congenital anophthalmia
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Congenital Anophthalmia: Current concepts in managementCurrent Opinion in Ophthalmology 2011,22:380-384
IntroductionCongenital Anophthalmia – a rare
congenital eye anomaly due to deficiency in development of primary optic vesicle.
There is no detectable ocular tissue.
Associated with microblepharon,short conjunctival sac, absence of extraocular muscles.
Replaced completely by a cyst.
Purpose of review The introduction of hydrogel
socket & orbital expanders has modified approach towards rehabilitation of congenital anophthalmia.
Recent advancesHydrogel socket expander as an
outpatient procedure.Increased orbital volume
confirmed by CT ,MRI.Inflatable orbital tissue expander
new design
Clinical evaluationAssociate findings – Coloboma,dermoids,sclerocornea,glaucoma,lens
& optic nerve abnormalities. -Canalicular stenosis
Systemic abnormalities- Abnormalities of ears,palate,lower face Cardiac,renal & genital anomalies,brain
abnormalities - Anophthalmia-plus syndrome.
CT Ultrasonography MRI
Treatment Goals: -Simultaneous expansion of
lids,soft tissues,orbital bones /replace lost volume
-maintain structure of orbit -impart motility to prosthesis
1.Positioning of progressively enlarging static acrylic conformers asap after birth
- Orbital cyst –dynamic expander like conformer
Drainage or Excision – Rapid growth
- Uncomfortable
to wear MRI to exclude connection to
brain
Orbital implantSpherical implants: Inert material:
glass,silicone,methylmethacrylateBiointegrated: Hydroxyapatite, porous
polyethylene
Inert spherical implants Advantages Provide comfort and low rates of extrusion. Cost-effective choice in patients.Disadvantages decreased motility and implant migration. Buried motility implants anterior surface projections push the
overlying prosthesis with direct force and can
improve prosthetic motility. may pinch the conjunctiva between the
implant and the prosthesis - painful socket or implant erosion .
Hydroxyapatite and porous polyethylene implants allow for drilling and placement of a peg to integrate the prosthesis directly with the moving implant.
Pegging is usually carried out 6-12 months after enucleation. Pegged porous implants offer excellent motility,
Locations for implants -within the Tenon capsule /behind the posteri or Tenon capsule in the muscle cone.
Spheres may be covered with other materials such as
sclera (homologous or cadaveric) or autogenous fascia,
Secure closure of Tenon fasci a over the anterior surface of an anophthalmic implant is an important barrier to later extrusion.
TypesHard spherical implantInflatable soft tissue expanderHydrogel osmotic expander
Hard silicone spheres- Need of series of surgeries- Multiple general anaesthesias- Repeated trauma to soft tissues
Inflatable soft tissue expanders- Better orbital bone stimulation &
socket enlargement.- Difficult to control
direction ,maintain expansion pressure.
- Chance of displacing conformer,extrusion
Hydrogel expander implantTo stimulate growth of
conjunctival sac & eyelids followed by serial implantation for Orbital volume with temporary tarsorraphy.
Methylmethacrylate & N-vinylpyrrolidone
materials.Small Soft tissue incision – quick
surgery , recovery
Injectable pellet expanders through trocar tru skin at inferior orbital rim to deep orbit.
Safe & minimally invasive technique
Easy to insert , biocompatible.Migration & extrusion.
Positioning with cyanoacrylate glue
- No suture related complications - Avoids multiple general
anaesthesias - Outpatient procedure with
topical anaesthesia.
Dermis –fat graftsOutcomes: -Good orbital volume ,adequate
fornices -No excessive growth / need of
surgery -Allows lid & socket expansionProblems: -second surgical site,unpleasant
scar -delay in healing,chronic
discharge
A study on evaluation of an integrated orbital tissue expander in congenital anophthalmos . Am J Ophthalmol 2011
- An inflatable silicone globe sliding on titanium T- plate secured to lateral orbital rim with screws.
- Inflating with transconjunctival inj of normal saline ,30 G needle.
Outcomes: - ease of insertion - Absence of displacement - Uniform pressure - Reduced trauma
Guidelines for enucleation
A functionally and aesthetically acceptable anophthalmic socket must have following –
an orbital implant of sufficient volume centered within the orbit
a socket lined with conjunctiva or mucous membrane with fornices deep enough to hold a prosthesis.
eyelids with normal appearance and adequate tone to support a prosthesis
good transmission of motility from the implant to the overlying prosthesis
a comfortable ocular prosthesis that looks similar to the normal eye
Steps of Enucleation with orbital implant
Removal of contents
Advantages of Evisceration in orbital implantLess disruption of orbital
anatomy. Good motility of prosthesisLower rate of
migration,extrusion,reoperation.
Anophthalmic Socket Complications and Treatment Deep superior sulcusContracture of fornicesExposure & extrusion of implantContracted socketAnophthalmic ectropionAnophthalmic ptosisLash margin entropionCosmetic Optics
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