £15 licence from the Post Office.
UK system was also on 27MHz band but at a slightly
different frequency range than used in the USA.
8th December 2006 – Ofcom made CB licence free
Citizens Band Radio
• 1979: Experimental Nicam 1 transmission of Elton John
concert from Moscow’s Rossyia Hall 28th May)
• 1985: 405 Line TV transmissions cease
• 1988: Launch of Astra 1A Satellite
• 1989: Astra1A starts broadcasting (5th February) - Sky
• 1990: BSB Launches its 5 channel service
• 1990: Sky Movies is encrypted as a subscription service
• 1991: BBC TV officially launches its Nicam service on
terrestrial TV (31st August)
Television
Military Communications
• 1965: General Staff Requirement
• Racal, Mullard and Plessey develop the
Clansman system
• Replaced Larkspur
• Became the standard for British Forces from
1976 (until 2008)
• Offered Single Side Band and NarrowBand
Frequency Modulation, HF, UHF and VHF
• Clansman family comprised 9 units: 3 for
vehicles, 6 for foot soldiers
• 1970s: LORAN
• 1978: First experimental Block 1 GPS satellite
• 1983: Shooting down of Korean Airline (Flight 007)
prompts President Reagan to offer GPS for civilian use
• 1985: 10 more Block 1 satellites in orbit
• 1989: First of the GPS Block 2 satellites launched
• 1990-91: Gulf War – first conflict to use GPS
• 1994: 24th GPS Block 2 satellite operational
Satellite Navigation
Radiopaging• 1975: Post Office Code Standardisation
Advisory Group (POCSAG) developed Paging Code
form earlier work by Philips.
• 1977: January – GPO extends its Radiopaging service to
London (800 square miles centred on Farringdon)
• 1977: July – 3,000 customers using the service
• 1981: Nationwide coverage achieved.
• 1990s: Decline in usage begins with emergence of mobiles
Operators: BTCellnet Paging / Mercury Paging Ltd /
Vodafone Paging / HutchisonPaging
(105 to 170MHz and 450 to 470 MHz )
Foundations of Mobile• 1947: D H Ring, Bell Labs, “Mobile Telephony – Wide Area
Coverage”
• BUT it was the car radio telephone service that evolved.
• UK: the GPO introduced a 50 channel system using
Stornophone equipment which was enhanced further in
1983 with automated connections. The Public Radio
Telephone System Four (PRT4) was the final iteration.
• Radio ‘zone’ concept first trialled in 1969 using payphones
on the Metroliner train service between New York and
Washington.
• 3rd April 1973 – Motorola develop the world’s first handheld
‘cell’ phone.
Foundations of Mobile
The Mobile Network• FCC approval was slow.
• In 1975 Bell Systems were permitted to begin a trial
• In 1977 the FCC approved AT&T to offer a service in
Chicago.
• Trials also conducted in Stockholm in 1977 (NMT) and
Japan in 1975 (NTT).
• Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT450) began
operating in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway in
1981.
• 12th October 1983, first USA commercial cellular service
opened in Chicago using the Advanced Mobile Phone
service (AMPS).
UK ETACS Networks• 1982: UK Government announces two licences
• One to BT – creates BT Cellnet; one open to competiton
• Second licence awarded to Vodafone
• Development of AMPS – Total Access Communication
System (TACS).
• 890-905MHz and 935-950MHz. Giving 600 x 25kHz
analogue channels
• Later extended to 872-905MHz and 917-950MHz to give
1320 x 25kHz analogue channels. (ETACS)
UK Launch
1st January 1985 7th January 1985
?
What mobile phone
did he use
?
First Generation Handsets
Nokia Mobira Talkman Motorola 8500X Nokia Mobira Cityman
1320
Iconic Designs . . .
Motorola MicroTAC
(1989)
Nokia 101
(1992)
Motorola StarTAC
(1996)
Telepoint• 28th July 1988 Lord Young announces
plans to issue 4 licences for Telepoint
services.
• 864.1 to 868.1MHz, mean output power of 10mW,
giving an operating range of typically 150m.
• Phonepoint (BT) became the world's first Telepoint
service when it was launched in August 1989.
• Zonephone and Callpoint launched in 1989.
• 21st May 1992, Rabbit (Hutchison) launched using CT2
standard.
• Closed on 31st December 1993.
Seeking a European standard• 1986 - 100,000 mobile phone subscribers within the UK
• 1987 – 200,000
• 1995 – 7% of the UK population
BUT everything stopped at the English Channel and costs
of ownership remained high.
7th September 1987 – EU Memorandum of Understanding
on the implementation of a Pan-European 900 MHz Digital
Cellular Mobile Telecommunications Service by 1991.
Chris Gent, Vodafone, “The most important document in
the history of the mobile phone.”
Analogue becomes Digital
• Finnish Prime Minister Harri Holkeri
inaugurates the world’s first GSM
network – the Radiolinja network in
Finland - on 1st July 1991.
• The story of GSM and its onward
evolution is covered by the next
presentation.
Thank you
CW Wireless Heritage SIG "1994 to 2014: Mass consumer cellular and the mobile
broadband revolution" - Broadband radio, digital radio,
smart phone and smart networks.
Andy Sutton
Visiting Professor
Department of Computing, Science and Engineering
1
• GSM900 and DCS1800 (2G)
• From voice and text to data and multi-media
on the move
• TETRA
• UMTS and that auction! (3G)
• 3G evolution, high speed packet access
• Not just cellular, digital broadcasting,
Bluetooth, NFC, GNSS, WiFi…
• LTE (4G)
• Mobile broadband use cases
• LTE-Advanced, true 4G mobile broadband
Agenda
2
• 1980: Conservative Government pursued two parallel policy objectives –
privatisation and liberalisation, both would play a role in shaping the UK
telecommunications landscape
• 1989: The UK Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) produced a document
‘Phones on the Move’ that first proposed PCN (Personal Communications
Networks (later known as DCS 1800 and subsequently GSM 1800) networks
to operate in the 1800MHz frequency band
• July 1992: Vodafone launched the Country's first GSM900 network
• September 1993: Mercury one2one launched the Country’s first DCS1800
network (later became GSM1800) – The first 1800MHz network in the World
• December 1993: Cellnet launched their GSM900 network
• April 1994: Orange launched their DCS1800 network (later became
GSM1800)
GSM timeline in the UK
3
• 1980: Conservative Government pursued two parallel policy objectives –
privatisation and liberalisation, both would play a role in shaping the UK
telecommunications landscape
• 1989: The UK Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) produced a document
‘Phones on the Move’ that first proposed PCN (Personal Communications
Networks (later known as DCS 1800 and subsequently GSM 1800) networks
to operate in the 1800MHz frequency band
• July 1992: Vodafone launched the Country's first GSM900 network
• September 1993: Mercury one2one launched the Country’s first DCS1800
network (later became GSM1800) – The first 1800MHz network in the World
• December 1993: Cellnet launched their GSM900 network
• April 1994: Orange launched their DCS1800 network (later became
GSM1800)
GSM timeline in the UK
4
4 UK GSM operators
5 Vodafone Group information source:
http://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/investors/annual_reports/annual_report_accounts_1992.pdf
GSM installations
6
GSM installations
7
Macro-cell sites
8
• Non of these are original equipment's from the 1992/93/94 launch networks,
these are upgraded base stations, later generations of equipment…
Micro-cell sites
9
Two GSM transceivers = typically 14
voice channels + control channels
One GSM transceiver = typically 7
voice channels + control channel
Core network
10
DCS1800 (later GSM1800)
11 Siemens m200 & Motorola m300
Nokia 2140
Motorola mr1
Data
12
Nokia 2140 with CS data card (9k6)
Nokia HSCSD data card (28k8)
Option GPRS data card
CSD - HSCSD - GPRS - EDGE
13
Ericsson
R380
Nokia 9210
Nokia 7110
Nokia 6230i
Smartphones…
14
Blackberry
• Designed and Manufactured
by RIM (Research In Motion)
• First model came to market in
1999
• Integrate with enterprise
email via BES (Blackberry
Enterprise Server)
• Integrated security
• GSM/GPRS
Apple iPhone
• On January 9, 2007 Steve
Jobs announced the iPhone
at the Macworld convention
• On June 29, 2007 the first
iPhone was released
• Networks competed for the
iPhone - a very new business
model… o2 network in UK
• GSM/GPRS
Nokia dominated the GSM
market
15
Nokia 1011 Nokia 2140 Nokia 3210e Nokia 6230i
• Trans European Trunked Radio Access
• Standardised by ETSI in 1995
• TETRA uses TDMA with four user channels on one radio carrier
and 25 kHz spacing between carriers
• Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transfer can be used
• Digital data transmission is also included in the standard though
at a low data rate
• Commercial networks failed in the UK due to the rise of cellular
• UK Emergency services network – Airwave
• Transport for London and some airports
TETRA
16
UMTS timeline
17
• 1991 – ETSI establishes SMG5 to develop standards for UMTS
• 1992 – Global radio frequencies are reserved for UMTS
• (92/93/94 – UK GSM networks launch)
• 1998 – ETSI & ARIB unite to form 3GPP
• 1999 – 3GPP published first version of UMTS standards (R99)
• 2000 – UK Spectrum auction
• 2001 – NTT DoCoMo launches the World’s first WCDMA network
• 2003 – First UMTS networks launch in UK
• In the year 2000 an auction was held for spectrum in the
2100MHz band, this band was to support the new 3G technology
• The outcome of the auction was 5 awards:
– Licence A – TIW (H3G) at a cost of £4,384,700,000
– Licence B – Vodafone at a cost of £5,964,000,000
– Licence C – BT at a cost of £4,030,100,000
– Licence D – One2One at a cost of £4,003,600,000
– Licence E – Orange at a cost of £4,095,000,000
• A total of £22,477,400,000 was raised for the UK treasury
3G, an expensive gamble…
18
A new operator…
19
20
WCDMA (Wideband
Code Division
Multiple Access)
NodeB and RNC,
introduction of ATM
(Asynchronous
Transfer Mode)
Building 3G networks
Hello mobile broadband…
21
384kbps downlink DCH
64kbps uplink DCH
Nokia 7600 Nokia 6650
NEC e606
3G phones
22
NEC e606 Motorola V975
LG U8110 LG U8800
Nokia 6680 Nokia N73
Smarter devices and apps…
23
• Bluetooth SIG formed in 1998 with 5 member
companies, this increased to 400 by the end of the
year with over 20,000 member companies now!
• During 2013 Cumulative Bluetooth® product
shipments surpass 2.5 billion*
• NFC is enabling the digital wallet
• GPS (and GNSS in general) enables mapping and
location based services
• WiFi (WLAN) has evolved at great pace with new
standards from the IEEE
Not just cellular radio…
24 *ABI Research
Digital terrestrial broadcasting
25
4G, a game changer…
26
MME
eNB
SAE
GW
eNB
PDN
GW
eNB
IP Services
Internet
IMS etc.
PCRF
S1-U
X2
X2
S1-C
S5
S11
Gx+
(S7)
SGi
Rx+
Control Plane
User Plane
What is LTE?
• A work group established within 3GPP
• The next step in the evolution of 3GPP radio interface to deliver “Global
Mobile Broadband”
• A plan first conceived in 2004 that’s
• Based on clearly defined performance targets
• Based on clearly defined economic targets
• Based on improved use of the radio spectrum
• Based on simplified system design
Flexible channel
BW allocation,
OFDMA, flexible
resource
scheduling,
MIMO antenna
systems,
Het-Nets…
All IP network,
Ethernet
interfaces,
No circuit
switching, IMS,
VoIP, RCSe,
Broadcast and
multicast…
21st August 2012
27
UK’s first 4G network
28
30.10.12
LIFT OFF
LTE1800
Turning heads…
29
Another auction
30
• The award of 800 and 2600MHz spectrum resulted in the launch
of 4G networks for O2, Vodafone and Three while BT also
acquired spectrum in the 2600MHz band
Rural broadband
31
LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation
32
• CA consists of
Component
Carriers(CC).
• CC are either
intra-band
(contiguous &
non-contiguous)
or inter-band.
• Current focus
on downlink
• We’ve gone digital…
• We’ve evolved to wideband radio
systems such as WCDMA and
more recently LTE with OFDMA
• During this period mobile phones
have evolved into handheld
computers with full multi-media
capabilities
• 2G, 3G & 4G will likely co-exist for
many years however the future is
4G with 5G coming along as and
when appropriate…
Summary
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Thank You!
Any question?
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