computer architecture by chris van horn. cpu basics “brains of the computer” fetch execute cycle...
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Computer Architecture
By
Chris Van Horn
CPU Basics
• “Brains of the Computer”
• Fetch Execute Cycle• Instruction
Branching
Control Unit
• Manager• Sends signals to
other devices telling them what to do
System Clock
• Signals when it is ok to perform work
• Cannot base CPU performance strictly by system clock
• Computer A: 12 cycles/instruction 1 Ghz
• Computer B: 3 cycles/instruction 250 MHz
Registers
• User Registers
• Control Registers– Program Counter– Instruction Register– Status Flag– Stack Pointer
ALU
• Where the real work happens– Adder– Multiplier– Shifter– Etc.
The Bus
• Provides Transportation– Data– Control Signals
• 3 Parts of the Bus• Other Bus Types• Master/Slave
relationship
Interrupts
• Interrupts processor when something needs its attention
• Threading
Pipelining
• Works like an assembly line
• Potential for large speed increase
• Long vs. Short Pipelines
• Drawbacks
Memory
• Hierarchy– Registers– Cache
• Level 1• Level 2
– Main Memory– Magnetic Disks
Multi Core Fun
• Why multi core?
• Why not just jack up the clock speed?
Intel
Intel Multi-core Technology
• Hyper-Threading
• Dual Core
• Core Duo
Hyper-Threading
• Dual core for the poor
• Processor runs two threads at once
Intel Dual Core
• Two Complete Cores running at same frequency
• Intel Pentium D– 2.8 – 3.4 GHz– FSB 800 MHz– Cache (per core)
• 900 Series 2MB• 800 Series 1MB
Intel Core Duo
• Replacement for Pentium M
• Specs– 2MB L2 cache
shared– 1.5 – 2.16 GHz– FSB 667 MHz
AMD
AMD Dual Core Technology
• Design Started Early• Direct Connect
Architecture• Operton Dual• Athlon Dual-Core X2
Opteron
• Specs– 1.8 – 2.4 GHz– L1 cache 64 KB per
core– L2 cache 1 MB per
core– FSB 1GHz
Athlon Dual-Core X2
• Specs– 2.0 – 2.4 GHz– L1 Cache
• 128 KB instruction• 128 KB data
– L2 Cache• 1-2MB per core
– 1 GHz FSB
Dual-Core Duel
• AMD challenges Intel to a Duel (Opteron Vs. Xeon)
• Intel Refuses• Tests Run by SPEC
(Standards Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation )
Test Results
• AMD declared itself the winner• Lack of Results• Reporting may be skewed
CNET X2 vs. Pentium D
• CNET independent test
• AMD won every round of tests
• Why?
Tests Run
• Everyday Computing– Office Productivity (SysMark Scores)– Internet Content Creation (SysMark Scores)
• Gaming– Halflife 2(fps)
• Multitasking– Encoding Video while Virus Scanner running (time to complete
both)• Photo Editing
– Photoshop (resizing large photos)• MP3 Encoding
– iTunes (time to encode album)• Video Encoding
– Sorenson Squeeze 4 (time to encode video)
Price Vs. Performance
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