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Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Intr
oduc
tion
to O
rgan
ic C
hem
istr
y:H
ydro
carb
ons
Cha
pter
12
Cop
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ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
Iden
tify
prop
ertie
s cha
ract
erist
ic of
org
anic
or in
orga
nic
com
poun
ds.
Org
anic
Com
poun
dsOr
gani
c che
mist
ryis
the
stud
y of
carb
on co
mpo
unds
.An
org
anic
com
poun
d•Al
way
s con
tain
s car
bon
and
hydr
ogen
ato
ms
•M
ay a
lso co
ntai
n ot
her n
onm
etal
s suc
h as
oxy
gen,
nitr
ogen
, ph
osph
orus
, or a
hal
ogen
.•O
rgan
ic co
mpo
unds
are
foun
d in
:•
Gaso
line,
med
icine
s, sh
ampo
os, p
last
ics, a
nd p
erfu
mes
•Ca
rboh
ydra
tes,
fats
, and
pro
tein
s
Func
tiona
l Gro
ups
•O
rgan
ic co
mpo
unds
are
org
anize
d by
thei
r fun
ctio
nal g
roup
s(gr
oups
of
atom
s bon
ded
in a
spec
ific
way
).
•Co
mpo
unds
that
cont
ain
the
sam
e fu
nctio
nal g
roup
s hav
e sim
ilar
phys
ical a
nd ch
emica
l pro
pert
ies.
•Th
e id
entif
icatio
n of
func
tiona
l gro
ups a
llow
s us t
o cla
ssify
org
anic
com
poun
ds a
ccor
ding
to th
eir s
truc
ture
, to
nam
e co
mpo
unds
with
in
each
fam
ily, a
nd to
pre
dict
thei
r che
mica
l rea
ctio
ns.
Cop
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201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Org
anic
vs.
Inor
gani
c•In
che
mis
try, m
olec
ules
are
cla
ssifi
ed a
s O
rgan
ic o
r In
orga
nic.
•In
orga
nic
com
poun
dsar
e (q
uite
exp
ansi
vely
) an
ythi
ng th
at is
not
org
anic
.
•O
rgan
ic a
nd In
orga
nic
com
poun
ds h
ave
diffe
rent
pr
oper
ties.
–O
rgan
ic c
ompo
unds
:H
ave
low
mel
ting
and
boilin
g po
ints
.Ar
e fla
mm
able
and
und
ergo
com
bust
ion.
Are
not s
olub
le in
wat
er.
–In
orga
nic
com
poun
dsM
any
inor
gani
c co
mpo
unds
hav
e hi
gh
mel
ting
and
boilin
g po
ints
.In
orga
nic
com
poun
ds th
at a
re io
nic
are
usua
lly s
olub
le in
wat
er, a
nd m
ost d
o no
t bu
rn in
air.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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201
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
dCop
yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Prac
tice
Iden
tify
each
cha
ract
eris
tic a
s m
ost t
ypic
al o
f com
poun
ds
that
are
inor
gani
c or
org
anic
.
A. It
has
a h
igh
mel
ting
poin
t.
B. It
is n
ot s
olub
le in
wat
er.
C. I
t con
tain
s ca
rbon
and
hyd
roge
n at
oms.
D. I
t has
the
form
ula
MgC
l 2.
E. It
bur
ns e
asily
in a
ir.
Cop
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ht ©
201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Rep
rese
ntat
ions
of C
arbo
n C
ompo
unds
•H
ydro
carb
ons
are
orga
nic
com
poun
ds th
at c
onsi
st o
f onl
y ca
rbon
and
hy
drog
en.
–In
org
anic
mol
ecul
es, e
very
car
bon
atom
has
four
bon
ds.
–In
met
hane
(CH
4), t
he c
arbo
n at
om fo
rms
an o
ctet
by
shar
ing
its fo
ur
vale
nce
elec
trons
with
four
hyd
roge
n at
oms.
Thre
e-di
men
sion
al a
nd tw
o-di
men
sion
al re
pres
enta
tions
of m
etha
ne: a
) sp
ace-
fillin
g m
odel
, b) b
all-a
nd-s
tick
mod
el, c
) wed
ge-d
ash
mod
el, d
) ex
pand
ed s
truct
ural
form
ula,
and
e) c
onde
nsed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a
Cop
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201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Rep
rese
ntat
ions
of C
arbo
n C
ompo
unds
•In
eth
ane
(C2H
6), e
ach
tetra
hedr
al c
arbo
n fo
rms
thre
e co
vale
nt b
onds
to
hydr
ogen
and
one
to th
e ot
her c
arbo
n.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Alk
anes
Alka
nes
•ar
e fo
rmed
by
a co
ntin
uous
cha
in o
f car
bon
atom
s.
•ar
e na
med
usi
ng th
e IU
PAC
(Inte
rnat
iona
l Uni
on o
f Pur
e an
d Ap
plie
d C
hem
istry
) sys
tem
.
•ha
ve n
ames
that
end
in a
ne.
•us
e G
reek
pre
fixes
to n
ame
carb
on c
hain
s w
ith fi
ve o
r m
ore
carb
on a
tom
s.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
In th
e bu
tane
mol
ecul
e (C
4H10
), pr
edic
t the
sha
pe a
roun
d ea
ch c
arbo
n at
om.
CH H
HCH H
CH H
CH H
H
Cop
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
Cop
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.2
-A
lkan
esW
rite
the
IUPA
C n
ames
and
dra
w th
e co
nden
sed
or li
ne-a
ngle
stru
ctur
al
form
ulas
for a
lkan
es a
nd c
yclo
alka
nes.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Alka
nes
•M
ore
than
90%
of t
he c
ompo
unds
in
the
wor
ld a
re o
rgan
ic c
ompo
unds
.
•Th
e la
rger
num
ber o
f car
bon
com
poun
ds is
pos
sibl
e be
caus
e th
e co
vale
nt b
onds
bet
wee
n ca
rbon
at
oms
(C-C
) is
very
stro
ng, a
llow
ing
carb
on a
tom
s to
form
long
, sta
ble
chai
ns.
Cop
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201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Alka
nes
•Th
e al
kane
sar
e a
type
of h
ydro
carb
on in
whi
ch th
e ca
rbon
ato
ms
are
conn
ecte
d on
ly b
y si
ngle
bon
ds.
–Al
kane
s ar
e fo
rmed
by
a co
ntin
uous
cha
in o
f car
bon
atom
s.–
The
nam
es o
f alk
anes
and
in –
ane.
Such
nam
es a
re p
art o
f the
IUPA
Csy
stem
(Int
erna
tiona
l Uni
on
of P
ure
and
Appl
ied
Che
mis
try) u
sed
by c
hem
ists
to n
ame
orga
nic
chem
istry
.–
Alka
nes
mad
e of
car
bon
chai
ns a
re n
amed
bas
ed o
n ho
w m
any
carb
ons
mak
e up
the
chai
n.
–O
ne o
f the
mos
t com
mon
use
s of
alk
anes
is a
s fu
els.
Met
hane
, pro
pane
, oct
ane,
and
hex
ane
are
all a
lkan
es u
sed
as fu
els.
Cop
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ht ©
201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
IUPA
C N
ames
of A
lkan
es
Cop
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201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Lin
e-A
ngle
Str
uctu
ral F
orm
ulas
A si
mpl
ified
stru
ctur
e of
org
anic
mol
ecul
es
•is
cal
led
the
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula.
•sh
ows
a zi
gzag
line
in w
hich
car
bon
atom
s ar
e re
pres
ente
d as
the
ends
of e
ach
line
and
as c
orne
rs.
Car
bon
atom
s
•at
the
end
are
bond
ed to
thre
e hy
drog
en a
tom
s.
•in
the
mid
dle
are
bond
ed to
two
hydr
ogen
ato
ms.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Con
dens
ed fo
rmul
a an
d Li
ne-a
ngle
form
ula
•Pe
ntan
e
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Con
dens
ed fo
rmul
a an
d Li
ne-a
ngle
form
ula
•D
raw
the
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
and
nam
e th
e m
olec
ule:
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Gui
de to
Dra
win
g St
ruct
ural
For
mul
as fo
r A
lkan
esSt
ep 1
: Dra
w th
e ca
rbon
cha
in.
Step
2: D
raw
the
expa
nded
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a by
add
ing
the
hydr
ogen
ato
ms
usin
g si
ngle
bon
ds to
eac
h of
the
carb
on a
tom
s.
Step
3: D
raw
the
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
by c
ombi
ning
th
e H
ato
ms
with
eac
h C
ato
m.
Step
4: D
raw
the
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
as a
zig
zag
line
in w
hich
the
ends
and
cor
ners
repr
esen
t C
atom
s.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
g E
xpan
ded,
Con
dens
ed, a
nd L
ine-
Ang
le S
truc
tura
l For
mul
as (1
of 3
)
Dra
w th
e ex
pand
ed, c
onde
nsed
, and
line
-ang
le s
truct
ural
fo
rmul
a fo
r pen
tane
.
Step
1: D
raw
the
carb
on c
hain
. A m
olec
ule
of p
enta
ne h
as
five
carb
on a
tom
s in
a c
ontin
uous
cha
in.
Step
2:D
raw
the
expa
nded
str
uctu
ral f
orm
ula
by a
ddin
g th
e hy
drog
en a
tom
s, u
sing
sin
gle
bond
s to
eac
h of
the
carb
on a
tom
s.
Cop
yrig
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201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
g E
xpan
ded,
Con
dens
ed, a
nd L
ine-
Ang
le S
truc
tura
l For
mul
as (2
of 3
)
Dra
w th
e ex
pand
ed, c
onde
nsed
, and
line
-ang
le s
truct
ural
fo
rmul
a fo
r pen
tane
.
Step
3: D
raw
the
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
by
com
bini
ng th
e H
ato
ms
with
eac
h C
ato
m.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
g E
xpan
ded,
Con
dens
ed, a
nd L
ine-
Ang
le S
truc
tura
l For
mul
as (3
of 3
)
Dra
w th
e ex
pand
ed, c
onde
nsed
, and
line
-ang
le s
truct
ural
fo
rmul
a fo
r pen
tane
.
Step
4: D
raw
the
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
as a
zi
gzag
line
in w
hich
the
ends
and
cor
ners
re
pres
ent C
ato
ms.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Con
form
atio
ns o
f Alk
anes
•Si
ngle
bon
ds c
an s
pin
and
rota
te.
•Th
us d
iffer
ent a
rrang
emen
ts, k
now
n as
con
form
atio
ns, o
ccur
dur
ing
the
rota
tion
abou
t a s
ingl
e bo
nd.
•ht
tp://
sym
met
ry.o
tterb
ein.
edu/
galle
ry/in
dex.
htm
l
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yrig
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stru
ctur
al F
orm
ulas
: C4H
10
As b
utan
e (C
4H10
) rot
ates
, som
etim
es th
elin
e up
in fr
ont o
f eac
h ot
her,
and
at o
ther
tim
es th
ey a
re
oppo
site
eac
h ot
her.
Buta
ne c
an b
e dr
awn
usin
g a
varie
ty o
f tw
o-di
men
sion
al c
onde
nsed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
as:
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stru
ctur
al F
orm
ulas
: C4H
10
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
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0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cyc
loal
kane
s
Hyd
roca
rbon
s ca
n al
so fo
rm in
to c
ircle
s or
ring
s ca
lled:
cy
cloa
lkan
es
•ha
ve tw
o fe
wer
hyd
roge
n at
oms
than
the
open
cha
in fo
rm.
•ar
e na
med
by
usin
g th
e pr
efix
cyc
lobe
fore
the
nam
e of
th
e al
kane
cha
in w
ith th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f car
bon
atom
s.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Form
ulas
of C
yclo
alka
nes
Tabl
e12
.4 F
orm
ulas
of S
ome
Com
mon
Cyc
loal
kane
sN
ame
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
Cyc
lopr
opan
eC
yclo
buta
neC
yclo
pent
ane
Cyc
lohe
xane
Bal
l-and
-Stic
k M
odel
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
Thre
e ca
rbon
s si
ngle
-bon
ded
to e
ach
othe
r in
a tri
angu
lar p
atte
rn,
with
eac
h ca
rbon
sin
gle-
bond
ed to
2 h
ydro
gens
.Th
e ba
ll an
d st
ick
mod
el s
how
s fo
ur
carb
ons
sing
le-b
onde
d to
eac
h ot
her i
n a
squa
re p
atte
rn, w
ith e
ach
carb
on s
ingl
e-
bond
ed to
2 h
ydro
gens.
The
ball
and
stic
k m
odel
sho
ws
five
carb
ons
sing
le-b
onde
d to
eac
h ot
her i
n a
pent
agon
al p
atte
rn, w
ith e
ach
carb
on
sing
le-b
onde
d to
2 h
ydro
gens
.
The
ball
and
stic
k m
odel
sho
ws
six
carb
ons
sing
le-b
onde
d to
eac
h ot
her i
n a
hexa
gona
l pat
tern
, with
eac
h ca
rbon
sing
le-b
onde
d to
2 h
ydro
gens.
Con
dens
ed S
truc
tura
l For
mul
aB
LAN
KB
LAN
KB
LAN
KTh
e co
nden
sed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a sh
ows
a tri
angu
lar r
ing
of th
ree
C
H 2
mol
ecul
es.
The
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s a
squa
re ri
ng o
f fou
r C H
2 m
olec
ules
.Th
e co
nden
sed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a sh
ows
a pe
ntag
onal
ring
of f
ive
C H
2
mol
ecul
es.
The
cond
ense
d st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s a
hexa
gona
l rin
g of
six
C H
2
mol
ecul
es.
Line
-Ang
le S
truc
tura
l For
mul
aB
LAN
KB
LAN
KB
LAN
KTh
e lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a is
a tr
iang
le.
The
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s a
squa
re.
The
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s
a pe
ntag
on.
The
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
show
s a
hexa
gon.
Cop
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201
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Giv
e th
e IU
PAC
nam
e fo
r eac
h of
the
follo
win
g co
mpo
unds
:
A. B.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Nam
e th
e fo
llow
ing
alka
nes:
A.
B. C.
D.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.3
–A
lkan
es a
nd S
ubst
ituen
tsW
rite
the
IUPA
C n
ames
for a
lkan
es w
ith s
ubst
ituen
ts a
nd d
raw
thei
r co
nden
sed
and
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ulas
.
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stru
ctur
al Is
omer
sSt
ruct
ural
isom
ers
•ha
ve th
e sa
me
mol
ecul
ar fo
rmul
a w
ith a
diff
eren
t arra
ngem
ent
of a
tom
s.
•ha
ve th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f ato
ms
bond
ed in
a d
iffer
ent o
rder
.
Buta
ne (C
4H10
) has
two
stru
ctur
al is
omer
s: a
str
aigh
t cha
in a
nd a
br
anch
ed c
hain
.
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yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
D
raw
thre
e po
ssib
le s
truct
ural
isom
ers
of p
enta
ne
(C5H
12).
Cop
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ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
tion
Dra
w th
ree
poss
ible
stru
ctur
al is
omer
s of
pen
tane
(C
5H12
).
Stru
ctur
al
Isom
ers
ofC
5H12
Stru
ctur
al Is
omer
s of
C5H
12St
ruct
ural
Isom
ers
of
C5H
12
Stru
ctur
al Is
omer
s of
C5H
12
Con
dens
edTh
e fir
st c
onde
nsed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a is
a s
traig
ht c
hain
of s
ingl
e-bo
nded
mol
ecul
es a
s fo
llow
s. C
H 3
, C H
2, C
H 2
, C H
2, C
H 3
.Th
e se
cond
con
dens
ed s
truct
ural
form
ula
is a
bra
nche
d ch
ain
as fo
llow
s. C
H 3
, C H
sin
gle-
bond
ed to
C H
3 a
bove
, C
H 2
, C H
3.
The
third
con
dens
ed s
truct
ural
form
ula
is a
cen
tral C
si
ngle
-bon
ded
to fo
ur C
H 3
mol
ecul
es a
bove
, bel
ow,
right
war
d, a
nd le
ftwar
d.
Line
-Ang
leTh
e lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al f
orm
ula
show
s a
zigz
ag li
ne m
ade
of 4
seg
men
ts f
orm
ing
3 an
gles
.Th
e lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al f
orm
ula
show
s a
zigz
ag o
f 3 s
egm
ents
for
min
g 2
angl
es,
with
a
four
th s
egm
ent
risin
g ve
rtica
lly f
rom
the
first
ang
le.
The
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
for
mul
a sh
ows
2 ris
ing
and
fallin
g lin
e se
gmen
ts w
ith 2
seg
men
ts r
isin
g di
agon
ally
rig
ht a
nd le
ft fro
m th
e an
gle.
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ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Is
the
pair
of fo
rmul
as s
truct
ural
isom
ers?
Or t
he s
ame
mol
ecul
e?
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Subs
titue
nts
in A
lkan
es•
Whe
n C
H3
bran
ches
off
of a
car
bon
chai
n, it
’s c
alle
d an
alk
yl g
roup
•W
hen
a ha
loge
n at
om (G
roup
17)
is a
ttach
ed to
a c
arbo
n ch
ain,
it is
na
med
as
a ha
logr
oup
with
the
term
s –f
luor
o, -c
hlor
o, -b
rom
o, -i
odo
base
d on
whi
ch e
lem
ent i
t is.
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Subs
titue
nts a
nd A
lkyl
Gro
ups
Tabl
e 12
.5 F
orm
ulas
and
Nam
es o
f Som
e C
omm
on S
ubst
ituen
ts
Form
ula
Nam
e
Form
ula,
C H
3, s
ingl
e bo
nd. n
ame,
met
hyl.
Form
ula,
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C H
2,si
ngle
bo
nd. n
ame,
eth
yl.
BLA
NK
BLA
NK
Form
ula
Nam
e
Form
ula,
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C H
2, C
H 2
, sin
gle
bond
. nam
e,
prop
yl.
Form
ula,
bra
nche
d ch
ain,
C H
3, C
H w
ith s
ingl
e bo
nd a
bove
, C
H 3.
nam
e, is
opropy
l.BL
ANK
BLAN
K
Form
ula
Nam
e
Form
ula,
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C H
2, C
H 2
, C H
2, s
ingl
e bo
nd.
nam
e, b
utyl
.Fo
rmul
a, b
ranc
hed
chai
n, C
H 3
, C H
sin
gle-
bond
ed to
C H
3
abov
e, C
H 2
, sin
gle
bond
. nam
e, is
obut
yl.
Form
ula,
C H
3, C
H w
ith s
ingl
e bo
nd a
bove
, C
H 2
, C
H 3
. nam
e, s
econ
dary
but
yl.
Form
ula,
cen
tral C
with
sin
gle
bond
ab
ove
and
thre
e C
H 3
mol
ecul
es
belo
w, r
ight
war
d, a
nd le
ftwar
d.
nam
e, te
rtiar
y bu
tyl.
Form
ula
Nam
e
Form
ula,
F, s
ingl
e bo
nd. n
ame,
flu
oro.
Form
ula,
F, s
ingl
e bo
nd. n
ame,
flu
oro.
Form
ula,
B r,
sin
gle
bond
. nam
e, b
rom
o.Fo
rmul
a, I
, sin
gle
bond
. nam
e, io
do.
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ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Alka
nes
with
Sub
stitu
ents
Cop
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ht ©
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ucat
ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Alka
nes
with
Sub
stitu
ents
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Cyc
loal
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Cyc
loal
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
Cop
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Hal
oalk
anes
Hal
oalk
anes
•ar
e al
akan
es w
ith a
hal
ogen
ato
m th
at re
plac
es a
hyd
roge
n at
om.
•ar
e na
med
by
putti
ng th
e su
bstit
uent
s in
alp
habe
tical
ord
er.
•ha
ve th
e ha
lo g
roup
num
bere
d ac
cord
ing
to th
e ca
rbon
whe
re it
is
atta
ched
to th
e al
kane
.Ex
ampl
es o
f H
aloa
lkan
esB
LAN
KB
LAN
KB
LAN
KB
LAN
K
Form
ula
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C l
stra
ight
cha
in, C
H 3
, C H
2, B
rB
ranc
hed
chai
n, C
H 3
, C H
sin
gle-
bond
ed to
an
F ab
ove
A c
entra
l C s
ingl
e-bo
nded
to C
l ab
ove
and
thre
e C
H 3
mol
ecul
es b
elow
, rig
htw
ard,
and
leftw
ard
IUPA
CC
hlor
omet
hane
Brom
oeth
ane
2-Fl
uoro
prop
ane
2-C
hlor
o-2-
met
hylp
ropa
ne
Com
mon
Met
hyl c
hlor
ide
Ethy
l bro
mid
eIs
opro
pyl f
luor
ide
Tert
-But
yl c
hlor
ide
Cop
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
g th
e m
olec
ule
from
the
nam
eD
raw
the
cond
ense
d an
d lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
as fo
r 2,
3-di
met
hylb
utan
e.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Dra
win
g th
e m
olec
ule
from
the
nam
eD
raw
the
cond
ense
d an
d lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
as fo
r 2-
brom
o-3-
ethy
l-4-m
ethy
lpen
tane
.
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yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
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yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
esId
entif
y th
e pr
oper
ties
of a
lkan
es a
nd w
rite
a ba
lanc
ed c
hem
ical
eq
uatio
n fo
r com
bust
ion.
Cop
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ht ©
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Prop
ertie
s of
Alk
anes
Man
y ty
pes
of a
lkan
es a
re th
e co
mpo
nent
s of
fuel
s th
at p
ower
our
car
s an
d oi
l tha
t he
ats
our h
ome.
The
solid
alk
anes
that
mak
e up
wax
y co
atin
gs o
n fru
its a
nd v
eget
able
s he
lp
reta
in m
oist
ure,
inhi
bit m
old,
and
enh
ance
ap
pear
ance
.
The
diffe
rent
use
s of
alk
ane
com
poun
ds
resu
lt fro
m th
eir p
hysi
cal p
rope
rties
, in
clud
ing
thei
r sol
ubilit
y an
d de
nsity
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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ucat
ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Use
s of A
lkan
es (1
of 2
)
Alka
nes
with
one
to fo
ur c
arbo
ns a
re g
ases
at r
oom
te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd a
re w
idel
y us
ed a
s he
atin
g fu
els.
met
hane
, eth
ane,
pro
pane
, but
ane
But
ane
has
four
car
bons
:
Alka
nes
with
five
to e
ight
car
bons
are
hig
hly
vola
tile
liqui
ds
at ro
om te
mpe
ratu
re, w
hich
mak
es th
em u
sefu
l as
fuel
s.
pent
ane,
hex
ane,
hep
tane
, oct
ane
Oct
ane
has
eigh
t car
bons
:
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Use
s of A
lkan
es (2
of 2
)
Alka
nes
with
9−1
7 ca
rbon
s ar
e liq
uids
with
hig
her b
oilin
g po
ints
and
are
foun
d in
mot
or o
ils, m
iner
al o
il, k
eros
ene,
di
esel
, and
jet f
uels
.
Dec
ane
has
10 c
arbo
ns:
•Al
kane
s w
ith 1
8 or
mor
e ca
rbon
ato
ms,
kno
wn
as
para
ffins
, are
wax
y so
lids
at ro
om te
mpe
ratu
re.
•Pe
trole
um je
lly, o
r Vas
elin
e, is
a s
emis
olid
mix
ture
of
hydr
ocar
bons
with
mor
e th
an 2
5 ca
rbon
ato
ms.
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
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erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boi
ling
Poin
ts (1
of 4
)
Alka
nes
•ha
ve th
e lo
wes
t mel
ting
and
boilin
g po
ints
of o
rgan
ic
com
poun
ds.
•co
ntai
n on
ly th
e no
npol
ar b
onds
of
•ex
hibi
t onl
y w
eak
disp
ersi
on fo
rces
in th
e so
lid a
nd li
quid
sta
tes.
Long
er-c
hain
alk
anes
hav
e m
ore
disp
ersi
on fo
rces
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boi
ling
Poin
ts (2
of 4
)
Bran
ched
alk
anes
•ha
ve lo
wer
boi
ling
poin
ts th
an th
e st
raig
ht-c
hain
isom
ers.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boi
ling
Poin
ts (2
of 4
)
Bran
ched
alk
anes
•ha
ve lo
wer
boi
ling
poin
ts th
an th
e st
raig
ht-c
hain
isom
ers.
•te
nd to
be
mor
e co
mpa
ct, r
educ
ing
the
poin
ts o
f con
tact
be
twee
n th
e m
olec
ules
.
•do
not
hav
e lin
ear s
hape
s an
d ca
nnot
line
up
clos
e to
eac
h ot
her.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boi
ling
Poin
ts (3
of 4
)
Cyc
loal
kane
s
•ha
ve h
ighe
r boi
ling
poin
ts th
an th
e st
raig
ht-c
hain
alk
anes
w
ith th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f car
bon
atom
s.
•ha
ve li
mite
d ro
tatio
n of
car
bon
bond
s; th
ey m
aint
ain
thei
r rig
id s
truct
ure
and
can
be s
tack
ed c
lose
ly to
geth
er, w
hich
gi
ves
them
man
y po
ints
of c
onta
ct a
nd a
ttrac
tions
to e
ach
othe
r.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Mel
ting
and
Boi
ling
Poin
ts (4
of 4
)
We
can
com
pare
the
boilin
g po
ints
of s
traig
ht-c
hain
alk
anes
, br
anch
ed-c
hain
alk
anes
, and
cyc
loal
kane
s.Ta
ble
12.6
Com
paris
on o
f Boi
ling
Poin
ts o
f Alk
anes
and
Cyc
loal
kane
s w
ith F
ive
Car
bons
Form
ula
Nam
eB
oilin
g Po
int (
°C)
Stra
ight
-Cha
in A
lkan
eBL
ANK
BLAN
KS
traig
ht c
hain
alk
anes
. co
nden
sed
stru
ctur
al
form
ula,
C
H 3
, C H
2, C
H 2
, C H
2, C
H 3
Pent
ane
36
Bra
nche
d-C
hain
Alk
anes
BLAN
KBL
ANK
Bra
nche
d ch
ain
alka
nes.
con
dens
ed s
truct
ural
for
mul
a,
C H
3, C
H s
ingl
e-bo
nded
to
C H
3, C
H 2
, C H
3
2-M
ethy
lbut
ane
28
Cen
tral
C s
ingl
e-bo
nded
to
four
C H
3 m
olec
ules
Dim
ethy
lpro
pane
10
Cyc
loal
kane
BLAN
KBL
ANK
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
fo
rmul
a,
a pe
ntag
onal
ring
Cyc
lope
ntan
e49
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Com
bust
ion
of A
lkan
es (1
of 3
)
The
carb
on–c
arbo
n si
ngle
bon
ds in
alk
anes
are
diff
icul
t to
brea
k, w
hich
mak
es th
em th
e le
ast r
eact
ive
fam
ily o
f org
anic
co
mpo
unds
.
How
ever
, alk
anes
bur
n re
adily
in o
xyge
n to
pro
duce
car
bon
diox
ide,
wat
er, a
nd e
nerg
y.
Alka
ne O
2
CO
2
H2O
+ e
nerg
yg
gg
g
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Com
bust
ion
of A
lkan
es (3
of 3
)
Met
hane
is th
e na
tura
l gas
we
use
to c
ook
our f
ood
and
heat
our
hom
es. T
he e
quat
ion
for t
he c
ombu
stio
n of
m
etha
ne (C
H4)
is w
ritte
n as
follo
ws:
42
22
CH
2
O
CO
2
HO
+ e
nerg
yg
gg
g2
Prop
ane
is th
e ga
s us
ed in
por
tabl
e he
ater
s an
d ga
s ba
rbec
ues.
The
equ
atio
n fo
r the
com
bust
ion
of p
ropa
ne
(C3H
8) is
writ
ten
as fo
llow
s:
42
22
CH
5
O
3C
O
4H
O +
ene
rgy
gg
gg
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yrig
ht ©
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
bilit
y an
d D
ensi
ty o
f Alk
anes
Alka
nes
are
•no
npol
ar.
•in
solu
ble
in w
ater
.
•le
ss d
ense
than
wat
er.
•fla
mm
able
in a
ir.
•fo
und
in c
rude
oil.
If th
ere
is a
n oi
l spi
ll in
the
ocea
n, th
e al
kane
s in
the
crud
e oi
l do
not
mix
with
the
wat
er b
ut fl
oat o
n to
p, fo
rmin
g a
thin
la
yer o
n th
e su
rface
.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
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yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
sId
entif
y st
ruct
ural
form
ulas
as
alke
nes,
cyc
loal
kene
s, a
nd a
lkyn
es a
nd w
rite
thei
r IU
PAC
nam
es.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Alk
enes
and
Alk
ynes
Alke
nes
are
hydr
ocar
bons
that
con
tain
dou
ble
bond
s.
Alky
nes
are
hydr
ocar
bons
that
con
tain
tripl
e bo
nds
•ar
e ca
lled
unsa
tura
ted
hydr
ocar
bons
bec
ause
they
do
not
cont
ain
the
max
imum
num
ber o
f hyd
roge
n at
oms.
•re
act w
ith h
ydro
gen
gas
to in
crea
se th
e nu
mbe
r of
hydr
ogen
ato
ms
and
beco
me
alka
nes.
Rem
embe
r, ca
rbon
ato
ms
alw
ays
form
four
cova
lent
bon
ds.
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yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Iden
tifyi
ng A
lken
es
Alke
nes
cont
ain
one
or m
ore
carb
on–c
arbo
n do
uble
bo
nds.
In e
then
e (C
2H4)
, tw
o ca
rbon
ato
ms
are
conn
ecte
d by
a
doub
le b
ond.
Each
car
bon
atom
in th
e do
uble
bon
d is
atta
ched
to tw
o hy
drog
en a
tom
s an
d ha
s a
trigo
nal p
lana
r arra
ngem
ent
with
bon
d an
gles
of 1
20°.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Eth
ene
(C2H
4)Et
hene
(C2H
4),
mor
e co
mm
only
ca
lled
ethy
lene
,
•is
an
impo
rtant
pla
nt h
orm
one
invo
lved
in p
rom
otin
g th
e rip
enin
g of
frui
ts s
uch
as
bana
nas.
•ac
cele
rate
s th
e br
eakd
own
of
cellu
lose
in p
lant
s, w
hich
ca
uses
flow
ers
to w
ilt a
nd
leav
es to
fall
from
tree
s.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Oth
er a
lken
e ex
ampl
es
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Iden
tifyi
ng A
lkyn
esAl
kyne
sco
ntai
n on
e or
mor
e ca
rbon
–car
bon
tripl
e bo
nds.
In e
thyn
e (C
2H2)
,
•ea
ch c
arbo
n is
als
o bo
nded
to o
ne H
ato
m.
Each
car
bon
atom
in th
e tri
ple
bond
has
a li
near
ar
rang
emen
t with
bon
d an
gles
of 1
80°.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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n Ed
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Eth
yne
(C2H
2)Et
hyne
(C2H
2),
mor
e co
mm
only
ca
lled
acet
ylen
e
•Is
use
d in
wel
ding
whe
re it
re
acts
with
oxy
gen
to p
rodu
ce
flam
es w
ith te
mpe
ratu
res
abov
e 33
00°C
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yrig
ht ©
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Oth
er a
lkyn
e ex
ampl
es
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
0Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
(1 o
f 4)
Iden
tify
each
of t
he fo
llow
ing
com
poun
ds a
s an
alk
ene
or a
lkyn
e:
A. B.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Alk
anes
, Alk
enes
, and
Alk
ynes
The
IUPA
C n
ames
for a
lken
es a
nd a
lkyn
es
•ar
e si
mila
r to
thos
e of
alk
anes
.
•us
e th
e al
kane
nam
e w
ith th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f car
bon
atom
s, re
plac
ing
the
ane
endi
ng w
ith e
ne.
Cyc
lic a
lken
es a
re n
amed
as
cycl
oalk
enes
.Ta
ble
12.7
Com
paris
on o
f Nam
es fo
r Alk
anes
, Alk
enes
, and
Alk
ynes
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ht ©
201
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201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
W
rite
IUP
AC n
ame
for t
he fo
llow
ing:
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yrig
ht ©
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
W
rite
IUP
AC n
ame
for t
he fo
llow
ing:
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yrig
ht ©
201
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201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
tion
(1 o
f 4)
Step
1: N
ame
the
long
est c
arbo
n ch
ain
that
con
tain
s th
e do
uble
or
trip
le b
ond.
Anal
yze
the
Prob
lem
Giv
enfiv
e-ca
rbon
cha
in d
oubl
e bo
nd,
met
hyl g
roup
Nee
dIU
PAC
nam
e fiv
e ca
rbon
ato
ms—
pent
ene
A.
Anal
yze
the
Prob
lem
Giv
ensi
x-ca
rbon
trip
le b
ond
Nee
dIU
PAC
nam
esi
x ca
rbon
ato
ms—
hexy
ne
B.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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201
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n Ed
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
tion
(2 o
f 4)
Step
2: N
umbe
r the
car
bon
chai
n, s
tart
ing
from
the
end
near
er th
e do
uble
or t
riple
bon
d.
A.1
2
3
4
5
2-pe
nten
e
B.5
43
21
62-
hexy
ne
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yrig
ht ©
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
tion
(3 o
f 4)
Step
3: G
ive
the
loca
tion
and
nam
e of
eac
h su
bstit
uent
(alp
habe
tical
ord
er) a
s a
pref
ix
to th
e al
kene
or a
lkyn
e na
me.
A.1
2
3
4
5
4-m
ethy
l-2-p
ente
ne
B.5
43
21
6
2-he
xyne
; the
re a
re n
o su
bstit
uent
s in
this
com
poun
d.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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013,
201
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Cyc
loal
kene
sC
yclo
alke
nes
have
a d
oubl
e bo
nd w
ithin
a ri
ng s
truct
ure
and
•ar
e na
med
by
assi
gnin
g th
e do
uble
bon
d to
be
betw
een
carb
on
1 an
d ca
rbon
2 w
hen
a su
bstit
uent
is o
n th
e rin
g.
•do
not
nee
d to
incl
ude
the
num
bers
for t
he d
oubl
e bo
nd.
3-m
ethy
lcyc
lope
nten
e (It
is u
nder
stoo
d th
at th
e do
uble
bon
d is
bet
wee
n ca
rbon
1 a
nd c
arbo
n 2.
)
The
carb
on a
tom
s in
the
ring
are
num
bere
d to
giv
e th
e do
uble
bo
nd n
umbe
rs 1
and
2 a
nd th
e lo
wes
t pos
sibl
e nu
mbe
r to
any
subs
titue
nts
pres
ent.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
(4 o
f 4)
Nam
e th
e fo
llow
ing
alke
nes
and
alky
nes:
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
tion
(4 o
f 4)
Nam
e th
e fo
llow
ing
alke
nes
and
alky
nes:
cycl
ohex
ene
3,3-
dim
ethy
lcyc
lope
nten
e
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yrig
ht ©
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n Ed
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Che
mis
try
Lin
k to
the
Env
iron
men
t:
Frag
rant
Alk
enes
(1 o
f 2)
The
odor
s yo
u as
soci
ate
with
le
mon
s, o
rang
es, r
oses
, and
la
vend
er c
ome
from
the
vola
tile
com
poun
ds th
at a
re
synt
hesi
zed
by th
e pl
ants
th
at p
rodu
ce th
ese
flow
ers
and
fruits
.O
ften
thes
e co
mpo
unds
co
ntai
n do
uble
or t
riple
bon
ds
or ri
ng s
truct
ures
; the
y ar
e un
satu
rate
d.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
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yrig
ht ©
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n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cis–T
rans
Isom
ers
In a
n al
kene
, the
dou
ble
bond
is ri
gid
and
does
not
rota
te.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cis–T
rans
Isom
ers (
1 of
2)
In a
n al
kene
, the
dou
ble
bond
is ri
gid
and
does
not
rota
te.
•ho
lds
atta
ched
gro
ups
in fi
xed
posi
tions
.
•m
akes
cis
–tra
ns is
omer
s (g
eom
etric
isom
ers)
pos
sibl
e w
hen
two
diffe
rent
gro
ups
are
atta
ched
to th
e ca
rbon
ato
ms
on e
ach
side
of t
he
doub
le b
ond.
•re
quire
s a
pref
ix o
fcis
or tr
ans
to re
flect
the
arra
ngem
ent o
f gro
ups
acro
ss th
e do
uble
bon
d.
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ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cis–T
rans
Isom
ers
Cis
–tra
ns is
omer
s
•ha
ve d
iffer
ent p
hysi
cal a
nd c
hem
ical
pro
perti
es.
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yrig
ht ©
201
6, 2
013,
201
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cis–T
rans
Isom
ers o
f But
ene
•In
a c
is is
omer
, the
alk
yl g
roup
s ar
e at
tach
ed o
n th
e sa
me
side
of t
he
doub
le b
ond
and
H a
tom
s ar
e on
the
othe
r sid
e.
•In
the
tran
s is
omer
, the
gro
ups
and
H a
tom
s ar
e at
tach
ed o
n op
posi
te
side
s of
the
doub
le b
ond.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cis–T
rans
Isom
ers (
2 of
2)
Cis
–tra
ns is
omer
s
•ca
nnot
occ
ur w
hen
two
grou
ps a
re th
e sa
me
on o
ne o
f the
ca
rbon
s.
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yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Che
mis
try
Lin
k to
the
Env
iron
men
t:
Pher
omon
es (1
of 2
)
Man
y in
sect
s em
it m
inut
e qu
antit
ies
of c
hem
ical
s ca
lled
pher
omon
es to
sen
d ot
hers
of t
he s
ame
spec
ies
mes
sage
s.
Pher
omon
es m
ay
•w
arn
an in
sect
of
dang
er.
•m
ark
a tra
il.
•at
tract
the
oppo
site
sex
.
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yrig
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hts
Res
erve
d
Che
mis
try
Lin
k to
the
Env
iron
men
t:
Pher
omon
es (2
of 2
)
The
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
man
y of
thes
e ph
erom
ones
dep
ends
on
the
cis
or tr
ans
conf
igur
atio
n of
the
doub
le b
onds
in th
e m
olec
ules
.
One
phe
rom
one
is b
omby
kol,
•th
e se
x ph
erom
one
prod
uced
by
the
fem
ale
silk
wor
m m
oth.
•w
hich
con
tain
s on
e ci
s do
uble
bon
d an
d on
e tra
ns d
oubl
e bo
nd.
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yrig
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cis–T
rans
Isom
ers
Iden
tify
each
of t
he fo
llow
ing
as c
is o
r tra
ns
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yrig
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Cis–T
rans
Isom
ers
The
pref
ix o
f cis
or tr
ans
is p
lace
d in
fron
t of t
he a
lken
e na
me
whe
n th
e co
mpo
und
is a
cis
or t
rans
isom
er.
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yrig
ht ©
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ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Nam
e, u
sing
cis
or tr
ans
pref
ixes
whe
n ne
eded
.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Nam
e, u
sing
cis
or tr
ans
pref
ixes
whe
n ne
eded
.
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yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
Nam
e, u
sing
cis
or tr
ans
pref
ixes
whe
n ne
eded
.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Solu
tion
Nam
e ea
ch, u
sing
cis
or tr
ans
pref
ixes
whe
n ne
eded
.
A.ci
s-2,
3-di
chlo
robu
tene
B.tr
ans-
2,3-
dibr
omob
uten
e
C.
tran
s-2-
bute
ne
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yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
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yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
esD
raw
the
cond
ense
d or
line
-ang
le s
truct
ural
form
ulas
and
giv
e th
e na
mes
of
the
orga
nic
prod
ucts
of a
dditi
on re
actio
ns o
f alk
enes
. Dra
w a
con
dens
ed
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
a fo
r a s
ectio
n of
a p
olym
er.
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hts
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erve
d
Addi
tion
Rea
ctio
ns•Al
kane
s ar
e ve
ry s
tabl
e an
d no
nrea
ctiv
e.
•Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s, o
n th
e ot
her h
and,
reac
t rea
dily
with
oth
er
mol
ecul
es d
ue to
the
doub
le a
nd tr
iple
bon
ds.
–Th
ese
bond
sac
tas
an“e
lect
ron
sour
ce.”
(Tw
o el
ectro
ns p
er b
ond.
) –
Addi
tion
reac
tions
are
the
mos
tcom
mon
, whe
re s
omet
hing
is
adde
d to
eac
h ca
rbon
in th
e do
uble
or t
riple
bon
d.
•W
ew
illfo
cus
onal
kene
s,ho
wev
erth
ese
reac
tions
can
appl
yto
alky
nes
asw
ell.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Hyd
roge
natio
n
•In
hydr
ogen
atio
n,H
atom
sad
d to
eac
h of
the
carb
on a
tom
s in
a
doub
le b
ond
of a
n al
kene
.
•D
urin
ghy
drog
enat
ion,
the
doub
lebo
nds
are
conv
erte
dto
sing
lebo
nds
ofal
kane
s.
•A
cata
lyst
, suc
h as
pla
tinum
(Pt),
nic
kel (
Ni),
or p
alla
dium
(Pd)
is u
sed
to
spee
d up
the
reac
tion.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Prac
tice
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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013,
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arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Hyd
ratio
n•In
hyd
ratio
n, a
n al
kene
reac
tions
with
wat
er (H
-OH
). A
hydr
ogen
ato
m (H
-) fro
m w
ater
form
sa
bond
with
one
carb
onat
omin
the
doub
lebo
nd, a
nd th
e ox
ygen
ato
m in
(-O
H) f
orm
s a
bond
with
the
othe
r car
bon.
•Th
e re
actio
n is
cata
lyze
d by
a s
trong
aci
d, s
uch
as H
2SO
4, w
ritte
n as
H+ .
•H
ydra
tion
is u
sed
to p
repa
re a
lcoh
ols,
whi
ch h
ave
the
hydr
oxyl
(-O
H) f
unct
iona
l gr
oup.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Hyd
ratio
n –
Mar
kovn
ikov
’s R
ule
•W
hen
wat
er is
add
ed to
an
asym
met
rical
alk
ene,
the
H is
add
ed to
the
carb
on
with
mor
e H
’s a
lread
y at
tach
ed. T
he –
OH
bon
ds to
the
othe
r car
bon.
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yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Prac
tice
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yrig
ht ©
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ucat
ion,
Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Poly
mer
izat
ion
•A
poly
mer
is a
larg
e m
olec
ule
that
con
sist
s of
sm
all r
epea
ting
units
ca
lled
mon
omer
s.
•M
any
of th
ese
poly
mer
s ar
e pr
oduc
ed b
y ad
ditio
n re
actio
ns o
f alk
enes
.
•In
the
past
hund
red
year
s,th
e pl
astic
s in
dust
ry h
as m
ade
synt
hetic
po
lym
ers
such
as
thos
e in
car
petin
g, p
last
ic w
rap,
non
stic
k pa
ns,
artif
icia
l joi
ns, h
eart
valv
es, a
nd ra
in g
ear.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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hts
Res
erve
d
Poly
mer
izat
ion
Poly
mer
izat
ion
isth
e ad
ditio
n, o
r con
nect
ing,
of t
wo
alke
nes,
end
-to-e
nd.
Thes
ere
actio
nsre
quire
:–
high
tem
pera
ture
–a
cata
lyst
–hi
gher
pre
ssur
e(o
ver1
000
atm
)
Inan
addi
tion
reac
tion,
apo
lym
ergr
ows
long
eras
each
mon
omer
isad
ded
atth
een
d of
the
chai
n.
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ht ©
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hts
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erve
d
Cop
yrig
ht ©
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ucat
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
dCop
yrig
ht ©
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ion,
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Prac
tice
Dra
wa
porti
onof
apo
lym
erm
ade
from
poly
dich
loro
ethe
ne.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
12.6
–C
is-T
rans
Isom
ers
12.7
–Ad
ditio
n R
eact
ions
for A
lken
es
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
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yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
12.8
–Ar
omat
ic C
ompo
unds
Des
crib
e th
e bo
ndin
g in
ben
zene
; nam
e ar
omat
ic c
ompo
unds
, and
dra
w
thei
r lin
e-an
gle
stru
ctur
al fo
rmul
as.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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hts
Res
erve
d
Ben
zene
•In
182
5, M
icha
el F
arad
ay is
olat
ed a
hyd
roca
rbon
cal
led
benz
ene.
•B
enze
neis
:–
An a
rom
atic
com
poun
d–
A rin
gof
six
Cat
oms,
each
bond
edto
one
Hat
om–
A fla
t rin
g st
ruct
ure
draw
with
thre
e al
tern
atin
g do
uble
bon
ds.
–R
epre
sent
ed b
ytw
ost
ruct
ures
,bec
ause
the
elec
trons
are
shar
edeq
ually
amon
gal
lthe
Cat
oms
–R
epre
sent
ed b
y a
line-
angl
e st
ruct
ural
form
ula
usin
g a
cirl
in th
e ce
nter
inst
ead
of a
ltern
atin
g do
uble
bon
ds.
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yrig
ht ©
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hts
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erve
d
Arom
atic
Com
poun
ds•An
aro
mat
ic c
ompo
und
is a
com
poun
d w
ith a
t lea
st o
ne b
enze
ne ri
ng in
it.
–Th
is c
lass
was
calle
dar
omat
icbe
caus
e w
hen
they
wer
e in
itial
ly d
isco
vere
d,
it w
as fo
und
they
ofte
n w
ere
the
sour
ce o
f sm
ells
.
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yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Aro
mat
ic C
ompo
unds
(1 o
f 5)
•Ar
omat
ic c
ompo
unds
con
tain
ing
a be
nzen
e rin
g an
d a
sing
le s
ubst
ituen
t are
nam
ed a
s be
nzen
e de
rivat
ives
.
•Si
nce
the
ring
cont
ains
onl
y on
e su
bstit
uent
, the
ring
is
not
num
bere
d.
•So
me
com
mon
nam
es s
uch
as to
luen
e, a
nilin
e, a
nd
phen
ol a
re a
llow
ed b
y IU
PAC
rule
s.
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yrig
ht ©
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. All
Rig
hts
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erve
d
Nam
ing
Aro
mat
ic C
ompo
unds
(2 o
f 5)
•W
hen
a be
nzen
e rin
g is
a s
ubst
ituen
t, —
C6H
5, it
is
nam
ed a
s a
phen
yl g
roup
.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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Inc
. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Aro
mat
ic C
ompo
unds
(3 o
f 5)
•W
hen
ther
e ar
e tw
o or
mor
e su
bstit
uent
s, th
e be
nzen
e rin
g is
num
bere
d to
giv
e th
e lo
wes
t num
bers
to
the
subs
titue
nts
orth
o,m
eta,
par
a
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yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Aro
mat
ic C
ompo
unds
(4 o
f 5)
•W
hen
a co
mm
on n
ame
such
as
tolu
ene,
phe
nol,
or a
nilin
e ca
n be
use
d,–
the
carb
on a
tom
atta
ched
to th
e m
ethy
l, hy
drox
yl, o
r am
ine
grou
p is
num
bere
d as
car
bon
1.–
pref
ixes
are
use
d to
sho
w th
e po
sitio
n of
the
two
subs
titue
nts.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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. All
Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Nam
ing
Aro
mat
ic C
ompo
unds
(5 o
f 5)
•Th
e co
mm
on n
ame
xyle
ne is
use
d fo
r the
isom
ers
of
dim
ethy
lben
zene
.
•If
thre
e or
mor
e su
bstit
uent
s ar
e at
tach
ed to
the
benz
ene
ring,
they
are
num
bere
d in
the
dire
ctio
n to
gi
ve th
e lo
wes
t set
of n
umbe
rs a
nd th
en n
amed
al
phab
etic
ally.
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yrig
ht ©
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hts
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erve
d
Stud
y C
heck
(1 o
f 2)
Sele
ct th
e co
rrect
nam
e fo
r eac
h co
mpo
und.
1.
A. c
hlor
ocyc
lohe
xane
B. c
hlor
oben
zene
C.
1-ch
loro
benz
ene
2.
A. 1
,2-d
imet
hylb
enze
ne
B. 1
,4-d
imet
hylb
enze
neC
. 1,
3-di
met
hylb
enze
ne
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yrig
ht ©
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Rig
hts
Res
erve
d
Cha
pter
12
12.1
–O
rgan
ic C
ompo
unds
12.2
–Al
kane
s
12.3
–Al
kane
s w
ith S
ubst
ituen
ts
12.4
–Pr
oper
ties
of A
lkan
es
12.5
–Al
kene
s an
d Al
kyne
s
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12.8
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Cop
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201
6, 2
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201
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