counter reformation - chapter 22

Counter Reformation Chapter. 22

The Spanish Empire

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an explorer from Genoa, Italy. He had made landfall in the Americas on October 12,

1492.

Cortes in Mexico

Plan of Tenochtitlan, from Cortes first letter to the king of Spain. 1521

Aztecs confront the Spaniards

Spanish massacre Aztecs nobles in the temple courtyard

Pizarro in Peru

Atahuallpa, from Peru.

The acquisition of gold and silver, and other treasure was strong motivation for European colonization of the Americas.

The treasures of gold and silver that were brought back were melted down for currency, far more important that their artistic value to the military Spanish monarchy.

In fact almost no gold or silver object survived from the conquest.

Gold and Silver : The Monetary Motive

The Counter-Reformation

Spain and FranceKing Charles V of Spain and Francis I of

France hated each other and were in a state of constant war

Neither could defeat the otherTheir resentment goes back to Charles’

election to the Holy Roman Emperor over Francis

The pope backed Francis but Charles Bought the votes of the electors

Charles V in troubleCharles’ kingdom was immenseMade bigger with lands of Holy Roman

EmpireSuleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman

Empire killed Charles’ brother in law on Francis’ request

Charles realized how susceptible to attack his empire was

Unite against ProtestantismCharles entered FranceFrancis became frightened and wanted peaceThe feud was endedCatholic kings united and called for a council

to address the Protestant threat

The Council of TrentAt Trento, Northern Italy beginning in

December of 1545A council called to reform the Catholic churchProtestantism could not be defeated militarilyReform was made in an effort to win back

believersMet in three sessions over 18 years

The council of Trent

Reforms of the CouncilCouncil’s main goal was to restore discipline

in the church orderEnd of selling offices and religious goodsSent bishops back to their dioceses from

RomeHeld bishops to their responsibilities to the

parishionersBishops must remain celibate

Reforms of the councilAnti-luxury, emphasis on simple pietyEnded sales of indulgencesReemphasized the traditional values of

Catholicism

Arts of the ReformationThe Church insisted on the use of religious

imageryRequired religious figures to be used in artForbade any unnecessary art techniquesEmphasis on the way art would influence the

viewer’s soul into the faith

Arts of the ReformationMusic was strongly influenced by the

Council’s new mandatesMusic was to be strictly religiousDevoid of anything secular

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina16th century composerChoirmaster in the

Capella Giuliana in the Vatican

Wrote 104 mass settings, 375 motets, 80 hymns, and 140 songs

Giovanni Pierluigi da PalestrinaFirst composer to have his complete works

publishedIncluded secular worksHighly influential composer of his day

Missa Papae Marcellihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y28ZRYF9

Q-4Example of requirements of the CouncilWords are sung to be clear and audible for

the audience to understand

Missa Papae Marcellihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y28ZRYF9

Q-4Example of requirements of the CouncilWords are sung to be clear and audible for

the audience to understand

Michelangelo & the Rise of Mannerism

*Michelangelo was a famous and highly skilled sculptor and artist.

*New direction of style and technique

Michelangelo & the Rise ofMannerism Cont.

Michelangelo’s new art style exhibited:

distorted figures, artificial poses , mysterious settings , and enlarged proportions characteristics

Discarded Classical traditions of balanced, symmetric, realistic art.

Church disliked Michelangelo’s provoking style

Victory by Michelangelo; Marble 8’ 7” Palazzo, Vecehio 1520’s•Serpentine figure

•Opinions of meaning

Last Judgment by Michelangelo; Fresco 48x44’ Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome 1534-41

• Expresses Mannerism through Serpentine figure technique•“Provoked controversy because of nude religious figures”

Other Mannerist Artist

Corregio, Jupiter and Io; Oil on Canvas

Giovanni Bologna, Rape of Sabine Woman; Marble

Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus;

Mannerist Arts

Mannerism: High RenaissanceMannerism: Artistic style that predominated in Italy from the end of the High Renaissance in the 1520s to the beginnings of the Baroque style around 1590.

Luigi Lanzi (Italian archaeologist).

Mannerist ArtistsMichelangelo BuonarrotiAmico AspertiniPerino Del vagaGiovanni Battista MoroniLuca Cambiaso…

Pontormo and Mannerism YOUTUBE VIDEO

Inquisition and Innovation

Veronese

In 1542 Pope Paul III began the Roman Inquisition

Veronese (born Paolo Cagliari but named after his city) was called forward for his painting

Was forced to correct his painting in 3 months but istead changed the name of it from the Last Supper to Feast in the House of Levi

The Spanish InquisitionBegan in 1478Was created to convert all non-Christian

Spaniards First target were the Muslims of al-AndalusUsed friendly persuasion at first. But in

1500 the clergy began to baptize the Muslims.

MoriscosIn October of 1501 after all the Muslims

were baptized they burned all of the Arabic books

ConversosConversos term for Converted Jews They went after the conversos who they

thought had a suspect conversionOn March 31 King Ferdidnad and Queen

Isabella issued an edict of expulsion for the Jewish people.

Stated that all Jewish must convert or leave the country.

Teresa of AvilaBorn from a Conversos familyFounded Discalced Carmelite1567 – The Way to Perfection1577- The Interior Castle

Cervantes and PicaresqueMiguel de Cervantes Author of Don

QuixoteConsidered first

great modern novel

Picaresque is genre that tells of and adventure of a hero that comes from a low social ranking.

Lazarillo de Tormes

THE END