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Abstract—The aim of the present study is to contribute to the
classification of the genus Heptaptera using pollen and mericarp
features. This genus is represented by five species in Turkey. The
Heptaptera species, which grow naturally in Turkey, were
investigated comprehensively in terms of fruit anatomy and
palynology. Anatomical and palynological features of Heptaptera
cilicica, Heptaptera anisoptera, Heptaptera anatolica, Heptaptera
triquetra, and Heptaptera syriaca were investigated. Anatomical
characters are very important for distinguishing closely related
species and genera, especially in the family Apiaceae. The anatomy
of Apiaceae fruits varies even among closely related species in the
same genus.
In anatomical studies, cross-sections of fruit have been examined.
Mature mericarps of Heptaptera species were collected from natural
habitats in Turkey. These materials were kept in 70% ethanol for
use in the anatomical studies. Each mature mericarp was rehydrated
and placed in formalin-acetic acid-alcohol (1:1:8) for a minimum of
24 h, and rehydrated materials were embedded into paraffin blocks
following traditional paraffin sectioning methods. Transverse
sections 5-10 µm thick were cut using a Thermo microtome and
stained with saffranin solution. Micrographs were taken using a
Nikon AZ100M microscope.
The pollen morphologies of Heptaptera species from Turkey have
been examined by light (LM) and scanning electron microscope
(SEM). The morphological characters of pollen grains were obtained
by measurements and photographic observations. LM pollen
preparations of the specimens set up according to the Wodehouse
method were examined by using an Olympus BX 51 investigation
microscope. During SEM examination of the pollen, taxonomically
important micro-characters were assessed in distinguishing the taxa.
Dried herbarium materials with flowers were used to obtain pollen.
The pollens were mounted on stubs using double-sided adhesive
tape under a stereo-microscope. For SEM studies, each pollen
sample was coated five times with a 9 Å thick layer of gold by using
a Poleron SC7620 Sputter Coater and scanned with Zeiss a LS-10
SEM at 20 kv accelerating voltage.
Pollen grains of Heptaptera species are radial symmetry and
isopolar. Pollen shape is perprolate or subprolate. Pollens are
tricolpate, aperture is colporate, and surface ornamentation is
rugulate. Colpi length (Clg) is 22-29 μm, colpi width (Clt) is 6-18
μm.
Exine thickness ranges from 0.3 μm to 2 μm. Exine is tektat.
Ectexine is thicker than endexine. Intine thickness ranges from 0.3
to 1.5 μm. Fruit is dorsally compressed except for H. syriaca, and
the mericarps of the H. syriaca are ventrally compressed. H.
*Yasemin GÜRBÜZ, and Ahmet DURAN, Department of Biology, Faculty
of Science, Selçuk University, Turkey
triquetra and H. syriaca have homomorphic mericarps, and H.
cilicica, H. anatolica, and H. anisoptera have heteromorphic
mericarps. Primary ribs are aliform or poorly developed wings.
Wings are clearly undulate or straight. In the mature mericarp of all
Heptaptera taxa observed, the characters of vittae are different from
each other at the species level. In addition, vascular bundles in the
mesocarps are located below each primary rib and surrounded by
parenchyma cells.
Keywords—Heptaptera, pollen, Oenantheae, Umbelliferae.
I. INTRODUCTION
The family Apiaceae includes approximately 450 genera
and 3700 species [1]. The Asian countries with the greatest
Apiaceae diversity are China, Turkey, Iran, Russia, and
Kazakhstan. Among these countries, Asiatic Turkey has the
highest concentration of species-level Umbelliferae diversity
in Asia, and probably in the world [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Many
members of the Apiaceae family are readily characterized by
umbellate inflorescences, specialized fruits consisting of two
mericarps (with one-seed) suspended from a split central
column (carpophore), and numerous, minute epigynous
flowers. The Apiaceae family is represented by 486 species of
104 genera in Turkey. These species are 37% endemic for
Turkey [8]. In Turkey, with a considerably smaller area than
Asia countries, Apiaceae occupies second place in our list
(486 species in 104 genera) [2, 8]. There are four endemic
genera in Turkey: Aegokeras Raf., Ekimia H.Duman,
Microsciadium Boiss. and Crenosciadium Boiss. & Heldr.
The number of endemic species is high; there are 182 species
in 42 genera [2, 8, 9]. Heptaptera Marg. & Reut. is especially
widespread in Southeastern Anatolia, Thrace, the
Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey. The genus is
distributed in Bulgaria, Macedonia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and
Jordan. The genus Heptaptera is represented by 10 species in
the world and 4 species in Flora of Turkey. The Turkish
name of Heptaptera, “çakşır” is used in the Turkey Plant List
(Vascular Plants) [9]. According to our study results,
Petroedmondia syriaca (Boiss.) Tamamsch. was transferred
to Heptaptera genus as Heptaptera syriaca (Fig. 1). Based on
recent arrangements the Heptaptera genus is represented by
five species in Turkey and 11 species in the world.
Yasemin GÜRBÜZ, and Ahmet DURAN
Comparative Studies Based on Fruit Anatomy and
Palynology of the Genus Heptaptera (Apiaceae) in
Turkey
5th International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS-16) April 28-29, 2016 Pattaya (Thailand)
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/IAAST.A0416022 14
Fig. 1. General view of Heptaptera syriaca.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
During field trips between the 2012 and 2013 vegetation
periods, all specimens belonging to the genus Heptaptera
were collected different localities in Turkey. The Heptaptera
species, which naturally grows in Turkey, was investigated
comprehensively in terms of fruit anatomy and palynology.
Anatomical and palynological features of Heptaptera cilicica,
Heptaptera anisoptera, Heptaptera anatolica, Heptaptera
triquetra, and Heptaptera syriaca were investigated.
A. Fruit Anatomy
In anatomical studies, cross-sections of fruit have been
examined. Mature mericarps of Heptaptera species were
collected from natural habitats in Turkey. These materials
were kept in 70% ethanol for use in anatomical studies. Each
mature mericarp was rehydrated and placed in formalin-
acetic acid-alcohol (1:1:8) for a minimum of 24 h, and
rehydrated materials were embedded into paraffin blocks
following traditional paraffin sectioning methods. Transverse
sections about 5-10 µm thick were cut using a Thermo
microtome, and stained with saffranin solution. Micrographs
were taken using a Nikon AZ100M microscope.
B. Palynology
Palynological investigations were conducted with both light
microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). For
light microscope studies, the pollen slides were prepared by
using the Wodehouse technique [10]. The descriptive
terminology in Punt et al. was employed [11]. For shape
classes (P/E), the definitions of Nilsson and Praglowski were
used [12]. For SEM investigations, pollen grains were
directly mounted on prepared stubs and coated with gold for
SEM studies. Photographs were taken with a Zeiss LS-10
after being coated with a Poleron SC7620 Sputter Coater in
SEM studies.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Heptaptera species, which naturally grows in Turkey, were
investigated with both light microscope and scanning electon
microscope (SEM). All species of pollen were photographed
with 10 x 4 magnification in the light microscope. When
these images are analyzed, the Heptaptera syriaca pollens
were identified as the subprolate type, while in other species
the pollens were identified as perprolate. Light microscopy
data support the taxonomic differences of the five Heptaptera
species in Turkey. However, according to the data between
the pollen ornamentation of Heptaptera species there are no
extreme differences. Also, the pollens of Heptaptera species
were investigated in the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
According to the SEM photographs of Heptaptera species,
pollen surface ornamentations are rugulate-striate at H.
cilicica, whereas other species were identified as rugulate
(Figs. 2-3).
Fig. 2. SEMs generally shape of pollen grains. a- Heptaptera
syriaca, b- H. triquetra.
5th International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS-16) April 28-29, 2016 Pattaya (Thailand)
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/IAAST.A0416022 15
Fig. 3. SEMs generally shape of pollen grains. a- Heptaptera
anisoptera, b- H. cilicica, c- H. anatolica.
The Turkish Heptaptera taxa can be separated into two
groups according to the characteristics of their fruit wings
(homomorphic or heteromorphic). The first group (H. syriaca
and H. triquetra) has homomorphic fruit. The second group
(H. cilicica, H. anatolica, and H. anisoptera) has
heteromorphic fruit. H. anisoptera and H. syriaca have
double row circular vittae, but their morphological characters
differ from each other. Although H. cilicica and H. triquetra
are close to each other in terms of morphological features,
their anatomical characteristics are different. H. syriaca has
unusual anatomical characteristics such as regularly double
row circular vittae (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. General view of mericarp cross-section. a- Heptaptera
syriaca b- H. anisoptera, c- H. anatolica, d- H. cilicica, e- H.
triquetra, f- H. triquetra.
As a consequence fruit anatomical characteristics are important
for Heptaptera taxonomy and help clarify the differences between
the species.
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5th International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS-16) April 28-29, 2016 Pattaya (Thailand)
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/IAAST.A0416022 16
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