cognitive psychology review questions. chapter 1: introduction and methods what is cognitive...

Cognitive Psychology

Review Questions

Chapter 1: Introduction and Methods

What is cognitive psychology? Describe an example of a phenomena that would interest cognitive psychology researchers.

Be able to explain the major difference between introspection and behaviorism, and know the main points of each.

What are some of the major chronological events that marked the “Cognitive Revolution?”

Briefly describe the experimental method. Illustrate using an example from class.

Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience

The fact that some people can have damaged Long Term Memory while retaining Short Term Memory and others can damage Short Term Memory while their Long Term Memory remains intact demonstrates…A. Single dissociation

B.Prospagnosia

C.Subtraction method

D. Double dissociation

E.Dichotic recognition

Name 2 out of the 4 main lobes of the brain and their function.

Name 2 instruments that are used in brain imaging.

How does Positron Emission Tomography collect brain images?

What is the thick outer layer of the brain that is responsible for high level functioning called?A. Corpus callosum

B. Thalamus

C. Cerebral cortex

D. Hippocampus

E. Cerebellum

1) List the processes used to measure mental processes and explain:

1. The job of the left hemisphere includes:

A) Visual skills

B) Nonverbal perception

C) Verbal processing

D) Spatial Orientation

2. Which is not a function of the Temporal Lobe?

A) Touch

B) Hearing

C) Language

D) Memory

3. What is the Principle of Contralaterality?

Chapter 3: Perception

True or False: Perception is how we recognize, organize, synthesize, and give meaning to the sensations we receive from the environment.

Explain the difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing.What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up processing?

1. Viewers tend to see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation is the definition of which Gestalt Principle?

a) proximity

b) similarity

c) continuity

d) common region

Chapter 4: Attention

What is attention and what are two basic types of attention?

What phenomenon is demonstrated when an individual takes longer to name a color with the name printed in an incompatible color?A. Stroop effectB. Broadbent’s filter modelC. Treisman’s attenuation modelD. Posner’s spotlight theoryE. Donder’s mental chronometry

2: Which of the following is TRUE for the automatic processes of attention?

a) interferes with other mental activities (consumes resources)

b) do not give rise to conscious awareness

c) occur with interaction

d) all of the above

True or False - When completing a dichotic listening and shadowing task it was found that participants are good at shadowing the attended ear, or attended text, but were not able to extract meaning from the unattended ear or text.

1. Explain the automaticity versus controlled processes dichotomy.

2. True or False: According to Triesman, the two main levels of visual processing are preattentive and postattentive.

3. What is (are) a consequence(s) of not attending?

A. Inattentional BlindnessB. Change BlindnessC. Illusionary ConjunctionsD. A &B E. All of the Above

1.) The ability to pay attention to one message and ignore all other messages is called _______?

2.) What happens with automatic processing?

a.) it happens with out intention

b.) it uses few cognitive resources

c.) none of the above

d.) all of the above

3.) Consistent mapping is:

a.) controlled processing

b.) difficult in the beginning

c.) easy in the beginning

d.) always difficult

Chapter 5: Working Memory6. Which is the correct series of events for

Traditional Models of memory as depicted by Atkinson and Shiffrin?

a. Focus of attention, active memory, long term memory

b. central executive, phonological loop, visualspatial sketchpad

c. stimulus, active memory, encoding, long term memory

d. stimulus, sensory registers, short term memory, long term memory

Chapter 5: Working Memory

1.) Which of the following is not part of the memory process?

a.) retrieval

b.) encoding

c.) storage

d.) decoding

1.) What are three aspects of memory systems?

2.) Which of the following is not part of Atkinson & Shiffrin's Modal Model of memory?

a.) working memory

b.) short term memory

c.) attention

d.) long term memory

2.) What are three components of the working memory model?

3.) Which of the following is not a component of Baddeley's Working Memory Model?

a.) phonological loop

b.) visuospatial sketchpad

c.) central executive

d.) all are part of the model

5. Which level of memory is the first "stop" in Cowan's Model of working memory?

a. Focus of attention

b. Active attention

c. Long term memory

d. Central executive

Chapter 6: Memory

Provide a brief definition of Implicit Memory, and two examples of this memory process.

Chapter 6: Memory

Long term memory is made up of implicit and explicit memories. What are these types of memories?

Chapter 6: Memory

What are three memory strategies?

Chapter 6: Memory

How can you improve you memory?

Chapter 7: Memory Errors

What is false memory? What commonly causes a false memory to occur?

What is false memory? How is it studied in the lab? Summarize the basic findings.

Chapter 7: Memory Errors

What are schemas? How do they affect attention and memory? Illustrate using an example we discussed in class.

Chapter 8: Categorization

3) What are three theoretical approaches to categorization?

3) Briefly describe semantic networks, spreading activation, and the fan effect.

3) What are the three levels in the vertical hierarchy of categories? Explain each level.

4) What is a prototype? How did Rosch think about basic level, superordinate, and subordinate categories? Illustrate with concrete examples.

Chapter 9: Visual Imagery

1. Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input is ?????.

a. visual imagery

b. mental imagery

c. spatial representation

d. propositional representation

What is the dual-coding theory?

1. What kind of coding would be best used to answer this question: Do cats like yarn?

A. Analogue Coding

B. Symbolic Coding

C. Perceptual Coding

D. Sensorimotor Coding

3. Imagery can be representations (in absence of current sensory data) of

________________________.

A. seeing

B. hearing

C. smelling

D. all of the above

True/False: The functional equivalence model explains the images work the same way memory does.

2. Explain the difference between analogue and symbolic coding.

2. Katie was asked to imagine that she was walking toward the mall. The task she was doing is called:

a.) imagery task

b.) spatial recognition task

c.) mental walk task

d.) perception task

2.) Dual-coding theory involves two systems, one for verbal stimuli and one for non verbal stimuli. How do the two systems communicate?

a.) Through verbal and visual representations

b.) Through hand eye coordination

c.) through multiple systems joining together

d.) none of the above

3.) ______ is responsible for conscious experience of images.

a.) inner scribe

b.) visual buffer

c.) short term memory

d.) both b and c

4.) How can visualization help us on exams?

a.) by pairing objects interacting

b.) forming connections with other information

c.) all of the above

d.) it can not help us

Chapter 10: Language

What factors help children recognize the referent of a word?A. Perceptual features of objects

B. Principle of mutual exclusivity

C. Joint focus of attention

D. A & C

E. All of the above

3. Describe the six properties of Language.

3. What are the four components of language?

4. Define and explain the components of language.

1. Which of the following are considered components of language

a.syntax

b. phonology

c.inference

d. a & b only

e.all of the above

1. The component of language referred to as Pragmatics is:

A) rules governing how words are arranged into sentences

B) the meaning of words or word combinations

C) the structure and sequencing of speech sounds

D) rules determining how to engage in communication with others

1. If a child was presented with an unfamilar word and an unfamilar object, they would most likely pair them based on the idea of ______?

a. Joint Focus of Attention

b. Perceptual features of objects

c. Principle of mutual exclusivity

d. Syntactic bootstrapping

1. What is aphasia, where is it found, and what difficulties come from this problem? What is the difference between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?

1. Broca's asphasia is when a patient has.... a. Left frontal lobe damage causing good language

comprehension, but poor production. b. Left frontal lobe damage causing good language

production, but poor comprehension. c. Left temporal lobe damage causing good

language comprehension, but poor production. d. Left temporal lobe damage causing good

language production, but poor comprehension.

2.) Using an object's shape to extend its label to other examples is __________.

a.) shape schema

b.) object assumption

c.) shape bias

d.) object repetition

3.) Syntactic bootstrapping is used to observe...

a.) how words are used in sentences

b.) how many words are in a child's vocabulary

c.) how a child uses pronouns

d.) how a child analyzes your tone of voice

4.) The principle of mutual exclusivity assumes that words refer to___________.

a.) similar categories

b.) separate categories

c.) broader, more specific categories

d.) narrower, more defined categories

1. Within learning words how do we use syntactic bootstrapping?

2. Why is it hard to understand and follow another language when we have no or little previous expose to it? (Speech perception)

2. Explain speech segmentation.

3. As we have learned, Eskimos have no special word for snow, what hypothesis does this prove false?

3. Is it easier to discriminate between two stimuli in the same category or in two different categories?

5.) A disorder where patients with damage to the left frontal lobe show relatively good language comprehension, but disrupted production is called ___________.

a.) Wernicke's aphasia b.) Broca's aphasia c.) Chomsky's aphasia d.) unilateral aphasia

5.) What are the major stages of language development?

Chapter 11: Problem Solving

Why are we not naturally good at fully understanding the context of analogies?

True or False - People in general are not very good at using analogies because they are not able to notice the similarity between the problems. They are too focused on the superficial aspects of the analogy.

What was the purpose of the Tower of Hanoi?

T/F: Algorithms are approaches to problem solving that do not guarantee a correct answer.

True or False - Heuristics are informal strategies or approaches used to solve a problem and always guarantee the correct answer.

What is means-end analysis?

2. Which is not a step in the Means-End Analysis?

A) Setting up of a goal or subgoal

B) Try more than one method

C) Apply an operator

D) Look for differences between the current state and goal/subgoal

1.) Chase & Simon investigate differences in problem solving techniques & found:

a.) Experts and novices performed equally well when the chess game pieces were in position.

b.) Novices performed better when the game pieces were scrambled.

c.) Novices performed better when the game pieces were in position.

d.) Experts and novices performed equally well when the pieces were scrambled.

1. Which is false as to why experts are superior to novices at problem solving in their domain of expertise?

a) they have a superior knowledge base

b) have an effective use of top-down processing

c) focus on underlying similarity rather than surface similarity

d) none of the above

1. Describe the three states of a problem.

6. What is the difference between initial state, intermediate state and goal state?

7. What is it called when a person inhibits uses for objects because of the predispositional use for that object?

8.Gestalt thinkers believe we use two applications when problem solving, what are these?

1. Name and describe two factors that influence problem solving.

1. ????? thinking is open-ended and for which there are a large number of potential “solutions” and no “correct” answer.

a. convergentb. preservationc. divergentd. none of the above

9. What is another name for a open ended problem which has a large number of potential solutions?

10. How do people use convergent thinking?

Chapter 12: Decision Making

The fact that green M&M’s can not be more likely than plain M&M’s to be picked out of a bag of mixed candy reflects what concept?A. Gambler’s fallacyB. Availability heuristicC. Illusory covariationD. Base rate neglectE. Confirmation bias

1. When someone bases their own judgments of the frequency of events on what events come to mind they are using which of the following:

a. representativeness heuristicb. availability heuristicc. inductive reasoning d. deductive reasoning

1. What is the relation between anchoring and adjustment?

1. Definition of sunk cost effect:

1. What are the two types of framing?

3. Which model is how people ACTUALLY make decisions?

a. Normative Model

b. Practical Model

c. Descriptive Model

d. Real Model

3. What is the difference between normative and descriptive decision making models?

4. Maria is a bubbly, spirited woman who loves children and helping others. She is more likely to be a kindergarten teacher versus a lawyer based on what principle?

a. Availability

b. Anchoring and adjustment

c. Representativeness

d. all of the above

What is the difference between normative and descriptive decision making?

1.) True or False: Deductive reasoning is when we arrive at a conclusion which is probably true based on evidence.

2.) If a syllogism's conclusion is true or agrees with a person's belief this increases the likelihood that the syllogism will be judged as valid. This is an example of ___.

a.) atmosphere effect b.) invalid syllogism c.) belief basis d.) valid syllogism

3.) "if f then e" is an example of _____.

a.) consequent

b.) antecedent

c.) falsification principle

d.) none of the above

1) What are the three errors people make in decision making? Define these errors.

Cognitive Development

What is the developmental order of spatial attention according to Newcombe and Learmonth’s article?

1. Response learning--dead reckoning--using landmarks

2. Response learning--using landmarks--dead reckoning

3. Cue learning--using landmarks--response learning

4. Dead reckoning--cue learning--using landmarks

5. Using landmarks--dead reckoning--cue learning

3. Out of the four types of coding identified by Newcombe et al. (1999), describe two of them (Cue learning, response learning/sensorimotor coding, place learning, dead reckoning/inertial navigation)

Which of these would NOT be an example of Piaget’s Schemes as we learned in class?A) Sucking

Dropping

Sleeping

Banging

True of False: Piaget completely changed the way we think about adults and the elderly.

True or False - Piaget's third stage of cognitive development is the sensorimotor stage which is the stage in which infants understand the world around them through actions.

What are the four steps of cognitive development?

1. What is the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A. Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Formal Operational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage

B. Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage,Formal Operational Stage

C. Preoperational Stage, Formal Operational Stage, Sensorimotor Stage, Concrete Operational Stage

D. Formal Operational Stage, Preoperational Stage,Concrete Operational Stage, Sensorimotor Stage

2. According to Piaget, infants/children pass (are sucessfully correct) the "conservation tasks" at what stage?

A. Formal Operational Stage

B. Preoperational Stage

C. Sensorimotor Stage

D. Concrete Operational Stage*

Describe the A - not B error.

1. If a child in the preoperational stage lacks hierarchical classification then how would he or she respond to the following problem? If you are given 7 blue beads and 3 white beads, are there more beads or more blue beads? (The child would be able to see and count the beads in an actual experiment.)

a) more beadsb) more blue beadsc) more white beadsd) same number of beads

1. Young children have problems with conservation tasks and hierarchical classification. At what stage of development are children able to pass conservation tasks and inclusion problems?

a) sensorimotor stage

b) preoperational stage

c) concrete operational stage

d) formal operational stage

1. Describe the characteristics involved in the preoperational stage.

1. True or False - The main development in the formal operational stage the separates it from the other three stages is the development of abstract and scientific thinking.

1. Briefly describe the main components of Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development. Be sure to include details regarding scaffolding and internalization.

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