computer programming chapter ( 3 )
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DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
LOGO
Prepaid By: Eng. Ibrahim Elewah
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City6th of October Branch
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Main Reference
HTI Student Book and “C For Dummies”
by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition
Lecture Notes in
1
Course Contents
Introduction
C Programming Higher Technological Institute2
1
Program Development2
The Essential of C Programs3
Manipulating Data with Operators 4
Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O5
Decision6
Iteration7
Arrays8
C Functions9
Course Contents
C Programming Higher Technological Institute3
The Essential of C Programs3
Constants and variables
Expressions
Arithmetic operators
Statements
Statement blocks
Data Types and Names in C
Naming a Variable
Expressions
o An expression is a combination of constants,variables, and operators that are used todenote computations
1. Taking the value contained in the drawer(variable) A
2. Multiply this value by 2
3. Subtract 1 from result obtained from 2
4. The value contained in drawer A is omitted, thenputting the result obtained from 3 into drawer A.
C Programming Higher Technological Institute4
𝑨 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝑨 − 𝟏
Arithmetic Operations
C Programming Higher Technological Institute5
Addition
DivisionMultiplication
Subtraction
Reminder
The Reminder operator % is used to obtainthe reminder of the first operand divided bythe second operand
Arithmetic Operations
C Programming Higher Technological Institute6
Addition
DivisionMultiplication
Subtraction
Reminder
𝟔% 𝟒 = 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 =
Example
Arithmetic Operations
C Programming Higher Technological Institute7
Addition
DivisionMultiplication
Subtraction
Reminder
𝟔% 𝟒 = 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏%𝟐 = 𝟏 𝟒𝟖%𝟓 = 𝟑
Example
Constants and Variables
o As its name implies, a constant is a value that neverchanges.
o A variable, on the other hand, can be used to presentdifferent values.
o For instance, consider the following:
𝒊 = 𝟏 ;o Where the symbol i is a constant because it always has
the same value (1) and the symbol i is assigned theconstant 1.
o In other words, i contains the value of 1 after thestatement is executed.
C Programming Higher Technological Institute8
Data Types and Names
oThe C language reserves some keywordswords that have special meanings to thelanguage.
oThose reserved words should not be usedas variables, constants, or function namesin your program.
oAll C keywords must be written inlowercase letters, for instance INT will notbe treated as a keyword, it must be writtenas int.C Programming Higher Technological Institute9
The computer list of C keywords
auto break case char
const continue default do
double else enum extern
float for goto if
int long register return
short signed sizeof static
struct switch typedef union
unsigned void volatile while
C Programming Higher Technological Institute10
Naming a Variable
o Characters A through Z and a through z
o Digit characters 0 through 9, which can be used in any position except the first of a variable name.
o The underscore character _
Examplesstop_sign loop3 and_pause
C Programming Higher Technological Institute11
Valid Variable Name Can Use
Naming a Variable
o A variable name can’t contain any C arithmetic signs.
o A variable name can’t contain any dots.
o A variable name can’t contain any apostrophes.
o A variable name can’t contain any other special symbols such as *, @, #, and so on.
Examples4flags sum-result method*4
return what_size? ahmed.ali
C Programming Higher Technological Institute12
Invalid Variable Name Can NOT be Used
Data Types
C Programming Higher Technological Institute13
C Data Type
char
a, B, $, #
int
5, 17, 128
float
2.5 , 0.3
double
23433.3455
Declaration Statement
C Programming Higher Technological Institute14
Typechar
int
float
double
Namec1
N1
F1
d1
Value‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
char c1 = ‘&’ ;
int n1 = 100 ;
Declaration Statement
C Programming Higher Technological Institute15
Typechar
int
float
double
Namec1
N1
F1
d1
Value‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
char c1 ;
int n1 ;
c1 = ‘&’ ;
n1 = 100 ;
Declaration Statement
C Programming Higher Technological Institute16
Typechar
int
float
double
Namec1
n1
f1
d1
Value‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
float f1= 32/100 ;
double d1=5e3 ;
Declaration Statement
C Programming Higher Technological Institute17
Typechar
int
float
double
Namec1
n1
f1
d1
Value‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
float f1 ;
double d1 ;
f1 = 32/100 ;
d1 = 5e3 ;
Some special characters in C
\b BackspaceMoves the cursor to the left one character
\f Form feedGoes to the top of a new page
\n New lineCarriage return and line feeds
\r ReturnReturns to the beginning of the current line
\t TabAdvances to the next tab stop
C Programming Higher Technological Institute18
Examples
/* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
return 0;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute19
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute20
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute21
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute22
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute23
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute24
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
New Line
Specifier
for
Character Data Type
Examples /* Example1 : Printing out characters */
# include <stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 13 */
char c1; /* declaration of the character variable c1 */
char c2; /* declaration of the character variable c2 */
c1 = ‘A’; /* assigning c1 with the character constant A */
c2 = ‘a’; /* assigning c2 with the character constant a */
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c \n ”, c1);
printf ( “ The character c1 is : %c ” , c1);
printf ( “ while the character c2 is : %c \n”, c2);
return 0;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute25
You Have To Know about Data Types
C Programming Higher Technological Institute26
Type
char
int
float
double
Name
c1
n1
f1
d1
Value
‘&’
100
32/10
5e3
Specifier
%c
%d
%f
%e,%E
Examples /* The arithmetic operations on integers */
# include<stdio.h>
/* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{ /* the main function body till line 15 */
int m = 3;
int n=2;
printf ( "The summation of %d and %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m+n);
printf ( "The difference between %d and %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m-n);
printf ( "The multiplication of %d by %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m*n);
printf ( "The division of %d by %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m/n);
printf ( "The remainder of division of %d by %d is : %d.\n", m, n, m%n);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute27
Operators Precedence
Operator Sign Name
( ) Brackets
/ Division
* Multiplication
+ Addition
- Subtraction
C Programming Higher Technological Institute28
Logic Operators
C Programming Higher Technological Institute29
Operator Sign Name
| | OR
&& AND
!= NOT
Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */
# include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf ()
function */
main ( )
{
int n1,n2,n3;
float m1,m2,m3;
n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10;
n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10;
n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0;
return 0;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute30
Examples /* Example3 : Integer vs. floating point divisions */
# include <stdio.h> /* the header file for the printf () function */
main ( )
{
int n1,n2,n3; float m1,m2,m3;
n1 = 32/10; m1= 32/10;
n2 = 32.0/10; m2= 32.0/10;
n3 = 32/10.0; m3 = 32/10.0;
printf ( “ The integer division of 32/10 is : %d \n”, n1);
printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10 is : %f \n”, m1);
printf ( “The integer division of 32.0/10 is : %d \n”, n2);
printf ( “The floating point division of 32.0/10 is : %f \n”, m2);
printf ( “The integer division of 32/10.0 is : %d \n”, n3);
printf ( “The floating point division of 32/10.0 is : %f \n”, m3);
return 0;
}C Programming Higher Technological Institute31
Double Data Type
o Here are two examples:
[mantissa] e [exponent]
[mantissa] E [exponent]
Example
5000 5e3.
-300 -3e2
0.0025 2.5e-3.
C Programming Higher Technological Institute32
Specifier %e or %E
With printf ( )
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute33
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute34
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute35
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Precedence Example
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
C Programming Higher Technological Institute36
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute37
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute38
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute39
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
2 * 10 – 6 / 3 + 20 A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute40
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
2 * 10 – 6 / 3 + 20
20 – 2 + 20
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute41
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
2 * 10 – 6 / 3 + 20
20 – 2 + 20
38
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute42
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute43
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute44
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Precedence Example
.
.
.
C Programming Higher Technological Institute45
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Precedence Example
.
.
.
38
C Programming Higher Technological Institute46
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute47
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute48
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute49
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute50
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute51
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
20 * 4 / 5A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
Precedence Example
C Programming Higher Technological Institute52
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
20 * 4 / 5
16
A = 20
B = 6
C = 3
D = 10
E = 2
( )
*
/
+ -
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
C Programming Higher Technological Institute53
Precedence Example
# include<stdio.h>
main ( )
{
int A,B,C,D,E, X, Y, Z;
A = 20 ; B = 6 ; C = 3 ; D = 10 ; E = 2 ;
X = E * D – B / C + A ;
Y = ( E * D ) – ( B / C ) + A ;
Z = A * ( D – B ) / ( C + E ) ;
printf ( “ X= %d \n Y= %d \n Z=%d \n”, X,Y,Z);
return 0 ;
}
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Home Work ..!!Exercises 3 Page 44
C Programming Higher Technological Institute55
LOGO
Eng. Ibrahim Elewah
Higher Technological Institute 10th of Ramadan City6th of October Branch
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
56
Main Reference
HTI Student Book and “C For Dummies”
by Dan Gookin 2nd Edition
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