comparisons between petronas twin tower and taipei 101
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Comparisons Between Petronas Twin Tower and Taipei 101
Group Member:1. Sim Chuan Chai2. Lee Chee Kiat3. Pang Hock Chew4. Lau Chee Kiong
History and Background
Petronas Twin Towers
Location: Kuala Lumpur
Height: 452 m
Construction Start: 1992
Construction End: 1998
Functions: Mixed-use development (office, rental, entertainment)
452m
Architecture: Cesar Pelli , in association with KLCC architects
Contractor: Hazama Corporation (Tower 1)Samsung Engineering and Construction (Tower 2)
Structural Engineer: Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
Award: 2004 Aga Khan Award for Architecture
Each tower 88 stories high
Towers are connected by a sky bridge at the 41 and 42 floors.
509.2m
Taipei 101
Location: Xin Yi Disrict of Taipei
Height: 509.2 m
Construction Start: 1998
Construction End: 2004
Functions: Mixed-use development (office, rental, entertaiment)
Architecture: C.Y. Lee & Partners
Contractor: by KTRT Joint Venture and Samsung Engineering & Construction
Structural Engineer:Thornton Tomasetti Inc. and Evergreen Consulting Engineering Inc
Award: 2004 Emporis Skyscraper Award
92-100 floors :Communication facilities88-101 floor : Observation decks 86-88 floors : Restaurants 7-84 floors : Offices 5-6 floors : Fitness center 1-4 floors : Retail facilities
*World’s largest Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) & fastest Elevator
Foundation and Soil Condition
Original construction sites not suitable !!
Reason: the irregularities of the ‘Kenny Hill’ limestone bedrock.Each Tower weight 300,000 metric tonsExerts 1140 kilopascals of pressure>twice the weight bearing capacity of Kenny Hill SoilTowers will slope steeply over time
Petronas Twin Towers
Solution:Shift to new location 60m southeast from the original
Why?The bedrock significantly deeper and regular. More suitable to build the foundation
Foundation system
4.5m thick pile raft (concrete mat)
Rectangular friction piles (barrettes) varying in depth from 40m to 105m
Each tower supported by 104 barrettes
Took 1 year time
Friction pilesNarrower than traditional concrete piles
Why in rectangular form instead of circular?More larger Less number of piles need to be usedSaves costBetter ability to withstand tension Better foundation
Pacific Ring of fire
Taipei 101
Bedrock ProfileEle
vati
on
(m
) Ele
vatio
n (m
)
-70
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
-60
-50
-70
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
-60
-50
…………………………………………...…………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………...…………………………
………………
SS1SS2
SS3
SS4
SS/SH2
SS/SH3
SS/SH4
Bedrock : Sandstone & Siltstone with Sandstone/Shale, N > 50~100
CL : SPT-N < 8
W-E
CV1 : Clay & silty sand, N > 8
CV2 : Sandy gravel with rock fragments, N > 30
three layers of soft sediment were covering the solid bedrock belowpiles need to bore deeply to create a foundation
Problem: A fault that is 10 meter wide and only
198 meter from the construction sites.
Massive weigh of building might trigger the fault EARTHQUAKES
Solutions:700 hundred thousand tons of soil =the mass of the mega structure was removedNo effect on the bedrock
Foundation Sytem of Taipei 101
Compare to Petronas Twin TowersMuch shallower More piles is usedConcrete piles is used in the construction.
Characteristics:308 concrete pilesDepth of 80m into ground30m into the bedrockPiles connected to concrete slab(mat)15 months to be done
Design & Architectures
Following Chinese Pagoda Form
Influences by Chinese culture
Using Number 8 as the Lucky Number
8 pagoda shaped blocks
8 super-columns, 16 columns
comprising the core the 8m length of
the Chinese Ru-yi symbol
Design Concept of Taipei 101
Shape of hollow bambooSymbolism of modesty and humbleness. growing of the Taiwan economy
Ru-Yitraditional lantern-like4 sides at the top of each of the 8 segmentsymbolism fulfillment
First tower build :-practice of Feng-Shui.
Feng shui: -science of positioning object (garden, waterfall, flower.)
Taipei 101:- perpendicular road ran straight to building sites. - adding fountain to block.
Influence by Islamic culture
concept of the two squares interlocking
Problem:make a lot of space
wasting
Solution:placing eight semicircles in the angle of the corner to expand the space.
Design Concept of Petronas Twin Towers
Structural System
Each face 2 steel box mega columns
Each face 2 sub steel box mega columns
Each face 2 steel box corner columnsUp to floors 26
Squared shaped core
Structural System of Taipei 101
No more sub steel box columnsmega steel box column continues upward
Above floors 26
floor is connected by 8 steel box mega column with dimension of 2 x 2,4m to squared shaped core
forming a tick-tack-toe board
All the columns are filled with 10,000 psi high performance concrete
Outriggers connect mega-columns and the core at every eight level
supported by a ring of sixteen cylindrical columns
Linked by slightly arched ring beams
23x23m concrete core
concrete outrigger beam
12 smaller perimeter columns and ring beams around each ‘bustle’
Structural System of Petronas Twin Towers
columns are about 2.4 meter in diameter at the base
but taper as they rise through the floors
sloping towards the centre
perimeter columns is tied to the cores at 38 and 40 levels by concrete outrigger beam
constructed entirely of in-situ high strength concrete
Comparison of Structural System
Petronas Twin Towerreinforced concrete tube-in-tube with the outriggers system
Taipei 101composite mega-columns with central core and outriggers system
high strength concrete is used as a construction material
Reason:easily available from local market
Difference
Similarities
Important Feature
Function:facility component to circulate movement between the two towersOriginal design:suspense the skybridge by the spider-like steel cables
Problem:cannot efficiently to accommodate the differing movements caused by wind factor from each tower Solution:
inverted V-shaped two-hinged arch to supports the bridge in center
Skybridge of Petronas Twin Towers
two-hinged arch springs spring from level 29 at 63°
support a pair of parallel two-span continuous bridge girders at level 41rotational pin directly over the arch crown.
Rotational pins (spherical bearing) at the each end of the struts.
Functions of Archas a centering device to equilibrium the movement of both towers.
Towers moves together or
apart
Angle of legs
changes
Spherical
bearing rotates at spring points
Leg flex at the top
Bridge
mipoint
rise or sink
Case when towers moves together or apart
passive damper that reduces wind movement in high-rises
occupied between levels 87 to 91
world’s largest TMD (diameter=5.5m)
Heaviest (wieght= 660 metric tons)
Design, manufactured , constrcuted by Motionnering Inc.
cost : NT$ 130 million
Tuned Mass Damper (TMD)of Taipei 101
Towers moves
opposite later
al direction
the arch sprin
g point
s twist on the
spherical bearings
the bridge end bearings slide
in opposite
directions
Maintai
n at
original position
Case when towers moves in opposite lateral directions
Sphere-shaped mass block consists of 41 layers of 12.5cm steel plates welded together to the steel cradle
Steel Cradlegrips by eight primary hydraulic pistons
Hydraulic pistons two meter long
Steel cablessuspended from level 92
Structure of TMD
Bumper system locked the huge mass block in position especially during earthquakes
Sphere mass blockacts as a pendulum that equivalent to 0.26 of building weight.
Building
is swaying
Damper (sphere mas
s block) is activated
Sphere
swing in opposite
direction
Building’s vibration is
counterbalance
Wind motion of building is
converte
d into heat energy
Hydraulic pisto
n dissipate the heat energy
How it works?
Able to reduce the tower’s peak vibrations > 1/3
design and architecture are mainly originated from their local country culture
built on deep foundation in order to support them firmly
structural system is not the same
subjected to wind factor during construction
Conclusion
Future Trends of Skyscrapers
Future skyscraper will continuously increased in height
Reason:Improvements of technology in structural systems materials elevatorsdamping systems.
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Thank You!
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