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Conflict and Absolutism in Europe, 1550-1715
Chapter 18
18-2 WAR AND REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND
The Stuarts and Divine Right
Queen Elizabeth I died
in 1603, ending the
Tudor dynasty
The next line of rulers is
known as The Stuarts.
The first Stuart ruler was
James I, Elizabeth’s
cousin who had been
King of Scotland
The Stuarts and Divine Right
James I (1603 – 1625) believed his
power came from God and that he was
responsible only to God.
This idea is called the divine right of
kings.
Puritans: Calvinist-Protestants in
England
They did not like James’ strong defense
of the Church of England
Had Bible translated from Latin into
English – King James version
The Stuarts and Divine Right
The conflict about
religion lasted into
the reign of his
son, Charles I
(1625 – 1649)
He also believed
in the divine right
Some Puritans got
mad and decided
to leave…
“Pilgrims”
Civil War and Commonwealth
Civil war starts in 1642
Supporters of the king:
Cavaliers
Parliamentary forces:
Roundheads
Parliamentary forces
win under the
leadership of Oliver
Cromwell
Civil War and Commonwealth
Cromwell was put in
charge. He:
– 1. Kicked his
opponents out of
Parliament.
– 2. Had Charles I
executed.
– 3. Declared England
a commonwealth
(republic)
Cromwell becomes
Lord Protector
Civil War and Commonwealth
Cromwell could not get along with his
Parliament, so he kicked them out.
Set up a military dictatorship.
Exiled Catholics to Ireland
Strict Puritan laws passed – theaters
closed, Sunday set aside for worship,
no lewd dancing, taverns or gambling
Cromwell ruled until his death is 1658
The Restoration 1660 - 1685
Charles II - Popular
ruler
Monarchy restored –
Hence: Restoration
Bowed to the wishes
of Parliament
Restored the Church
of England
Stabilized government
A Glorious Revolution
Converts to Catholicism on his deathbed
James II, his son, becomes king
Favored Catholics in upper government
positions, which angers Parliament
Upon his death daughters Mary & Anne (both
Protestant) are to succeed him
James II had a son with his 2nd wife who was
Catholic
Parliament worried about possibility of
Catholic monarchy
England – William and Mary English Bill of Rights
1689
William and Mary were given the throne after the English Bill of Rights was passed.
Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy.
Parliament had to meet on a regular basis
Monarchy could neither make nor suspend laws
Trial by jury reinstated.
Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of laws.
Laid groundwork for American system of laws.
Toleration Act of 1689
Act granted Puritans, but not Catholics,
the right of free public worship. Few
English citizens, however, would ever
again be persecuted for their religion.
DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS – By
deposing one king and establishing
another, Parliament had destroyed the
divine-right theory of kingship. “William
was, after all, king by the grace of
Parliament, not the grace of God.”
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
Human life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
Before society was organized, humans were guided by struggle for self-preservation.
The state is needed to keep people from destroying each other.
An absolute ruler is needed to preserve the social order.
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government
Before forming societies, humans lived
in a condition of equality and freedom.
All humans have natural rights, including life, liberty, and property.
The agreement between people and government involves mutual responsibilities; absolute rule by one person is to be avoided.
People have the right to alter or remove a government that betrays their rights.
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