community radio monitoring handbook1
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COMMUNITY
RADIO
MONITORING
Framwork
Syed Tamjid ur Rahman, ChangeMaker
April, 2010
Prepared for
Bangladesh NGOs Network for
Radio and Communication
www.bnnrc.net
Supported by
Article19
Introduction: ________________________________________________________________ 9
What is CR? Formal definition in CR policy __________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Definition – Community Radio: _____________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conceptions of Community in the Community Radio ________________________________________ 10
Models of Community Radio ____________________________________________________________ 11
Different between CR and other media __________________________________________ 12
Difference between Community Radio and other Radios: ____________________________________ 13
Basis of Comparison: ______________________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined. Different Radios __________________________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Role of Community Radio _______________________________________________________________ 12
Rational: _____________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Purpose for A Monitoring Handbook ______________________________________________________ 14
Applications of M&E ___________________________________________________________________ 30
Internal and External Applications ___________________________________________________________________ 30 Knowledge Capital ________________________________________________________________________________ 30 Transparency and Accountability ____________________________________________________________________ 30
Objective of the CR Monitoring Hand Book ________________________________________________ 14
Methodology __________________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.
monitoring of Community Radio________________________________________________ 17
CR Monitoring Framework (CRMF) _______________________________________________________ 18
The Design of the Community Radio Monitoring System _____________________________________ 19
Main Stakeholders in Monitoring _________________________________________________________ 20
Demand Side ____________________________________________________________________________________ 20 Supply Side: _____________________________________________________________________________________ 26
The five-step approach to monitoring and evaluation _______________________________________ 20
Steps of Monitoring ____________________________________________________________________ 19
Conclusion _________________________________________________________________ 30
Understanding Readiness __________________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined. Three Main Parts of the Readiness __________________________________________________________________ 31
1. Incentives and Demands for Designing and Building M&E System ____________________________________ 31 2. Roles and Responsibilities and Existing Structures for Assessing _____________________________________ 31 3. Capacity Building Requirements for the System ___________________________________________________ 32
Recommendation ___________________________________________________________ 33
Sample Code of Conduct ______________________________________________________ 33
Content Analysis : content analysis is a summarizing, quantitative analysis of
messages that relies on the scientific method (including
attention to objectivity, inter-subjectivity, a priori design,
reliability, validity, generalizability, replicability, and
hypothesis testing) and is not limited as to the types of
variables that may be measured or the context in which the
messages are created or presented
Balance sheet : A summary of a station's assets and liabilities
Commercial : Paid advertising announcement; spot
Copywriter : One who writes commercial or promotional copy
Cost Per Thousand
(CPM or Cost Per Mil)
: Estimate of how much it costs an advertiser to reach 1,000
listeners
Demographics Audience statistical data pertaining to age, sex, race, income,
and so forth
Ethnic Programming for minority group audiences
FM Frequency
Modulation
Method of signal transmission using 88-108 MHz band
Frequency Number of cycles-per-second of a sine wave
Licensee Individual or company holding license issued by the
Government for broadcast purposes
Live copy Material read over air; not prerecorded
Persons using radio
(PUR)
Measurement of the number of persons listening to stations
in a market
Market Area served by a broadcast facility; ADI
PSA Public Service Announcement; noncommercial message
Psychographics Research term dealing with listener personality, such as
attitude, behavior, values, opinions, and beliefs
Rate card Statement of advertising fees and terms
Rating Measurement of the total available audience
Reach Measurement of how many different members of an
audience will be exposed to a message
Remote Broadcast originating away from station control room
Signal Sound transmission; RF.
Signature Theme; aural logo, jingle, ID.
Sponsor Advertiser; client, account, underwriter
Spots Commercials; paid announcements
Station log Document containing specific operating information
Stringer Field or on-scene reporter; freelance reporter
Talk Conversation and interview radio format
Total Survey Area
(TSA)
Geographic area in radio survey
Media monitoring and analysis service– A firm that aggregates information
gathered by traditional and social media content providers, using its software
to compile and analyze that information – sometimes further refined by human
analysts. The resulting media intelligence is packaged according to client
specifications and delivered to those clients in a timely fashion, i.e., as close to
real-time as possible. Organizations use this media intelligence to determine
what is being said – positive or negative – about the organization itself, its
brand, or an issue that can affect it. Among other things, media monitoring and
analysis can help organizations track publicity campaigns, discover the nature
and extent of various social trends, and obtain insight on how media and other
opinion leaders are responding to their products and messages.
Prominence refers to the attention a story on an organization, brand, issue,
message, etc. gets in the media. It can be measured by a number of factors that
measure the quantity and quality of media coverage, including type of media,
extent (of coverage), share of voice, story size or length, placement, media
circulation or audience share, media relevance (to the organization's audience),
story treatment, use of visuals, type of coverage, etc.
Media type – the type of media – daily newspaper, blog, television station,
community newspaper, business publication, etc. – covering the story.
Scope – the geographical area the media reach, including national, provincial,
regional, and specifically defined and selected areas.
Share of voice – the organization's share of media attention in the total
coverage of a product, issue, industry, cause, etc. This information can
contribute to competitive intelligence studies.
Story size/length – the space the story occupies in print media (half a page, 400
lines, a tiny mention, etc.), the time (10 seconds, one minute, etc.) devoted to
it in broadcast media, and the space/time it earns in new media.
Placement – where the story was placed in the media. In print, it could range
from the front page to page 52 or in the sports or world news section. In
broadcast, placement is where the story was aired in the newscast (lead story,
story number five, etc.) In new media, it could refer to the space it occupies on
a blog, the number of mentions on Twitter, etc.
Circulation/share – the total number of copies of a publication delivered to
print audiences (media circulation). Audience share is the percentage of
listeners or viewers within a defined market of listeners/viewers who are tuned
in to a broadcast outlet. For more information, see print circulation as well as
listenership/viewership below.
Media relevance – the criteria that determine the relevance of a specific
medium to the organization's target audience. This can be assessed by how
closely the composition of the media audience – demographics and/or
psychographics – matches that of the organization's audience.
Story treatment – how a story is treated in the media. It could be a cover story,
a running story earning coverage day after day, a one-shot mention, or a story
earning multiple mentions in one issue, one broadcast or one Twitter day. (See
related articles)
Use of visuals – information on the content and placement of such visuals as
photographs
Type of coverage – the context in which an item is presented in the media
(news, opinion/commentary, community service, etc) It can be further
identified as an editorial, news story, blog post, news brief, bumper, letter to
the editor, comment to a blog post, etc.
Tone or sentiment measures how a person, group, organization, or issue is
portrayed in the media. Tone is normally categorized as positive, neutral or
negative, with various degrees of negative and positive tones. (Toning can be
enhanced when a human analyst – able to recognize sarcasm, irony, and
various human quirks – serves as a filter.)
Message fidelity delivers information on how well the message conveyed by
the media matched the message or messages the organization wanted to
communicate.
Content and nature of quotes – an amalgamation of what was said/printed in
the media, who was quoted in the story, including the quotes themselves as
well as the source – media, organizational spokesperson, and/or third party.
Impact is determined by measuring how prominence is amplified by tone
and/or message fidelity. For example, a positive front page story – with an
accompanying large flattering photo and multiple spokesperson and third-party
quotes delivering the desired messages – in a daily newspaper reaching an
audience that matches that of the organization could be judged to have a high
impact. While impact evaluation processes for social media are ever-evolving,
one such measurement revolves around engagement.
Engagement – a measurement of the nature and extent of audience
engagement through two-way conversations, the sharing of information, and
other interactions such as subscribership. Included in this measurement are
such considerations as reach and tone delivered by blog posts and comments,
link backs, tweets, and re-tweets.
Audiences and measurement
Demographics refers to the social and economic characteristics of a group of
households or individuals. Commonly used demographics include age, gender,
mother tongue, employment, and household income. Psychographics describe
audiences through personality traits, interests, lifestyles, attitudes, etc.
Reach refers to the number of audience members who potentially receive a
message. Most reach measures use circulation/audience share figures.
Frequency measures the number of times (within a specific period) an audience
potentially receives a message.
Impressions tally the total number of times the potential audience (including
duplications) was exposed to a message within a specific period. This is
calculated by multiplying the number of people who potentially received it
(reach) by the number of times (frequency) they potentially were exposed to it.
The use of the word "potential" is key as this type of measurement deals only
with those who might have heard something – not with those who actually
heard it, understood it, or acted upon it.
Portable People Meters (PPMs) are pager-sized, rechargeable monitoring pods
worn by respondents. When an audio code embedded in radio station signals is
detected, the unit captures the time of viewing. Tuning information is
downloaded nightly to a central audience collection point.
Listenership – data on listeners (radio) including the size of the cumulative
audience, the number of listeners as a quarter-hour average, the average hours
tuned by listeners, and the audience share in a particular market. This
information is available by specific demographic groups (age, gender, etc.)
Central area – a defined geographical area assigned to stations for reporting
purposes. All stations in a market share the same central area.
Full Coverage Area –includes all areas where respondents’ meters or diaries
indicate listenership to a station. Stations in the same markets have different
full coverage areas.
Cumulative Audience (cumes) – the number of different people listening to a
station for at least 15 minutes during a specified period of time (usually weekly)
Central reach refers to the estimated number of different listeners within the
central market area, while full coverage reach includes the estimated number
of different viewers anywhere in the country.
Quarter Hour Average – average number of listeners tuned to a station in any
quarter hour in a given time period. It is determined by adding all the individual
quarter hour audiences and dividing by the number of quarter hours involved.
Average Minute Audience (AMA) – a ratings system, that provides information
on the average number of listeners in this time period.
Audience or Market Share – the percentage of those people listening to radio
who are tuned to a particular station at a particular time
• Individual station audience x 100 = Audience Share
• Total Radio Audience
Average Hours Tuned – average number of hours people listen to a station
during a weekly period. It is determined by dividing the total number of hours
tuned by the number of listeners.
Metrics and analytics
Metrics and analytics are terms used to describe measurements, evaluations,
and interpretations of statistics and correlating them with business and public
relations objectives. Some use the terms interchangeably while others use only
one or the other. Some make a distinction between the two, using metrics for
measurements of statistics and analytics for interpretation and analysis of
those metrics, including the ultimate evaluation of whether or not outcome
objectives were met.
Content measures are evaluations of how content – facts, opinions, messages,
etc. about an organization, issue, or topic – is accessed, adapted, shared, and
amplified on a site or sites or across the web.
Conversation measures study online conversations (tweets, blog posts and
comments, link backs, etc.) related to an organization, issue, etc. The
conversation may be measured by quantity, tone/sentiment, message fidelity,
etc. One such content measure is the conversation index or conversation rate,
created by dividing the total number of posts by the number of relevant
comments and trackbacks. Sometimes, this measurement evaluates the
prominence and sphere of influence enjoyed by those participating in a
relevant conversation. Some go even further, connecting those conversations
to an organization's objectives relating to knowledge or awareness, attitudes
towards the organization, and desired behaviors.
Outcome measures are used to evaluate how content measures correlate with
outcome objectives.
Web Metrics
Page views is a count of the number of times a page was viewed. This includes
duplications.
Traffic sources – how visitors get to a site or page on a site. They may arrive
directly or through a referring site or search engine.
Unique visits adds up the number of individual people who visited a site within
a specified period of time used for reporting purposes.
New visitors – the number of unique visitors who access any page on a site –
via a web browser – for the first time
Repeat visitors – the number of unique visitors who make two or more visits to
a site.
Return visitors – the number of unique visitors who return to a site after the
initial visit.
Visit duration – the length of time visitors spend on a page or a site.
Conversation reach – the number of unique visitors who took part in a
conversation. Tone/sentiment analysis is not included.
Bounce rates – statistics on those visitors who remain on a site for five seconds
or less or those who visit only one page of a site.
Supplementary terms
Advertising Value Equivalency (AVE) is the amount in dollars a story would cost
if it appeared as paid advertising. It is determined by multiplying the
size/length of the story by the advertising rate for the relevant publication or
station.
Benchmark refers to a point of reference for measuring coverage of an issue or
campaign. It's a standard or yardstick used when measuring progress in a
campaign.
Clip count refers to the total number of stories that mention a client company,
product or campaign.
Digital Rights Management (DRM) refers to access control methods that limit
usage of digital content to protect publishers and copyright holders.
Issue refers to any subject or topic that is being tracked and analyzed. For an
issue to earn media coverage, it usually is a public issue, i.e., a problem,
opportunity, question, or choice faced by or greatly affecting society or some
segment of society.
Omnibus issues monitoring/analysis is undertaken by a group of noncompeting
organizations who share the cost of gathering media intelligence on a situation
or issue.
Related articles are those that relate to the main story. It may be a sidebar with
a human interest angle, another (perhaps opposite) point of view, an editorial,
etc.
Syndicated issues tracking is a service provided to individual subscribers who all
receive the same information on media coverage of a situation or issue.
COMMUNITY RADIO
MONITORING HANDBOOK
INTRODUCTION: “One doesn’t have to be a Marxist to tell that large media conglomerates and
transnational companies are disconnected from the lives of communities
where they operate from. Worse still, the much talked about ‘Digital
revolution’ in the contested topography of the ‘information society’ has
resulted in new forms of cyber-capitalism and digital divides. Contrary to this,
community radio provides a framework, not only to re-engage those
communities which exist on the periphery, but also gives a chance for civic
transformation, participatory democracy and mutuality. Community Radio is a
counterpoise to the egotistical profit driven media accountable to their own
selves.1”
Community radio is defined in the policy as ‘a medium that gives a voice to the
voiceless, serves as mouthpiece of the marginalized and is central to
communication and democratic processes within societies’2. Community Radio
is generally a broadcasting system established
by the efforts of a specific community,
operated by the community for the purpose of
the community’s welfare. It is, therefore, a type
of radio service that caters to the interests of a
certain area, broadcasting content that is
popular to a local audience and is often
overlooked by commercial or mass-media
broadcasters. Community radio stations serve
the local community listeners by offering a
variety of content that is not necessarily
provided by the larger commercial radio stations. Community radio outlets
often provide news and information programming geared toward the local
area, particularly focusing on the marginalized groups such as religious or
cultural minority groups that are poorly served by other major media outlets.
The policy outlines the Community Radio as “A non-profit service will be in
charge of ‘Community Radio’ broadcasting activities. It should be owned by a
particular community, usually through a trust, foundation, or association. Its
aim is to serve and benefit that community. It is, in effect, a from of public-
1 Saima Saeed, Community Radio: Policies, Power and Possibilities, Lecturer, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi 2 Community Radio Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy 2008
•a community is a group of people living in proximity within defined borders such as a village or neighborhood
Geographical definitions
•a community is defined less by presence in a particular physical space than by real or imagined commonalities of identity, aspiration and/or values
Social psychological definitions
•emphasize commonalities of culture, kinship, religious affinity, social structure and values, together with living in a particular place.
Sociological and Anthropological definitions
service broadcasting, but it serves a community rather than the whole nation,
as is the usual form of public broadcasting described above. Moreover, it relies
and must rely mainly on the resources of the community.3”
COMMUNITY IN THE COMMUNITY RA DIO A community is a social group of any size whose members reside in a specific
locality, share government and often have a common cultural and historical
heritage. The term ‘community’ obscures many complexities. ‘Community has
been defined in many different ways. Geographical definitions emphasize that
a community is a group of people living in proximity within defined borders
such as a village or neighborhood. Social psychological definitions emphasize
that a community is defined less by presence in a particular physical space than
by real or imagined commonalities of identity, aspiration and/or values.
Sociological and anthropological definitions emphasize commonalities of
culture, kinship, religious affinity, social structure and values, together with
living in a particular place.
Within communities, there are important differences in status, wealth and
power. In fact, the term ‘community’ often implies a level of homogeneity that
does not exist. A community
frequently consists of multiple sub-
groups that differ according to
religion, socio-economic status and
ethnicity and some groups may wield
much more power and influence than
others do. In such contexts,
communities may decide to establish
community radio that reduces the
inequities that already exist within the
community. Even if the groups include members of different sub-groups, their
participation may be symbolic and their influence may be limited.
Communities in Community Radio are often a contentious and tricky debate
and will vary from country to country. Community may also often be replaced
3 Community Radio Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy 2008
by a range of terms like "alternative", "radical", or "citizen" radio. Although
traditionally in sociology, a "community" has been defined as a group of
interacting people living in a common location, community radio is often built
around concepts of access and participation and so the term community may
be thought of as often referring to geographical communities based around the
possible reach of the radio's signal, i.e. the people who can receive the
message, and their potential to participate in the creation of such messages.
This pose the challenge in defining the community appropriately for the fact
that many community radio stations now broadcast over the internet as well,
thereby reaching potentially global audiences and communities.
According to the government policy “A ‘Community’ is considered to be a
group of people who share common characteristics and/or interests such as
sharing a single geographical location i.e. a specific town, village, or
neighborhood; sharing of economic and social life through trade, marketing,
exchange of goods and services.4”
MODELS OF COMMUNITY RADIO Philosophically two distinct approaches to community radio can be discerned,
though the models are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
• One stresses service or community-mindedness, a focus on what the
station can do for the community.
• The other stresses involvement and participation by the listener.
Within the service model localism is often prized, as community radio, as a
third tier, can provide content focused on a more local or particular community
than larger operations. Sometimes, though, the provision of syndicated content
that is not already available within the station's service area is seen as a
desirable form of service.
Within the access or participatory model, the participation of community
members in producing content is seen as a good in itself. While this model does
not necessarily exclude a service approach, there is a tension between the two,
as outlined, for example, in Jon Bekken's Community Radio at the Crossroads5.
Community media, according to Kevin Howley6, are distinguished from their
commercial and public service counterparts in three fundamental ways. First,
community media provide local populations with access to the instruments of
media production and distribution. Second, the organizational culture of
community media stresses volunteerism over professionalism and promotes
participatory management, governance and decision-making. Third, and
perhaps most significantly, community media reject market-oriented
approaches to communicative practices and are philosophically committed to
4 Community Radio Installation, Broadcast and Operation Policy 2008
5 Bekken, Jon. "Community Radio at the Crossroads: Federal Policy and the Professionalization of a
Grassroots Medium" in Sakolsky, Ron and S. Dunifer (eds.) Seizing the Airwaves: A Free Radio
Handbook. 6 Howley, K. (2002) Communication, Culture and Community: Towards A Cultural Analysis of
Community Media. The Qualitative Report, Volume 7, Number 3
nurturing mutually supportive, collaborative, and enduring communal
relations7.
In sum, community media play a vital, though largely unacknowledged role in
preserving democratic forms of communication, defending local cultural
autonomy, promoting civil society, and rebuilding a sense of community.
Community media as a development device
ROLE OF COMMUNITY RADIO Community radio is primarily an alternative media that can act as a
countervailing force to the politically motivated state media and profit-motive
corporate media. Community radio facilitates the empowerment of people
with their active participation in the process and not merely as passive
listeners. Community radio promotes people’s agenda first such as local
knowledge, cultures, human rights and social justice, environmental issues and
community problems as well as the issues related to development, community
radio can raise voices against human rights violation, oppression, promote
human rights situation, the practice of democracy and promote improved
governance through transparent and accountable relation building among
citizens and in the society.
Therefore, community radio helps create knowledge, preserve knowledge,
disseminate knowledge and apply knowledge for the advancement of the
community. It helps build a knowledge society, establishes human rights,
empowers community to raise voices and develop a pluralistic society.8
COMMUNITY RADIO AND OTHER MEDIA Globally there are three tier radio systems, i.e.
1. Public Service Broadcasting
2. Commercial Broadcasting
7 Devine, R. H. (1991) Marginal notes: Consumer video, the first amendment and the future of
access. Community Television Review, 14(2), 8-11. 8 A form of society which is made up of people from different ethnic, religious and cultural
backgrounds, a society which embraces minority groups and is tolerant towards them
•Community Empowerment
•Human Rights
•Pluralism•Knowledge Society
Knowledge Creation
Knowledge Preservation
Knowledge Dissemination
Knowledge Utilization
3. Community Broadcasting
Public service broadcasting usually public sector broadcast system aimed for
publicity of the government. It covers national issues according to
government’s priority. The peripheral or rural people eventually ignored in this
kind of media. A nationwide consensus building or reconstruction of public
consent is being propagated by public service broadcast. In commercial
broadcasting system profit is the ultimate goal. Enterprises established radio
for earning money by advertisement. So, the outreach becomes more isolated
and peripheral. Community radio is a broadcast system owned, operated and
broadcast by the community people. CR covers local issues. National and
international issues also cover in line with community interests. It creates an
environment of promoting local knowledge, cultural heritage, custom, practice
and values. Usually low power FM transmitters used for broadcasting in CR for
the specific area. Community motivation and participation are two powerful
things which make CR different from traditional media system.
DIFFERENC E BETWEEN COMMUNITY RADI O AND OTHER
RADIOS The differences of community radio and other radio can be made on the basis
of the following criteria9:
Therefore, using the criteria the following can be determined:
9 Ref: Radio Pledge, Mr. Raghu Mainali
Approach Ownership Audience
Responsibility Style Goal
Government Radio
Bureaucratic
Government
Passive
Towards Government
Formal
Propaganda
Commercial Radio
Market Driven
Private
Carefree
Towards Owners
Artificial
Profit
Community Radio
Participatory
Collective
Active/Participant
Towards Society
Natural/informal
Collective Welfare
Basis of Comparison
Approach
Ownership
Audience
Responsibility
Style
Goal
These criteria make the monitoring framework of a community radio quite
different that other radio.
PURPOSE FOR A MONI TORING HANDBOOK FOR
COMMUNITY RADIO Community Radio is a new media in Bangladesh context. This is the first time in
history, a community driven broadcasting system is about to air programs
which contain voices of the voiceless people.
There is a mind-set that media should be
monitored to make it accountable or controlled.
In case of CR, the intention is not putting control
over its operation but to ensure its effective
operation. The monitoring framework is aimed to
assist CR from the beginning to be an effective
medium for community people as mentioned in
the policy. A handbook of monitoring is needed
to address issues related license, establishment,
planning, operation, content management,
production, broadcast and evaluation. Community people don’t have practical
knowledge and expertise for operating CR in this moment. A practical guideline
could help them for smooth operation on CR station. On the supply side, this
handbook will cover issues related to efficient role-play of the policy maker and
implementer as well.
Monitoring and evaluation are important for two main reasons.
For learning and development
• Help assess how well interventions are doing and help make it better.
It is about asking what has happened and why, what is and what is not
working.
• It is about using evaluation to learn more about an organization’s
activities, and then using what has been learnt.
• For accountability - to show others that the interventions are effective
• Funders and other sponsors want to know whether a project has spent
its money in the right way. There is pressure from funders to provide
them with ‘proof’ of success. Many projects have to respond to this
demand in order to survive.
OBJECTIV E OF THE CR MONITORING HAND BOOK Community Radio Monitoring Handbook will address both the issues for
stakeholders and policy implementer. In the same time it will consider the
general audience for ensuring more listener-focused broadcasting system. CR
initiators are getting preparation for establishing stations. The proposed
handbook will offer the ground rules for fair play. Editorial guidelines, ethics,
aesthetic, national interests, development agenda, local issues, national
integration, code of conducts and many more issues are there to consider
before starting CR station. A comprehensive work plan is required to prepare
beforehand. The handbook could be a guiding force for initiators, government
and general audience as well.
WHAT IS MONITORING AND
EVALUATION? The term monitoring is primarily used for collecting information to help answer
questions about progress of activity or program. It is a planned, organised and
a routine process to understand and appreciate the activity or project more
concretely and help evaluate its performance and provide constructive
feedback for improvement.
On the other hand, the term evaluation is primarily used for applying the
monitoring information to make judgments about activity or program and
make changes and improvements.
The OECD (2002a) defines monitoring and evaluation as follows:
Monitoring is a continuous function that uses the systematic collection of data on
specified indicators to provide management and the main stakeholders of an ongoing
development intervention with indications of the extent of progress and achievement of
objectives and progress in the use of allocated funds.
Evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or completed
project, program, or policy, including its design, implementation, and results. The aim is
to determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, development efficiency,
effectiveness, impact, and sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that
is credible and useful, enabling the incorporation of lessons learned into the decision-
making process of both recipients and donors.
It is evident that both monitoring and evaluation are distinct yet
complementary. Monitoring gives information on where a policy, program, or
project is at any given time (and over time) relative to respective targets and
outcomes. It is descriptive in intent. Evaluation gives evidence of why policies,
targets and outcomes are or are not being achieved. It seeks to address issues
of causality. Of particular emphasis here is the expansion of the traditional
M&E function to focus explicitly on compliance, outcomes and impacts of
community radio.
Evaluation is a complement to monitoring in that when a monitoring system
sends signals that the efforts are going off track (for
example, that the target population is not
approving the services, that policy compliance are
meeting standards, that there is weakness in
operation and management as agreed upon, and so
forth), then good evaluative information can help
clarify the realities and trends noted with the
monitoring system. For example, If performance
information is presented by itself (in isolation)
without the context and benefit of program
evaluation, there is a danger of program managers, regulators, legislators... and
others drawing incorrect conclusions regarding the cause of improvements or
declines in certain measures. Simply looking at trend data usually cannot tell us
how effective the program interventions are.
COMPLEMENTARY ROLES OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Monitoring Evaluation
Clarifies program objectives Analyzes why intended results were or were
not achieved
Links activities and their resources to objectives Assesses specific causal contributions of
activities to results
Translates objectives into performance
indicators and sets targets Examines implementation process
Routinely collects data on these indicators,
compares actual results with targets Explores unintended results
Reports progress to managers and alerts them
to problems
Provides lessons, highlights significant
accomplishment or program potential, and
offers recommendations for improvement
Evaluation, therefore, can be defined as an assessment, as systematic and
objective as possible, of a planned, ongoing, or completed intervention. The
aim is to determine the relevance of objectives, efficiency, effectiveness,
impact, and sustainability so as to incorporate lessons learned into the
decision-making process. Specifically, this kind of evaluation addresses: “why”
questions, that is, what caused the changes being monitored; “how” questions,
or what was the sequence or process that led to successful (or unsuccessful)
outcomes; and “compliance and accountability” questions, that is, did the
promised activities actually take place and as planned?
The monitoring without the intervention framework or logic does not provide
required information for decision-making. Therefore, it is important to
understand the intervention logic – its goal, outcome, output, activities and
inputs. The following diagram provides an overview of a typical program
intervention logic of a CR.
The above intervention logic can now become the framework for monitoring
and evaluation and provide information as to where the problem originated
and how it has impacted the overall performance of the intervention.
MONITORING COMMUNITY RADIOS For monitoring the community radio, the Community Radio Policy (CRP) will
become the primary guiding tool. Along with the CRP, the other broadcast
related laws, policies and directives can also become useful in the monitoring
mechanism. To monitor the CRs, it is important to categorize and understand
the functions of CR that they are expected to do. Based on the CR Policy, the
following broad categories of functions can be determined:
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY RA DIO
As per the community radio policy, the total responsibilities and functions
performed by a Community Radio Initiator are about 44. These functions can
be broadly categorized under three major heads
• Compulsory Functions
Regulatory Function
•Roles which must be carried out under policy
Obligatory Function
•Roles which must be carried out under legal, social and moral conditions
Optional Function
•Roles which may be carried out for improved performance, but are not legally bound
Inputs
Station Management Information collectionResponsible Broadcasting
FundsCommunity Participants
Activities
Launch radio campaign to educate community Link service providers with the community
OutputsUpdates of Community
Development
Accessing Government
services
Knowledge about rights
Increased access to services
Increased incomeIncreased quality
of life
Outcome
Improved level of awanress on development issues, rights, and services
Goal
Improve livlihood and quality of life of rural people through knowledge and inforamtion
• Transferred Function
• Optional Functions
1. Compulsory Functions: are the functions that a CR must carry out and
reports to the relevant authority. There are 5 compulsory Functions:
i. Regulatory responsibilities
a. Technical responsibilities
b. Broadcasting responsibility
ii. Operational functions: According to the regulation, CRs
form community committees, hold regular meetings, fix
up rules & regulation and conditions of their roles
iii. Revenue and Administration functions: Help CR to collect
revenue, keep records, collect and maintenance
information. Also help CR employee who is responsible
for the same.
iv. Community Development functions: CRs are responsible
for social, cultural, economic and political development
2. Transferred Functions: are the functions that a CR is given by
authorities on special occasions. These functions become Compulsory
functions when assigned such as broadcasting, relaying or re-
broadcast nationally important and relevant programs of Bangladesh
Betar (Radio) including Special program such as address of the
president, prime minister, special program of national days
celebrations and weather bulletin.
3. Optional Functions: are the functions that are performed by the CR
initiators to improve their operation and achieving the overall goal of
the CR and community development such as broadcasting issues on
children or women issues,
CR MONITORING FRAMEWORK (CRMF) The monitoring and performance framework, performance goals and indicators
of CR programs can be reviewed on the basis of the knowledge and information
demand and supply status of a community or a community radio operation
• Overall ‘knowledge and information’ application area
• Knowledge and information suppliers (CR Initiator),
• Knowledge and information customers (Community)
Each category can be matched with the overall goal that program interventions
are trying to achieve:
• Outreach or scale: number of community people reached
• Access: the effort to provide services to people not served by existing
media;
• Sustainability: CR knowledge and information provider (CR Initiators)
• Efficiency: cost-effectiveness of program activities
• Benefits: Impact on Community
Agreeing on Outcomes to Monitor and
Evaluate
Selecting Key Indicators to
Monitor Outcomes
Baseline Data on Indicators
Planning for Improvement -
Selecting Results Targets
Monitoring for Improvements
The Role of Evaluations
Reporting Findings Using FindingsSustaining the M&E System
Government/
Regulatory
Authorities
CR Initiator Targeted Community
Improved
economic
and social
conditions
Service delivery &
change in
operational
practice
Increase in service
availability and
quality to
beneficiaries
Increase in use and
benefits derived
from the services
received
Improved quality
of life and
livelihood
performance
Program strategies,
rationale, and targets will
be the primary focus
The primary focus will on the
penetration, interventions,
quality of service, outreach,
access, volume of service
Income, employment, satisfaction,
growth of economic ventures,
quality of life, health, education,
etc
Employment, growth of
business, literacy rate,
gender issues, supply
chain, etc
THE DESI GN OF THE COMMUNITY RADIO MONI TORING
SYSTEM The design is the important and critical element in the monitoring mechanism.
The primary design of the community radio is provided by the government in
the community radio guideline. A good monitoring system would have the
following elements:
STEPS OF MONITORING Before establishment of CR station, the initiator or representative of the
community is obliged to apply for license. The eligibility criterion, technical
specification, content selection, priority of content, management process,
operation, program planning and production, quality participation of
community, accountability to the listener, financial management, human
resource management, impact of broadcasting, these are few issues should
prioritized logically. The steps of monitoring will differ from user specific needs.
Initially there are two sets of users. They are demand side users and another is
supply side user. Monitoring steps will be designed for each group and sub-
groups.
THE FIVE-STEP APPROAC H TO M ONITORING AND EVALUATION
The community radio regulator as well as the initiators has to be clear about
what they are trying to achieve and need to develop specific aims and
objectives. This is increasingly important for government, other agencies and
for community people.
There are many approaches to evaluation. The approach this handbook
describes is a model of self-evaluation that recognizes this emphasis on aims
and objectives.
MAIN STAKEHOLDERS IN MONITORING
DEM AND S IDE
1. MoI and three committees
a. National regulatory Committee
b. Technical Sub-committee
c. Central Monitoring Committee
2. Local Police Station
3. CSO/ Community/ NGO
4. Community
SUPPLY S IDE
Demand SideMinistry of Information
National Regulatory Committee
Technical Sub-committee
Central Monitoring Committee
Local Police Station
CSO/ Community/ NGO
Community
Supply Side
CR Management Committee
Local Advisory Committee
CR Station Initiator
1. CR Management Committee
2. Local Advisory Committee
3. CR Station Initiator
CR Management
Committee
Local Advisory
Committee
CR Station
Initiator
Ministry of Information ☑ ☑ ☑
National Regulatory
Committee ☑ ☑ ☑
Technical Sub-committee ☑ ☑ ☑
Central Monitoring Committee ☑ ☑ ☑
Local Police Station ☑ ☑ ☑
CSO/ NGO ☑ ☑ ☑
Community People ☑ ☑ ☑
THE MONITORING CRITERIA The Community Radio Policy of Bangladesh is quite extensive and covers
almost all the issues of technical, administrative, operational aspects of
Community Radio. Although, it may be argued that if such a comprehensive
policy is at all required at the nascent stage, however, the policy can effectively
help shape the growth of community radio in Bangladesh and help achieve the
objectives more effectively and efficiently.
The following monitoring criteria has been developed based on the Community
Radio Policy to effectively understand the
Policy Compliance Compliance Issues Who When Format
Section 5.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Coverage of the Community Radio Station will for a
range of 17 km from its centre.
• Maximum limit for transmitter power could be 100
watts.
• BTRC
• Technical Sub Committee
• Vendor
Quarterly Policy
Section 5.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Keeping the antenna tower’s height from ground
to 32 meters subject to local geological and social
conditions
• Keeping the antenna gain under 6 DB
• BTRC
• Technical Sub Committee
• Vendor
Quarterly Policy
Section 5.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Allocation of Frequency in FM band as per National
Frequency Allocation Plan
• BTRC
• Technical Sub Committee
During
frequency
allocation
National
Frequency
Allocation
Plan
Section 6 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Program broadcast content • Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Quarterly Format-1
Section 7.2.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Promoting equity and social justice with special
priority to the marginalized communities in terms of
their race, caste, religion, physical disability and
gender
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Quarterly Format-1,2
Section 7.2.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Ensuring capacity building for and within the
community through formal and / or informal training
as required
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Quarterly Format
Section 7.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Evaluating (mid-term and at final) CR operation during
the two year pilot phase stage of CR operation
• Central Monitoring Committee Yearly
Demand Side Supply Side
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Non-Transferability of CR license BTRC
Section 7.5 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Sharing of programs among different Community
Radio Station
• Relayed or re-broadcast nationally important and
relevant programs of Bangladesh Betar (Radio)
including Special program such as address of the
president, prime minister, special program of
national days celebrations and weather bulletin
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
Section 7.6 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Program contents of the community radio
broadcast service
• Reflecting the program contents to serve the
special interests of the community
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
Section 7.7 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Ensuring community peoples’ inclusion from the
point of participation, choice and sharing.
• Ensuring the participation of community people in
program planning, implementing, operating and
evaluating
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-2
Section 7.7.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Developing plans to facilitate and promote community
participation
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-2
Section 7.7.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting speeches of government officials at
upazilla level on development issues and policies
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
Section 7.7.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Developing specific program set through community
participation on local information, events and
notifications, local culture, identity, and local language
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
Section 7.7.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Reflecting local culture in program broadcast format,
subject, presentation and language of programs
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
Section 7.8 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting of local development news without
political bias
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
Section 7.9.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting of advertisements/ commercials related
to development services, relevant and limited to the
specified area
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-4
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Ensuring no influence of sponsors on the content or
the style of individual programs or the overall
programming of the Community Radio Station and its
code of conduct
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-4
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Complying the existing government regulations for
commercials
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly
Section 7.10 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Regulating or monitoring the activities of any
community radio station by any Government authority
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly
Section 7.11 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Providing quarterly report to the ministry of
information
• Preservation of records of broadcasted programs
during the piloting phase
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly
Section 7.12 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Inspecting right of the Government or its authorized
representative regarding:
• The broadcast
• Community Radio Station setup facilities
• Collecting information in connection to public and
community interests
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly
Section 7.13 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
The right of the Government to take over the entire
Community Radio Station, service and network
possessed by the licensee or revoke/ terminate/
suspend/ punish the license in the interest of national
security or in the event of national emergency/ war or
low intensity conflict or in any similar type of
situations
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Anytime
Section 7.14 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• The final and conclusiveness of the Government’s
decision.
• The power of the Government to direct the
licensee to broadcast any special message as may
be considered desirable to meet any contingency
arising out of natural emergency, or public interest
or natural disaster and the like
• The obligation of the licensee to comply with such
directions
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Anytime
Section 7.15 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Submitting audited annual accounts and
annual report to the Government
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Yearly
Section 7.16 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Consequences of failing to commission
services within the instructed period
• National Regulatory Committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
Section 7.17 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Initiatives of Government to create a Community
Radio Development Fund as supplement for the
community broadcaster’s own resources, capacity
building, improvement in quality of technology,
research & evaluation purpose, etc
MoI
Section 7.18 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Complying with all conditions decided by BTRC for the
use of frequency and radio equipment
BTRC
Section 7.19 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Non-use of tower by the private telephone operators • Central Monitoring Committee
• BTRC
Section 7.20 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Arranging overall security of the station with armed
Ansars through own funding
• Submitting monthly report to the Government
stating if any anti-state broadcasting have been
carried out by the in-charge of concerned police
station
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.21 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
The rights of the government to modify any rules or
regulations stated in the policy
in support of public welfare or for appropriate
broadcasting or for public security
• National Regulatory Committee
Section 7.22 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
The rights of the Government to revoke the license at
any time in public interest or in case of violation of the
terms and conditions provided
• National Regulatory Committee
Section 8.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Submission of recordings of broadcasted programs of
community radio station to the local authority
prescribed by the Government every month
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly
Section 8.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Formation of a local advisory committee under the
UNO, Officer-In-Charge of local police stations, and
Regional director of local Radio station, Principal of
locally situated education institution
• The monitoring the community radio station
activities on a regular basis by the committee
• Submission a confidential report to the Ministry of
Information every month by the committee.
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Providing suggestions based on the strengths and
weaknesses of the community radio station
broadcasting by the advisory committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Encouraging the participation of upazila level
government officials in the community radio programs
by the advisory committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.5 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Encouragement of producing development
advertisements / government advertisements through
community radio by the advisory committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.6 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Provide necessary counseling service to improve the
quality of programs by the advisory committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.7 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Supervision of the overall operation related to
Community Radio and shall inform the Ministry on a
regular basis
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
5. Local Advisory Committee Policy Compliance Compliance Issues Who When Format
Section 6 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Program broadcast content • Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.2.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Promoting equity and social justice with special
priority to the marginalized communities in terms of
their race, caste, religion, physical disability and
gender
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.2.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Ensuring capacity building for and within the
community through formal and / or informal training
as required
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Evaluating (mid-term and at final) CR operation during
the two year pilot phase stage evaluation of CR
operation
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Non-Transferability of CR license • Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.5 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Sharing of programs among different Community
Radio Station
• Relayed or re-broadcast nationally important and
relevant programs of Bangladesh Betar (Radio)
including Special program such as address of the
president, prime minister, special program of
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
national days celebrations and weather bulletin
Section 7.6 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Program contents of the community radio
broadcast service
• Reflecting the program contents to serve the
special interests of the community
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.7 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Ensuring community peoples’ inclusion from the
point of participation, choice and sharing.
• Ensuring the participation of community people in
program planning, implementing, operating and
evaluating
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.7.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Developing plans to facilitate and promote community
participation
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.7.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting speeches of government officials at
upazilla level on development issues and policies
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.7.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Developing specific program set through community
participation on local information, events and
notifications, local culture, identity, and local language
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.7.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Reflecting local culture in program broadcast format,
subject, presentation and language of programs
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.8 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting of local development news without
political bias
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.9.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting of advertisements/ commercials related
to development services, relevant and limited to the
specified area
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Ensuring no influence of sponsors on the content or
the style of individual programs or the overall
programming of the Community Radio Station and its
code of conduct
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Complying the existing government regulations for
commercials
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.10 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Regulating or monitoring the activities of any
community radio station by any Government authority
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.11 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Providing quarterly report to the ministry of
information
• Preservation of records of broadcasted programs
during the piloting phase
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.12 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Inspecting right of the Government or its authorized
representative regarding:
• The broadcast
• Community Radio Station setup facilities
• Collecting information in connection to public and
community interests
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.13 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
The right of the Government to take over the entire
Community Radio Station
service and network possessed by the licensee or
revoke/ terminate/ suspend/ punish the license in the
interest of national security or in the event of national
emergency/ war or low intensity conflict or in any
similar type of situations
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.14 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• The final and conclusiveness of the Government’s
decision.
• The power of the Government to direct the
licensee to broadcast any special message as may
be considered desirable to meet any contingency
arising out of natural emergency, or public interest
or natural disaster and the like
• The obligation of the licensee to comply with such
directions
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.15 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Submitting audited annual accounts and
annual report to the Government
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.16 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Consequences of failing to commission
services within the instructed period
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.17 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Initiatives of Government to create a Community
Radio Development Fund as
supplement for the community broadcaster’s own
resources, capacity building, improvement in quality
of technology, research & evaluation purpose, etc
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.18 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Complying with all conditions decided by BTRC for the
use of frequency and radio equipment
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.19 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Non-use of tower by the private telephone operators • Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.20 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Arranging overall security of the station with armed
Ansars through own funding
• Submitting monthly report to the Government
stating if any anti-state broadcasting have been
carried out by the in-charge of concerned police
station
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.21 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
The rights of the government to modify any rules or
regulations stated in the policy
in support of public welfare or for appropriate
broadcasting or for public security
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 7.22 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
The rights of the Government to revoke the license at
any time in public interest or in case of violation of the
terms and conditions provided
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Submission of recordings of broadcasted programs of
community radio station to the local authority
prescribed by the
Government every month
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Formation of a local advisory committee under the
UNO, Officer-In-Charge of local police stations, and
Regional director of local Radio station, Principal of
locally situated education institution
• The monitoring the community radio station
activities on a regular basis by the committee
• Submission a confidential report to the Ministry of
Information every month by the committee.
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Providing suggestions based on the strengths and
weaknesses of the community radio station
broadcasting by the advisory committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Encouraging the participation of upazila level
government officials in the community radio programs
by the advisory committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.5 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Encouragement of producing development
advertisements / government advertisements through
community radio by the advisory committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.6 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Provide necessary counseling service to improve the
quality of programs by the advisory committee
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Section 8.7 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Supervision of the overall operation related to
Community Radio and shall inform the Ministry on a
regular basis
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
6. Local Police Station Policy
Compliance
Compliance Issues Who When Format
Section 7.20 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Submitting monthly report to the Government
stating if any anti-state broadcasting have been
carried out by the in-charge of concerned police
station
• Local Police Station
Section 8.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Formation of a local advisory committee under the
UNO, Officer-In-Charge of local police stations, and
Regional director of local Radio station, Principal of
locally situated education institution
• The monitoring the community radio station
activities on a regular basis by the committee
• Submission a confidential report to the Ministry of
Information every month by the committee.
• Local Police Station
Section 8.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Providing suggestions based on the strengths and
weaknesses of the community radio station
broadcasting by the advisory committee
• Local Police Station
Section 8.4 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Encouraging the participation of upazila level
government officials in the community radio programs
by the advisory committee
• Local Police Station
Section 8.5 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Encouragement of producing development
advertisements / government advertisements through
community radio by the advisory committee
• Local Police Station
Section 8.6 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Provide necessary counseling service to improve the
quality of programs by the advisory committee
• Local Police Station
Section 8.7 of
CRIBO Policy
Supervision of the overall operation related to
Community Radio and shall inform the Ministry on a
• Local Police Station
2008 regular basis
SUPPLY S IDE : 7. CR Management Committee
Policy
Compliance
Compliance Issues Who When Format
Section 6 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Program broadcast content • CR Management
Committee
Section 7.2.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Promoting equity and social justice with special
priority to the marginalized communities in terms of
their race, caste, religion, physical disability and
gender
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.2.4 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Ensuring capacity building for and within the
community through formal and / or informal training
as required
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.6 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Program contents of the community radio
broadcast service
• Reflecting the program contents to serve the
special interests of the community
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.7 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Ensuring community peoples’ inclusion from the
point of participation, choice and sharing.
• Ensuring the participation of community people in
program planning, implementing, operating and
evaluating
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.7.1 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Developing plans to facilitate and promote community
participation
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.7.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting speeches of government officials at
upazilla level on development issues and policies
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.7.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Developing specific program set through community
participation on local information, events and
notifications, local culture, identity, and local language
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.7.4 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Reflecting local culture in program broadcast format,
subject, presentation and language of programs
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.8 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting of local development news without
political bias
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.9.1 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting of advertisements/ commercials related
to development services, relevant and limited to the
specified area
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Ensuring no influence of sponsors on the content or
the style of individual programs or the overall
programming of the Community Radio Station and its
code of conduct
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Complying the existing government regulations for
commercials
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.11 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Providing quarterly report to the ministry of
information
• Preservation of records of broadcasted programs
during the piloting phase
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.15 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Submitting audited annual accounts and
annual report to the Government
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.16 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Consequences of failing to commission
services within the instructed period
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.18 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Complying with all conditions decided by BTRC for the
use of frequency and radio equipment
• CR Management
Committee
Section 7.19 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Non-use of tower by the private telephone operators • CR Management
Committee
Section 7.20 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Arranging overall security of the station with armed
Ansers through own funding
• CR Management
Committee
Section 8.1 of Submission of recordings of broadcasted programs of • CR Management
CRIBO Policy
2008
community radio station to the local authority
prescribed by the Government every month
Committee
Section 8.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• The monitoring the community radio station
activities on a regular basis by the committee
• CR Management
Committee
Providing suggestions based on the strengths and
weaknesses of the community radio station
broadcasting to the advisory committee
• CR Management
Committee
Encouraging the participation of upazila level
government officials in the community radio programs
• CR Management
Committee
Encouragement of producing development
advertisements / government advertisements through
community radio
• CR Management
Committee
Provide necessary counseling service to improve the
quality of programs
• CR Management
Committee
Supervision of the overall operation related to
Community Radio
• CR Management
Committee
8. CR Station/Initiator Policy
Compliance
Compliance Issues How When Format
Section 6 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Program broadcast content • CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.2.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Promoting equity and social justice with special
priority to the marginalized communities in terms of
their race, caste, religion, physical disability and
gender
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.2.4 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Ensuring capacity building for and within the
community through formal and / or informal training
as required
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Evaluating (Mid-term and at final) CR operation during
the two year pilot phase stage evaluation of CR
operation
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.4 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Non-Transferability of CR license • CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.5 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Sharing of programs among different Community
Radio Station
• Relayed or re-broadcast nationally important and
relevant programs of Bangladesh Betar (Radio)
including Special program such as address of the
president, prime minister, special program of
national days celebrations and weather bulletin
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.6 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Program contents of the community radio
broadcast service
• Reflecting the program contents to serve the
special interests of the community
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.7 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Ensuring community peoples’ inclusion from the
point of participation, choice and sharing.
• Ensuring the participation of community people in
program planning, implementing, operating and
evaluating
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.7.1 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Developing plans to facilitate and promote community
participation
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.7.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting speeches of government officials at
upazilla level on development issues and policies
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.7.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Developing specific program set through community
participation on local information, events and
notifications, local culture, identity, and local language
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.7.4 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Reflecting local culture in program broadcast format,
subject, presentation and language of programs
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.8 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting of local development news without
political bias
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.9.1 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting of advertisements/ commercials related
to development services, relevant and limited to the
specified area
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Ensuring no influence of sponsors on the content or
the style of individual programs or the overall
programming of the Community Radio Station and its
code of conduct
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Complying the existing government regulations for
commercials
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.11 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Providing quarterly report to the ministry of
information
• Preservation of records of broadcasted programs
during the piloting phase
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.15 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Submitting audited annual accounts and
annual report to the Government
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.16 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Consequences of failing to commission
services within the instructed period
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.18 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Complying with all conditions decided by BTRC for the
use of frequency and radio equipment
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.19 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Non-use of tower by the private telephone operators • CR Station/Initiator
Section 7.20 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Arranging overall security of the station with armed
Ansers through own funding
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 8.1 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Submission of recordings of broadcasted programs of
community radio station to the local authority
prescribed by the Government every month
• CR Station/Initiator
Section 8.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Formation of a local advisory committee under the
UNO, Officer-In-Charge of local police stations, and
Regional director of local Radio station, Principal of
locally situated education institution
• CR Station/Initiator
Providing suggestions based on the strengths and
weaknesses of the community radio station
broadcasting to the advisory committee
• CR Station/Initiator
9. CSO/Community/NGO, Listeners Club Policy
Compliance
Compliance Issues Who When Format
Section 6 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Program broadcast content • CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.2.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Promoting equity and social justice with special
priority to the marginalized communities in terms of
their race, caste, religion, physical disability and
gender
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.2.4 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Ensuring capacity building for and within the
community through formal and / or informal training
as required
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Evaluating (Mid-term and at final) CR operation during
the two year pilot phase stage evaluation of CR
operation
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.6 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Program contents of the community radio
broadcast service
• Reflecting the program contents to serve the
special interests of the community
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.7 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
• Ensuring community peoples’ inclusion from the
point of participation, choice and sharing.
• Ensuring the participation of community people in
program planning, implementing, operating and
evaluating
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.7.1 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Developing plans to facilitate and promote community
participation
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.7.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting speeches of government officials at
upazilla level on development issues and policies
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.7.3 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Developing specific program set through community
participation on local information, events and
notifications, local culture, identity, and local language
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.7.4 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Reflecting local culture in program broadcast format,
subject, presentation and language of programs
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.8 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting of local development news without
political bias
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.9.1 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Broadcasting of advertisements/ commercials related
to development services, relevant and limited to the
specified area
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy
2008
Ensuring no influence of sponsors on the content or
the style of individual programs or the overall
programming of the Community Radio Station and its
code of conduct
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Providing suggestions based on the needs and
expectations of the local community for program
broadcasting
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Encouraging the participation of civil society in the
community radio programs
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
Encouraging of producing development public service
announcements through community radio by the
advisory committee
• CSO/Community/NGO,
Listeners Club
CONCLUSIONS
APPLICATIONS OF M&E The M&E systems can be used to monitor and evaluate at all levels of
intervention as well as at operational, management and policy levels. The
required information and data can be collected and analyzed at any and all
levels to provide feedback at many points in time. The information can be used
to better inform key regulators, decision-makers, the general public, the
initiators, and other stakeholders.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL APPLIC ATIONS
M&E can also be conducted at local, regional, and national levels. So whether
one thinks of M&E in relation to levels of administrative complexity (project to
program to policy) or geographically, the applications are evident - though they
need not be identical. Again, the specific indicators may necessarily be
different, as the stakeholders’ needs for information will also be different for
each level of government and civil society.
KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL
Good M&E systems are a source of knowledge capital. They enable
governments and other organizations to develop a knowledge base of the
types of projects, programs, and policies that are successful, and, more
generally, what works, what does not, and why. M&E systems provide
continuous feedback in the management process of monitoring and evaluating
progress toward a given goal. In this context, they promote organizational
learning.
TRANSPARENC Y AND AC C OUNTABILITY
M&E systems aid in promoting greater transparency and accountability within
implementing organizations, governments and the community in general.
External and internal stakeholders can have a clearer sense of the status of
intervention, projects, programs, and policies. The ability to demonstrate
positive results can also help garner greater political and popular community
support.
CHALLENGES M&E systems can be built on a number of models; however, generally what are
often missed are the complexities of the wider context. The design, creation,
and use of M&E systems generally place too little emphasis on existing political,
organizational, cultural and often technological factors and contexts. The
tendency is to start by jumping straight into building a M&E system - without
even knowing where a given situation stands in relation to a number of critical
factors, including organizational roles, responsibilities, and capabilities;
incentives and demands for such a system; ability of an organization to sustain
systems; and so forth.
THREE MAIN PARTS OF THE READINESS
1. I NC E NT I V E S A ND D E M A ND S F O R D E S I G NI N G A ND B U I L D I N G
M&E S Y S T E M
It is important to determine whether incentives exist - political,
institutional, or personal - before beginning to design and build M&E
system. The demand would dictate the design of the monitoring system
The following can identify the demand and the related incentives for
designing the monitoring:
1. What is driving the need for building the M&E system - legislative
or legal requirements, citizen demand, donor requirements
(National Development Plan, National Poverty Reduction Strategy,
MDG, or others?
2. Who are the designers and users of the system - government,
parliament, civil society, donors, others?
3. What is motivating the designers to build the system - a political
reform agenda, pressures from donors, a personal political
agenda, or political directive?
4. Who will benefit from the system - politicians, administrators, civil
society, donors, citizens?
5. Who will not benefit from building the system - politicians,
administrators, civil society, donors, citizens? Are there counter-
reformers inside or outside the system?
2. R O L E S A N D R E S P O NS I BI L I T I E S A N D E XI S T I N G S T R U C T U R E S
F O R AS S E S S I N G
Performance of Community Radio
The readiness assessment will enable one to gauge the roles and
responsibilities and existing structures available to monitor and
evaluate development goals.
• What are the roles of central and line ministries in assessing
performance?
• What is the role of parliament?
• What is the role of the regulatory agency?
• Do ministries and agencies share information with one another?
• Is there a political agenda behind the data produced?
• What is the role of civil society?
• Who in the country produces data?
- At the national government level, including central
ministries, line ministries, specialized units or offices,
including the national audit office
- At the sub-national or regional government level,
including provincial central and line ministries, local
government, NGOs, donors, and others
• Where in the government are data used?
- Budget preparation
- Resource allocation
- Program policymaking
- Legislation and accountability to parliament
- Planning
- Fiscal management
- Evaluation and oversight.
3. CA P A C I T Y B U I L D I N G R E Q U I R E M E NT S F O R T H E S Y S T E M
The readiness assessment generally reviews of the current capacity to
monitor and evaluate along the following dimensions:
• Technical skills
• Managerial skills
• Existence and quality of data systems
• Available technology
• Available fiscal resources
• Institutional experience
This is an important part of the assessment in emerging intervention,
because it can help identify any gaps in capacity needed to build and
sustain the monitoring systems.
Such an assessment can direct one to examine existing or possible
barriers to building the monitoring system, including a lack of fiscal
resources, political will, political champion, expertise, strategy, or prior
experience.
A number of key questions can be considered in this regard:
• What are the skills of oversight and monitoring committees in the
local and national level in each of the following areas:
- Community Radio project and program management
- Monitoring data analysis
- Community Radio goal establishment
- Monitoring budget management
- Community Radio performance monitoring and
evaluation?
• Is there any technical assistance, capacity building, or training,
orientation in community radio and monitoring and evaluation
provided at any level (national, regional, or local)?
• Who can provided this help and under what framework or reform
process?
• Are there any organizations that have been identified to provide
such technical assistance and training orientation for committee
members and others in performance-based monitoring and
evaluation particularly for community radio?
Now we will build on this material and explore the eight key areas covered by a
readiness assessment in more detail.
RECOMMENDATION
SAMPLE CODE OF CONDUCT
Internal Operational Plan/List of Document for CR station:
• Advertisement policy
• Gender policy
• HR policy
• Financial policy
• Editorial guideline
• Archiving policy
• Green policy
• Business plan
• Strategic plan (short and long)
• Flow-chart (compliance)
• Feedback
• Baseline before starting CR station, community participation, PR
policy, etc
ANNEX
MONITORING FORMATS
Section 6 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Program broadcast content • Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Quarterly Format-1
• Date and Time:
• Name of the Program:
• Duration : � 5 minutes � 10 minutes � 15 minutes � 20 minutes
� 25 minutes � 30 minutes � Others:
• Program Format: � Interview � Group Discussion � Report � Drama
� Song � Others:
• Topics and Key issues: � Education � Health � Agriculture � Business
� Youth Development � Children � Disability
• Objective of the program:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Presenter/Speaker/Participants:
• Language/dialect:
• Program Producer:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
Section 7.2.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Promoting equity and social justice with special
priority to the marginalized communities in terms of
their race, caste, religion, physical disability and
gender
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Quarterly Format-1,2
• Date and Time:
• Name of the Program:
• Duration : � 5 minutes � 10 minutes � 15 minutes � 20 minutes
� 25 minutes � 30 minutes � Others:
• Program Format: � Interview � Group Discussion � Report � Drama
� Song � Others:
• Topics and Key issues: � Education � Health � Agriculture � Business
� Youth Development � Children � Disability
• Objective of the program:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Presenter/Speaker/Participants:
• Language/dialect:
• Program Producer:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
• Program Consultation with community: Date:
Participants:
Demography:
• Program Planning and Evaluation meeting with community participation
Date and Time:
• List of Participants:
Section 7.2.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Ensuring capacity building for and within the
community through formal and / or informal training
as required
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Quarterly Format
• Orientation and capacity building program:
• Date and Time:
• List of Participants:
• Venue:
• Resource Persons:
Section 7.5 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Sharing of programs among different Community
Radio Station
• Relayed or re-broadcast nationally important and
relevant programs of Bangladesh Betar (Radio)
including Special program such as address of the
president, prime minister, special program of
national days celebrations and weather bulletin
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
• Date and Time:
• Name of the Program:
• Duration : � 5 minutes � 10 minutes � 15 minutes � 20 minutes
� 25 minutes � 30 minutes � Others:
• Program Format: � Interview � Group Discussion � Report � Drama
� Song � Others:
• Topics and Key issues: � Education � Health � Agriculture � Business
� Youth Development � Children � Disability
• Objective of the program:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Presenter/Speaker/Participants:
• Language/dialect:
• Program Producer:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
• Program Consultation with community: Date:
Participants:
Demography:
• Program Planning and Evaluation meeting with community participation
Date and Time:
• List of Participants:
Section 7.6 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Program contents of the community radio
broadcast service
• Reflecting the program contents to serve the
special interests of the community
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
• Date and Time:
• Name of the Program:
• Duration : � 5 minutes � 10 minutes � 15 minutes � 20 minutes
� 25 minutes � 30 minutes � Others:
• Program Format: � Interview � Group Discussion � Report � Drama
� Song � Others:
• Topics and Key issues: � Education � Health � Agriculture � Business
� Youth Development � Children � Disability
• Objective of the program:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Presenter/Speaker/Participants:
• Language/dialect:
• Program Producer:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
• Program Consultation with community: Date:
Participants:
Demography:
Section 7.7 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
• Ensuring community peoples’ inclusion from the
point of participation, choice and sharing.
• Ensuring the participation of community people in
program planning, implementing, operating and
evaluating
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-2
• Program Consultation with community: Date:
Participants:
Demography:
• Program Planning and Evaluation meeting with community participation
Date and Time:
• List of Participants:
Section 7.7.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Developing plans to facilitate and promote
community participation
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-2
• Program Consultation with community: Date:
Participants:
Demography:
• Program Planning and Evaluation meeting with community participation
Date and Time:
• List of Participants:
Section 7.7.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting speeches of government officials at
upazilla level on development issues and policies
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
• Date and Time:
• Name of the Program:
• Duration : � 5 minutes � 10 minutes � 15 minutes � 20 minutes
� 25 minutes � 30 minutes � Others:
• Program Format: � Interview � Group Discussion � Report � Drama
� Song � Others:
• Topics and Key issues: � Education � Health � Agriculture � Business
� Youth Development � Children � Disability
• Objective of the program:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Presenter/Speaker/Participants:
• Language/dialect:
• Program Producer:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
Section 7.7.3 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Developing specific program set through community
participation on local information, events and
notifications, local culture, identity, and local
language
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
• Date and Time:
• Name of the Program:
• Duration : � 5 minutes � 10 minutes � 15 minutes � 20 minutes
� 25 minutes � 30 minutes � Others:
• Program Format: � Interview � Group Discussion � Report � Drama
� Song � Others:
• Topics and Key issues: � Education � Health � Agriculture � Business
� Youth Development � Children � Disability
• Objective of the program:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Presenter/Speaker/Participants:
• Language/dialect:
• Program Producer:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
• Program Consultation with community: Date:
Participants:
Demography:
• Program Planning and Evaluation meeting with community participation
Date and Time:
• List of Participants:
Section 7.7.4 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Reflecting local culture in program broadcast format,
subject, presentation and language of programs
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
• Date and Time:
• Name of the Program:
• Duration : � 5 minutes � 10 minutes � 15 minutes � 20 minutes
� 25 minutes � 30 minutes � Others:
• Program Format: � Interview � Group Discussion � Report � Drama
� Song � Others:
• Topics and Key issues: � Education � Health � Agriculture � Business
� Youth Development � Children � Disability
• Objective of the program:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Presenter/Speaker/Participants:
• Language/dialect:
• Program Producer:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
Section 7.8 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting of local development news without
political bias
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-1
• Date and Time:
• News collection by:
• News Headlines:
• News Editor:
Section 7.9.1 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Broadcasting of advertisements/ commercials
related to development services, relevant and
limited to the specified area
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-4
• Date and Time:
• Name of Advertisement:
• Duration : � 1 minute � 2 minutes � 3 minutes � 4 minutes
� 5 minutes � 10 minutes � Others:
• Product/Services: � FMG � Agro � Health Care � Food
� Home Care � Others:
• Key Message:
• Objective of the Advertisement:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Origin of Company:
• Origin of Product:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
Section 7.9.2 of
CRIBO Policy 2008
Ensuring no influence of sponsors on the content or
the style of individual programs or the overall
programming of the Community Radio Station and its
• Central Monitoring Committee
• Advisory Committee
Monthly Format-4
code of conduct
• Date and Time:
• Name of the Program:
• Duration : � 5 minutes � 10 minutes � 15 minutes � 20 minutes
� 25 minutes � 30 minutes � Others:
• Program Format: � Interview � Group Discussion � Report � Drama
� Song � Others:
• Topics and Key issues: � Education � Health � Agriculture � Business
� Youth Development � Children � Disability
• Objective of the program:
• Target Audience: � Youth � Women � Entrepreneurs � Government
� Local Authorities � Community Leaders � Marginalized
� Disable � Minority
• Presenter/Speaker/Participants:
• Language/dialect:
• Program Producer:
• Program Sponsor:
• Program Ownership: � own � Government � Others
• Name of Advertisement:
• Duration : � 1 minute � 2 minutes � 3 minutes � 4 minutes
� 5 minutes � 10 minutes � Others:
• Product/Services: � FMG � Agro � Health Care � Food
� Home Care � Others:
• Key Message:
• Objective of the Advertisement:
• Origin of Company:
• Origin of Product:
MEDIA CODE OF CONDUCT
The following are principles of ethical behaviour for the media, based on the
Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists10
, the Associated Press
Managing Editors’ Statement of Ethical Principles11
and Gannett Newspaper
Division’s Principles of Ethical Conduct for Newsrooms12
. [3]
Report the truth
• Be a watchdog of the political and electoral process.
• Ensure accurate, balanced and impartial coverage of the news. Make
sure the news content is substantiated, accurate, complete and in
context.
• Do not make assumptions. Check facts, and make a good-faith effort
before publication to get comments from the persons or organizations
involved.
• Seek solutions along with exposing problems and corruption.
• Use neutral words to ensure impartial, dispassionate reporting. Be
careful with technical terms, statistics, estimates and election results.
Be careful with headlines and make sure they reflect the facts of the
story.
• Avoid inflaming emotions over controversial issues.
• Label opinions and personal interpretations as such, and limit opinions
and editorials to the editorial pages.
• Label advertising clearly so it is not confused with the news.
• Be honest and fair in the way the news is gathered, reported and
presented. Do not lie or fabricate. Do not pretend to be a police
officer, public official or anyone other than a journalist in pursuing a
story. Do not plagiarize. Do not alter photographs or graphics to
mislead the public.
Minimize harm
• Be transparent and honest with the reader.
• Act honourably and ethically in dealing with news sources, the public
and colleagues.
• Do not expose the private life of a private citizen without reason.
• Be sensitive when interviewing, and recognize that gathering news can
cause harm or discomfort.
• Respect the rights of persons involved in the news. Observe common
standards of decency, and treat people with dignity, respect and
compassion.
• Balance the right of an accused person to a fair trial with the public’s
right to know.
Act independently
10 Society of Professional Journalists, Code of Ethics for Journalists, 1996
11 Associated Press Managing Editors, Statement of Ethical Principles, 1994
12 Gannett Newspaper Division, Principles of Ethical Conduct for Newsrooms, 1999
• Avoid conflict of interest by refusing to accept gifts, favours or other
benefits from anyone being covered in an article or from newsmakers,
politicians or other journalists.
• Avoid being influenced by advertisers on the content of your
reporting.
• Do not give favourable rates to one political advertiser and not others.
• Do not give money for sources or stories.
Be accountable
• Be accountable to the public for the fairness and accuracy of what you
write.
• Honour pledges of confidentiality to a news source; otherwise, identify
sources.
• Be accountable for how you behave and collect news. Obey the laws
and the standards of ethical journalism.
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