colonization to reconstruction: early u.s. history review

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The First Humans in North America?

Came here how? And When?10,000 B.C.E.

Who was the first white man to set foot on this soil?

LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

LAND BRIDGE

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AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO THE SPICES AND RICHES

OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL COUNTRIES

DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

CONTROLLED THE TRADE ROUTES AND PRICES.

SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND

THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE

OCEAN.

SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT

How to get from Europe to Asia quickly?

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REASONS FOR

EUROPEAN EXPANSION

MOREWEALTH

SPREADCHRISTIANITY

MORE TERRIT

ORY

EXPANDTRADE

EXPLORE THE

WORLD

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NEW TECHNOLOGY: COMPASS

GLOBERUDDER

IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGNQUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE

LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES

MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO

WHAT CHANGED?

1543 GLOBE

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SPANISH EXPLORATION

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR,

CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE

RICHES OF ASIA.THE PORTUGUESE HAD

SAILED THE ROUTE AROUND AFRICA AND

THEREFORE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE.

AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE

THE AMERICAS.

Columbus’s Arrival

• 1492• Landed on an island in the Carribean.• Thought he was in India• Called the people Indios• Claimed the island he Landed on and named itSan Salvador-Died thinking he had foundIndia 7

His impact on natives:

• Enslaved them• Disease (mumps, measles, chicken pox,

small pox, typhus)• His presence led to the downfall of many

tribes

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Columbus’s Impact on Africans?

• Loss of native work force led to settlers bringing in Africans to help

• Led to slavery and 10 millions slaves being brought over.

• Civil War

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His Impact on Europeans?

• Started mass migrations• Started Columbian Exchange

– Transfer of goods between Europe and the Americas

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EUROPE RECEIVED

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

AMERICAS RECEIVED

FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES,

PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE,

TOBACCO

FOODSUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS

FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY,

OATS, WINE GRAPES

ANIMALSTURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS,

RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS

ANIMALSHORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS,

COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN

DISEASESSYPHILIS

DISEASESSMALLPOX, MEASLES,

INFLUENZA

RELIGIONCHRISTIANITY

WEAPONS AND TOOLSGUNS AND IRON TOOLS

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SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS

HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO

FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU

THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS

Why were Spanish unstoppable?

• Guns• Germs (killed as many as 90% of people)• Steel• Horses• Had only 508 men, 16 horses, and 10

cannons• How then were they able to take Mexico?

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• Why do some cultures think they have the right to take another’s land and goods?

• Give examples in last 100 years• Will it ever stop?

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SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF

NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO

STAKE A CLAIM.

Spain in the SW

• Move into NM and claim it (not for gold but for Christianity)

• Open Missions all over • Goal was to convert natives to Christianity

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THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY

Jamestown 16071st permanent settlement in U.S.

Captain John Smith and Pocohontas

John Smith’s Mistakes

• Built town on a swamp• No women• No food• Bad water• Unlike Spanish there policy was total

defeat of natives• How was it saved?

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ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS

TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE

LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERSRELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS

LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH

HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO successful?

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The First!!!!!!!!!!THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK

IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620Thanksgiving

Understand why they left Europe?

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THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE

CHURCH OF ENGLAND (RATHER THAN SEPARATE LIKE THE PILGRIMS) TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD”

*knew they could be punished severely for thisWith the help of Puritans the New England Colonies were

formed: Mass, New Hampshire, Conn, Rhode Island

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RELIGION WAS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE CREATION OF THE NEW ENGLAND

COLONIES

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RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE THE MOST POWERFUL COMMUNITY FIGURES AND THEY WORKED CLOSELY WITH COMMUNITY ELECTED MEMBERS TO REGULATE ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE IN NEW ENGLANDINTOLERANT OF DIFFERING RELIGIOUS VIEWSSTRESSED EDUCATION AND LITERACY AS EVERYONE NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO READ THE BIBLE

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN NEW ENGLAND

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NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT

LONG, COLD WINTERS AS WELL AS MOUNTAINS DID NOT ALLOW FOR LARGE-SCALE FARMING

MOST SETTLERS CAME FROM ENGLAND MAIN INDUSTRIES WERE LUMBERING,

SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, IRON WORKS, AND WOOL PRODUCTION

MOST VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE NEAR HARBORS

OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHERN COLONIES

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KING CHARLES II GAVE AWAY THE MIDDLE COLONIES AS GIFTS TO FAMILY AND FRIENDS

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KING CHARLES II GRANTED NEW YORK TO HIS BROTHER JAMES AND

NEW JERSEY TO 2 NOBLEMEN WHO NAMED

IT AFTER THE ISLE OF JERSEY IN THE ENGLISH

CHANNEL.

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PENNSYLVANIA (PART OF WHICH LATER BECAME DELAWARE) WAS GRANTED TO

WILLIAM PENN TO PAY A DEBT TO HIS FATHER

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NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE

ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER

BUSY SHIPPING PORTSLUSH FARMLAND LED TO GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION LIKE WHEAT AND RYE, BEEF AND PORKCOTTAGE INDUSTRIES WERE WEAVING, SHOEMAKING,

CABINET MAKING, AND OTHER ARTISAN CRAFTS

OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES

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LARGE SCALE FARMING DOMINATED THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

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SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS

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EUROPEANS, IN THEIR PUSH FOR WEALTH, FORCED NATIVE AMERICANS TO WORK AS SLAVES IN MINES AND IN SUGAR CANE FIELDSAS THE NATIVE POPULATION FLED AND DIED FROM DISEASES THE SPANIARDS LOOKED TO AFRICA AS A LABOR SOURCESLAVES WERE TAKEN FIRST TO THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA EVENTUALLY SLAVERY WAS BROUGHT TO NORTH AMERICA

AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS

TALLY SHEET FROM AN ACTUAL CARGO OF

SLAVES

MAP OF THE REGION IN AFRICA WHERE MOST PEOPLE WERE TAKEN

FROM

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AFRICANS CRAMMED

ONTO A SHIP FOR

TRANSPORT TO BECOME

SLAVES

The Middle Passage

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MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA

THE ECONOMY WAS BASED ON THE LARGE SCALE CASH CROPS OF TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO

CLASS DIVISION BETWEEN VERY WEALTHY AND POOR

RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR

OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

Took 125 years to found 13 colonies

• They existed primarily to benefit England• A lot of materials were exported to Europe

from the Colonies.

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