current issues in human/animalrelationships. animals in animals in biomedical research

CURRENT ISSUES INCURRENT ISSUES INHUMAN/ANIMALHUMAN/ANIMALRELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS

ANIMALS INANIMALS INBIOMEDICAL RESEARCHBIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

What is “Research?”What is “Research?”

Is it this?Is it this?

This?This?

This?This?

This?This?

RESEARCH DEFINED:RESEARCH DEFINED:

Any attempt to find an answer toAny attempt to find an answer toa previously unanswered question.a previously unanswered question.

First recorded use of live animals done byFirst recorded use of live animals done by

ERASISTRATUSERASISTRATUS in Alexandria, in Alexandria,

about 2,300 ya.about 2,300 ya.

GALEN (2,200 ya)GALEN (2,200 ya)

> First scientist of note to do animal research.> First scientist of note to do animal research.

GALEN (2,200 ya)GALEN (2,200 ya)

> First scientist of note to do animal research.> First scientist of note to do animal research.

> Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood.> Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood.

GALEN (2,200 ya)GALEN (2,200 ya)

> First scientist of note to do animal research.> First scientist of note to do animal research.

> Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood.> Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood.

> “Founder” of Experimental Physiology> “Founder” of Experimental Physiology

GALEN (2,200 ya)GALEN (2,200 ya)

> First scientist of note to do animal research.> First scientist of note to do animal research.

> Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood.> Discovered that arteries and veins carry blood.

> “Founder” of Experimental Physiology> “Founder” of Experimental Physiology

> Dissection of cadavers illegal, used dead> Dissection of cadavers illegal, used deadapes and pigs.apes and pigs.

After fall of Rome, dissection discouraged, After fall of Rome, dissection discouraged, rarely used until Renaissance.rarely used until Renaissance.

~ Argued better to deduce how the body works~ Argued better to deduce how the body worksthan examine or experiment (mind over body.)than examine or experiment (mind over body.)

~ Society discouraged discovery and ~ Society discouraged discovery and inquiry.inquiry.

SOME RESEARCH BEGAN IN SOME RESEARCH BEGAN IN 1500 - 1600’s:1500 - 1600’s:

Vesalius studied monkeys, pigs, goatsVesalius studied monkeys, pigs, goats

Harvey studied circulation of live deerHarvey studied circulation of live deer

Descartes (17th century) began traditionDescartes (17th century) began traditionthat animals incapable of feeling pain.that animals incapable of feeling pain.

MAGENDIEMAGENDIEFrench, Early 1800’sFrench, Early 1800’s

One of first to argueOne of first to arguemedicine should bemedicine should bederived from anderived from anunderstandingunderstanding

of physiology.of physiology.

Experimentation as method of learningExperimentation as method of learningwas very controversial:was very controversial:

> Treatments at time based on anecdotes.> Treatments at time based on anecdotes.

> Treatments often caused tremendous> Treatments often caused tremendoussuffering.suffering.

> Suffering of others considered recreation.> Suffering of others considered recreation.

Magendie argued must understand how the Magendie argued must understand how the body works before suggesting treatment.body works before suggesting treatment.

Magendie argued must understand how the Magendie argued must understand how the body works.body works.

Example of his Experiments:Example of his Experiments:> How substances absorbed by body?> How substances absorbed by body?

Magendie argued must understand how the Magendie argued must understand how the body works.body works.

Example of his Experiments:Example of his Experiments:> How substances absorbed by body?> How substances absorbed by body?> Isolated section of dog’s intestine> Isolated section of dog’s intestine

still attached only by artery & vein.still attached only by artery & vein.

Magendie argued must understand how the Magendie argued must understand how the body works.body works.

Example of his Experiments:Example of his Experiments:> How substances absorbed by body?> How substances absorbed by body?> Isolated section of dog’s intestine> Isolated section of dog’s intestine

so attached only by artery & vein.so attached only by artery & vein.> Injected poison into intestine, observed> Injected poison into intestine, observed

dog reacting to poison.dog reacting to poison.

Magendie argued must understand how the Magendie argued must understand how the body works.body works.

Example of his Experiments:Example of his Experiments:> How substances absorbed by body?> How substances absorbed by body?> Isolated section of dog’s intestine> Isolated section of dog’s intestine

so attached only by artery & vein.so attached only by artery & vein.> Injected poison into intestine, observed> Injected poison into intestine, observed

dog reacted to poison.dog reacted to poison.> First to understand that materials are> First to understand that materials are

absorbed through blood vessel walls.absorbed through blood vessel walls.

Public outcry over his cruelty:Public outcry over his cruelty:

““. . .experiments without number or . . .experiments without number or mercy, prosecuted with cruelty andmercy, prosecuted with cruelty andindifference.” indifference.”

Sir Charles BellSir Charles Bell

““Question is not can they reason… Question is not can they reason… but can they suffer?”but can they suffer?”

Bentham 1789Bentham 1789

Debate over animal experimentation Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering ---about suffering ---

Debate over animal experimentation Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering ---about suffering ---

> First child labor laws> First child labor laws

Debate over animal experimentation Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering ---about suffering ---

> First child labor laws> First child labor laws> First social concern about human > First social concern about human

suffering of all classessuffering of all classes

Debate over animal experimentation Debate over animal experimentation occurred during a new culture of concern occurred during a new culture of concern about suffering ---about suffering ---

> First child labor laws> First child labor laws> First social concern about human > First social concern about human

suffering of all classessuffering of all classes> Shift away from suffering as > Shift away from suffering as

entertainment (bear baiting,entertainment (bear baiting,public hangings.)public hangings.)

Issue of animals in research Issue of animals in research has always been controversial.has always been controversial.

Historically, have beenHistorically, have been

1) Concerns about validity, both from1) Concerns about validity, both fromscientists and the public.scientists and the public.

Historically, have beenHistorically, have been

1) Concerns about validity, both from1) Concerns about validity, both fromscientists and the public.scientists and the public.

2) Concerns about welfare, both from2) Concerns about welfare, both fromscientists and the public.scientists and the public.

Concern about welfare and importance ofConcern about welfare and importance ofusing animals in Biomedical Research have increasedusing animals in Biomedical Research have increased (compared to the 1950’s through the 1980’s).(compared to the 1950’s through the 1980’s).

DEMOGRAPHICS:DEMOGRAPHICS:

11

22

33

44

55

1900 1920 1940 1960 19801900 1920 1940 1960 1980

Millions of animals in captive research in EnglandMillions of animals in captive research in England(Rowan 1984)(Rowan 1984)

WWIIWWII

POLIOMYELITISPOLIOMYELITIS

Polio virus epidemicPolio virus epidemic

in the early 50’s.in the early 50’s.

POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON ANIMALSRESEARCH ON ANIMALS

> Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s.> Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s.

> 1952: 58,000 children contracted disease.> 1952: 58,000 children contracted disease.

POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL POLIOMYELITIS and BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON ANIMALSRESEARCH ON ANIMALS

> Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s.> Polio virus epidemic in the early 50’s.

> 1952: 58,000 children contracted disease.> 1952: 58,000 children contracted disease.

> Paralyzed and killed thousands, only> Paralyzed and killed thousands, onlytreatment months in an “iron lung.”treatment months in an “iron lung.”

> Rhesus monkeys can contract polio.> Rhesus monkeys can contract polio.Monkeys readily available in India.Monkeys readily available in India.

> Rhesus monkeys can contract polio.> Rhesus monkeys can contract polio.Monkeys readily available in India.Monkeys readily available in India.

> In 1952, 32,000 rhesus imported from India.> In 1952, 32,000 rhesus imported from India.Tremendous popular support for research.Tremendous popular support for research.

1955

“..Safe,effective vaccine..”

POLIO

Jonas Salk

In 1955, India banned importation of rhesus.In 1955, India banned importation of rhesus.

Thousands died when shipped over.Thousands died when shipped over.

Reports of tremendous suffering (militaryReports of tremendous suffering (militaryexperiments). experiments).

> Massive protests reversed ban.> Massive protests reversed ban.

> Massive protests reversed ban.> Massive protests reversed ban.

> 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus.> 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus.

> Massive protests reversed ban.> Massive protests reversed ban.

> 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus.> 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus.

> India banned again in 1978, based on reports> India banned again in 1978, based on reportsof numerous violations.of numerous violations.

> Massive protests reversed ban.> Massive protests reversed ban.

> 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus.> 1958, US imported 221,000 rhesus.

> India banned again in 1978, based on reports> India banned again in 1978, based on reportsof numerous violations.of numerous violations.

> Public extremely supportive in late 40’s, 50’s> Public extremely supportive in late 40’s, 50’sand early 60’s.and early 60’s.

> State laws passed that forced shelters to send > State laws passed that forced shelters to send unclaimed animals to laboratories.unclaimed animals to laboratories.

> State laws passed that forced shelters to send > State laws passed that forced shelters to send unclaimed animals to laboratories.unclaimed animals to laboratories.

> In 1965-66, public outcry began.> In 1965-66, public outcry began.

Christine Stevens foundedChristine Stevens foundedAnimal Welfare InstituteAnimal Welfare Institute

Life Magazine ArticleLife Magazine Article

““Pepper” seen in photo of dogs beingPepper” seen in photo of dogs beingunloaded from truck for use in lab.unloaded from truck for use in lab.

Public outcry laws reversed in many statesPublic outcry laws reversed in many states(including WI) that sent dogs to labs(including WI) that sent dogs to labsfrom shelters. from shelters.

PURPOSE BRED vs. RANDOM SOURCE?PURPOSE BRED vs. RANDOM SOURCE?

PURPOSE BRED PURPOSE BRED RANDOM SOURCERANDOM SOURCE

~ Habituated to Lab~ Habituated to Lab ~ Laboratory foreign~ Laboratory foreign~ Prevents theft/suffering~ Prevents theft/suffering ~ Encourages theft~ Encourages theft

of petsof pets ~ Genetics unknown ~ Genetics unknown~ Know genetics~ Know genetics ~ Possible health risks~ Possible health risks~ Control health~ Control health ~ Would stop surrenders~ Would stop surrenders

~ Expensive~ Expensive ~ Much cheaper~ Much cheaper~ Don’t represent population~ Don’t represent population ~ More varied genetics -~ More varied genetics -

> genetics> genetics represent ‘normal’represent ‘normal’> physiology> physiology ~ Going to die anyway~ Going to die anyway> chronically stressed> chronically stressed

IN 1940’s, 50’s, public highly supportive of biomedical researchon animals - little public opposition

Since mid 1960’s (and “Pepper case”)has been an upswing in public opinion concerned with animal welfare.

Opinion swayed by historic case…..

Dr. Edward TaubInstitute for Behavioral ResearchSilver Springs, Maryland

“Silver Springs Monkey Case”

September 1981

Taub’s Research:De-afferented limb study

Goal: Help people with spinal cord injuries regain use of their limbs

Research: Sever neural connections from spinal cord, force subjects to use limbs and look for re-growth of neural tissue.

16 crab eating macaques1 rhesus macaque

If no neurological feedback, monkeys self mutilate.

How handle wounds?If bandage, makes worse.If leave open, can become

infected…

AL PACHECO

( Future founder of PETA in U.S.)

~ “Volunteered” for the summer

~ Taub out of the country

~ Appalled by conditions

~ Kept silent about them until

raid in September of 1981.

Taub charged with cruelty to animals.

(this photo set up byPacheco)

OUTCOME:

Taub charged with 17 counts ofanimal cruelty.

After 2 trials and 7 years, Taub cleared ofall charges, lost job and grants, not allowed to do live animal research.

OUTCOME:

PETA became largest animal rights/welfaregroup in US, budget over 10 million in 90’s.

(ALF spin off, continues raids)

And the monkeys?

Lived up to 10 years after raid.

Groups battled over ownership and care - PETA fought against euthanasia.

DID have significant effect on welfare ofanimals in biomedical research……

Animal Welfare ActAnimal Welfare Act

• First written in 1965 by U.S. Congress

• Amended many times - most recent

1997