class 9 english worksheet-10 (language) adjectives ... · adjectives comparison of adjectives...
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ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR
Class 9 English Worksheet-10 (Language)
ADJECTIVES
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES:- An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun.
ADJECTIVES- WORD ORDER
When we use two or more adjectives to describe a noun, we have to take care of the word
order. The position of the adjectives depends on how closely they are related to the noun.
Adjectives – usual order Noun
Quality Size/Age/Shape Colour Origin
Past
Participle
beautiful old brown Indian handmade
table, marble
kitchen table
artistic, expensive old gold necklace
dirty narrow dark room
beautiful oval multicoloured carpet
e.g-
o A beautiful old brown Indian handmade marble kitchen table. o An artistic expensive old gold necklace. o A dirty narrow dark room. o A beautiful oval multicoloured carpet.
CORRECT USE OF ADJECTIVES
1. Later, latest: Both denote time. ‘Later’ is opposed to ‘earlier’
- Sarita came later than I expected.
- Did you hear the latest news?
a young man a pleasant day
a square table a small room
2. Latter, last: Both are used for position or order. ‘Latter’ refers to the second of
two things that have just been mentioned. ‘Latter’ is opposed to
‘former’. ‘Last’ is used for happening or coming after all other
similar things. ’Last’ is opposed to ‘first’.
-The principal accepted the latter proposal.
-He lives in the last house in the lane.
3. Nearest, next: ‘Nearest ‘refers to the distance`
-The nearest railway station is a kilometer away from here.
-My friend lives in the next town.
4. Elder, Eldest: Both are used for members of the same family. ‘Elder’ is never
followed by ‘than’.
-Maya is my elder sister.
-Parul is my eldest daughter.
5. Older, Oldest: Both are used for persons and things.
-He is older than his friend.
-This tree is older than that.
-Sridhar is the oldest villager.
-This is the oldest temple in our village.
6. Farther, further: ‘Farther’ means more distant. ‘Further’ means additional
-There is a post office at the farther end of the street.
-Can you do this without further delay?
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:When adjectives change in form to show
comparison, they are called the Degrees of Comparison. The degrees of comparison are
classified into Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees of comparison.
❖ Positive Degree:The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simple
form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality. E.g- -He is as tall as his father.
-The mango is sweet.
-Aruna is a clever girl.
❖ Comparative Degree:The comparative degree of an adjective is used when two
things or two sets of things are compared. E.g- -Sam is taller than his father.
-The mango is sweeter than the banana. -
Aruna is cleverer than Niti.
❖ Superlative Degree: The superlative degree of an adjective denotes the
highest degree of the quality. It is used when more than two things or sets of
things are compared. E.g- -Sam is the tallest in the class.
-The mango is the sweetest of all the fruits.
-Aruna is the cleverest girl in the class.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Positive Comparative Superlative
small smaller smallest
wise wiser wisest
good better best
happy happier happiest
dry drier driest
big bigger biggest
grey greyer greyest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
difficult more difficult most difficult
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
Note:-
1. When a comparison is made by means of a Comparative Degree followed by
than, the thing that is compared must always be excluded from the class of things
with which it is compared, by using the word: other:
- Iron is more useful than any other metal.
- Tagore is greater than any other author.
- Solomon was wiser than all other men.
- Kalidasa is greater than all other Indian poets.
- Reena is more industrious than any other student.
2. When a comparison is made by means of a Superlative Degree, the thing or class
of things compared must be included in the comparison of the Superlative
- Ganga is said to be the holiest of all the rivers.
- He is the cleverest of all the pupils.
3. Comapartives ending in –‘or’ are followed by to instead of than.
-This necklace is superior to that one.
- His painting is inferior to yours.
-James is junior to all his brothers.
- This event took place prior to the First World War.
INTERCHANGE OF DEGREES OF COMPARISON
It is possible to change the Degree of Comparison of an Adjective or Adverb in a
sentence without changing its meaning.
Examples:
Positive No other metal is as valuable as gold.
Comparative Gold is more valuable than any other metal
Superlative Gold is the most valuable of all the metals.
Superlative Nehru was one of the greatest leaders.
Comparative Nehru was greater than many other leaders.
Positive Very few leaders were as great as Nehru.
Positive Jack is as strong as John.
Comparative John is not stronger than Jack.
Comparative An airplane flies faster than birds.
Positive Birds do not fly as fast as an airplane.
TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES AS PER INTERCHANGE OF DEGREES
OF COMPARISON.
SOLVED EXAMPLES:
Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each.
1. Gandhiji was more popular than any other contemporary leaders. [ Use:’most popular’
instead of ‘more popular’
-Gandhiji was the most popular contemporary leader.
2. He is not the best boy in the class.[Begin: He is not better than…..]
-He is not better than many of the boys in the class.
3. A living ass is better than a dead horse. [Use: ‘good’ instead of ‘better’]
- A dead horse is not as good as a living ass
4. She is as fresh as a flower. [Begin: A flower…..]
-A flower is not fresher than she is.
5. This town is not as clean as that town. [ Use ‘ cleaner’]
-That town is cleaner than this town.
Exercise-1
Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each.
Do not alter the meaning. 1.Jaipur is one of the most beautiful cities. [Begin: Very few…..]
2.Macbeth is the best play I have ever seen. [Begin: Macbeth is better….]
3.Raghu is one of the tallest boys in the class. [Begin: Very few…..]
4.Very few cities in the world are as big as Tokyo. [Begin: Tokyo……]
5.David Copperfield is the best book that I have ever read. [Begin: No other….]
6.No other democracy in the world is as large as India. [Begin: India is the largest..]
7.I have never seen so big a diamond as this. [End: ……that I have ever seen]
8.Helen of Troy was more beautiful than any other woman.[Begin: No other…..]
9.Hyderabad is one of the biggest of Indian cities.[ End:……..as big as Hyderabad]
10.Australia is the largest island in the world. [ End:……. other island in the world]
Exercise-2
Change the Degrees of Comparison without changing the meanings:
1. Malacca is the oldest town in Malaysia.
2. Peter is cleverer than any other boy in the class.
3. Jupiter is the biggest of all planets.
4. Very few boys are as industrious as John.
5. Shakespeare was greater than any other playwright.
6. Asoka was one of the greatest Indian kings.
7. Greenland is the largest island in the world.
8. Lead is heavier than any other metal.
9. Very few animals are as useful as the cow.
10. Abdul is as strong as Amar.
Exercise-3
Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make
other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the meaning of each sentence.
1. I am as tall as he is. [Use: ‘taller’ instead of ‘tall’]
2. Mumbai is one of the richest cities in India. [Use ‘rich’ instead of ‘richest’]
3. Anita is not as good a singer as Avanti. [Use: ‘than’]
4. Riya is as intelligent as Siya. [ Use: ‘more intelligent’]
5. Akbar was one of the greatest kings.[Use: ‘great’]
6. Some boys are at least as industrious as Karim. [ Use: ‘most industrious’]
7. Bengaluru is cooler than Mysore. [ Use: ‘cool’]
8. No other bowler in the team is so good as Rama. [Use: ‘better’]
9. This newspaper has a bigger circulation than any other morning paper.[Use: ’big’]
10. Very few cities in India are as big as Chennai. [Use: ‘biggest’]
Note: Dear students,kindly also keep working on the assignments given in
your English Grammar workbook Chapter 15 (page no.229 and 230).
Answer key of English Worksheet-9 An Angel in Disguise
Ans 1. The village people looked at Maggie with sympathy but no one wanted to take charge of her
because she was a crippled child and was unable to leave her bed on her own. She was dependent on
others.
Ans 2. The rough man suggested that Maggie should be left in the poor house. It would be a good place
for her. There she would be kept clean, have healthy food and would be provided with medical aid.
Ans 3. Joe Thompson, the wheelwright, was a kind man. He took pity on Maggie and said that it was a
cruel thing to leave her alone in the hovel.
Ans 4. Joe Thompson felt pity for Maggie, the crippled child. But he did not know what to do with her.
He was puzzled for a while, but then went back to Maggie's hovel out of compassion for her.
He observed that she had raised herself to an upright position and was sitting on the bed.
Maggie told Joe Thompson not to leave her alone in the hovel.
Ans 5. Joe Thompson was a kind man. Though he had a rough exterior, he had a heart that was tender in
some places.
He assured Maggie that she wont be left alone in the hovel.
Ans 6. Mrs. Joe Thompson, who happened to be childless was not a woman of saintly temper. She did not
believe in doing something good for others.
Joe Thompson knew that his wife would not approve of her.
Ans 7. Mrs. Thompson reacted angrily and astonishingly when her husband reached home with the sick
child in his arms.
Her husband Joe Thompson, gave her a firm and resolute look.
Ans 8. Joe Thompson confronted his wife with firmness and resoluteness.
He told her that he thought that women's hearts were sometimes very hard.
Ans 9. Joe Thompson referred to the Bible in order to tell his wife that the savior rebuked those disciples
who did not receive children kindly.
He wanted to convey to his wife that those who loved children and looked after them kindly would be
rewarded.
Ans 10. A light shining through the little chamber windows was the first thing that attracted Joe's
attention when he returned after the days work.
He was relieved when he saw Mrs. Thompson sitting by Maggie's bed and talking to her.
Ans 11. Maggie looked at Joe tenderly, gratefully and pleadingly when he entered her little bedroom.
Joe noticed that Maggie had an attractive face and it was full of childish sweetness which suffering had
not been able to wipe out.
Ans 12. Maggie's gratitude awoke to new life old human feelings which had been slumbering in Mrs.
Thompson's heart for years. A soft feeling of love and care crept into her heart.
Mrs. Thompson told Joe that they should keep Maggie for a day or two longer as she was too weak and
helpless.
Ans 13. Maggie brought light and blessings to the home of Joe Thompson. The house that was dark and
cold for years was filled with warmth and happiness. Her love, gratitude and patience transformed Mrs.
Thompson to a loving and caring person.
Joe led a dull and empty life.
Ans 14. The sweetness of the child who looked upon Mrs. Thompson with love, patience and gratitude
transformed Mrs. Thompson completely.
Ans 15. The Angel referred to here is Maggie.
She brought light, blessings and happiness to the life of Joe Thompson.
Dear Students, you must try and do the extracts of this poem in the Workbook (preferably with a
pencil).
Class 9 Hindi Worksheet-9
Class 9 Punjabi Worksheet-10
ਕਾਵਿ- ਕਥਾ ਸੰਿੇਦਨਾ
ਪਾਠ- 2 ਭੱਤਾ-ਸੰਤ ਵਸੰਘ ਸੇਖੋਂ
ਹੇਠ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਦਿਖਤ ਨ ੂੰ ਦਿਆਨ ਨ ਿ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਕੇ ਦ ਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ ਪਰਸ਼ਨ ਾਂ ੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਅਦਿਆਸ ਪੁਸਤਕ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਦਿਖੋ।
ਪਰਸ਼ਨ -1 ਮੈਂ ੀ ਜਗ ਉਂ ੀ ਨਹੀਂ, ਅਿੱਜ ਰਟੋੀ ਤ ੂੰ ਹੀ ਦਿਜ ਣੀ ਹ,ੈ ਜ ੋਂ ਜੀ ਕਰ ੇਿੈ ਜੀ। ਓਥ ੇਤਰੇ ਪਤੂੰ ਰ ਹੀ ਤੈਨ ੂੰ ਸਮ ਰ ।
(੧)-ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਵਕਸ ਨੇ, ਵਕਸ ਨ ੰ , ਕਦੋਂ ਤੇ
ਵਕਉਂ ਕਹ?ੇ
(੨)-ਭੱਤਾ ਕੀ ਹ ੰ ਦਾ ਹੈ? ਭੱਤਾ ਵਕਸ ਨੇ,ਵਕਸ ਲੲੀੀ ਤੇ ਵਕਥੇ ਲੈ ਜਾਣਾ ਸੀ?
(੩)-ਭੱਤਾ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਦੇ ਪਾਤਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਵਲਖੋ ਤੇ ਦਸੋ ਭੱਤਾ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖਕ ਕੀ ਦੱਸਣਾ ਚਾਹ ੰ ਦਾ ਹੈ?
(੪)ਨ ਮ ੋ ੀ ਮ ਾਂ ੇਸਿੁ ਅ ਬ ਰ ੇਦਿਖ।ੋ
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ਪਰਸ਼ਨ- 2 ਮ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਕੂੰਮ ੇਿ ਿਚ ਕਰਕ ੇਤਰੋੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਨ ਮ ੋਹੀ ਿਜੇ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ। ਬਿ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਿੱਕ ਪਰ ਣੀ ਹਰੋ ਮ ਰ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ।
(੧)- ਉਪਰਕੋਤ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਵਕਸ ਪਾਤਰ ਦੇ ਮਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਏ ਤੇ ਉਹ ਕੀ ਸੋਚ ਵਰਹਾ ਸੀ?
(੨)- ਭੱਤਾ ਕੌਣ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਉਸ ਦਾ ਸੋਚਣ ਿਾਲੇ ਪਾਤਰ ਨਾਲ ਕੀ ਸੰਬੰਧ ਹੈ?
(੩)-ਸੋਚਣ ਿਾਲੇ ਪਾਤਰ ਨ ੰ ਆਪਣਾ ਵਪਤਾ ਹੋਰ ਵਦਨਾਂ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਚੰਗਾ ਵਕਉਂ ਲਗ ਵਰਹਾ ਸੀ?
(੪)- ਭੱਤਾ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਆਉਣ ਿਾਲੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਵਲਖ ੋਤੇ ਦੱਸੋ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਕੱਥ ੇਜਾਣਾ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਵਕਉ?
Answer key of Punjabi Worksheet-8
ਪਾਠ-੧ ਪਹ ਤਾ ਪਾਂਧੀ
ਉੱਤਰ-3
(੧)-ਗਿੱਡੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਿੱਕ ਸ ਰੀ ਨ ੂੰ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਪੀਣ ਤੋਂ ਰਦੋਕਆ। ਗਿੱਡੀ ੇਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ਇਿੱਕ ਦ ਅਕਤੀ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਪੀਣ ਚ ਹੁੂੰ ਸੀ
ਤ ੇਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ੀ ਇਿੱਜ਼ਤ ਜੋਂ ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਮਨਹ ਕਰ ਦ ਿੱਤ । ਜ ੋਂ ਇਹ ਗਿੱਿ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਸਣੁੀ ਤ ਾਂ ਉਨਹ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਕਹ ਦਕ
ਦਸਗਰਟ ਜ਼ਰ ਰ ਪੀਣ ਪਰ ਕਈੋ ਿੀਆ ਦਜਹੀ। ਜ ੋਂ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਪੁਿੱਦਿਆ ਿੀਆ ਦਜਹੀ ਦਕਉਂ, ਤ ਾਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਦਕਹ ਕੀ ਕਈ
ਰ ਅੂੰਗਰਜੇ਼ ਅਫਸਰ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਿ ੂੰਆਾਂ ਸ ਡ ੇਮ ੂੰਹ ਤ ੇਮ ਦਰਆ ਹ ੈ।ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਸ ੀ ਆ ਤ ਹ।ੈ ਪਰ ਜ ੋਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਪਤ
ਿਿੱਗ ਦਕ ਇਸ ਨੇ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਪੀਣੀ ਹੈ, ਤ ਾਂ ਉਹ ਮਖੌਿ ਕਰ ੇ ਹੋਏ ਬੋਿੇ ਦਕ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਿ ੂੰਆਾਂ ਬ ਰੀ ਤੋਂ ਬ ਹਰ ੀ ਸੁਿੱਟੀ ਪਰ ਪੀ ੀਂ
ਜ਼ਰ ਰ।
(੨) ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਉਸ ਦ ਅਕਤੀ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਹ ਕਦਹ ਕ ੇਖੁਿੱਿ ਦ ਿੱਤੀ ਦਕ ਦਸਗਰਟ ਪੀਣ ਜ਼ਰ ਰ ਪਰ ਕਈੋ ਿੀਆ ਦਜਹੀ।ਦਕਉਂਦਕ
ਕਈ ਰੀ ਅੂੰਗਰਜੇ਼ ਅਫਸਰ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਸਗਰਟ ਿ ੂੰਆਾਂ ਸ ਡ ੇਮ ੂੰਹ ਤ ੇਮ ਦਰਆ ਹ,ੈ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਸ ੀ ਆ ਤ ਹ।ੈਪਰ ਜ ੋਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ
ਨ ੂੰ ਪਤ ਿਿੱਗ ਦਕ ਇਸ ਬੂੰ ੇਨੇ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਪੀਣੀ ਹ,ੈ ਤ ਾਂ ਮਖਿੌ ਕਰ ੇਹਏੋ ਬਿੇੋ ਕੀ ਬੀੜ੍ੀ ਿ ੂੰਆਾਂ ਬ ਰੀ ਤੋਂ ਬ ਹਰ ਹੀ ਸੁਿੱਟੀ ਪਰ
ਪੀ ੀਂ ਜ਼ਰ ਰ।
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ਉੱਤਰ-4
(੧)-ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜ ੇ ੇਡਿੱਬ ੇਨ ੂੰ ਪ-ੇ ਮਦਰਆਾਂ ਡਿੱਬ ਦਕਹ । ਦਕਉਂਦਕ ਜ ੋਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜ ੇ ੇਡਿੱਬ ੇ
ਦ ਿੱਚ ਬਠੇੈ ਤ ਾਂ ਉਨਹ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਦੇਖਆ ਕੀ ਇਿੱਥ ੇਕੋਈ ਅਖਬ ਰ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਦਰਹ ਹ,ੈਕਈੋ ਦਕਤ ਬ ਮੁੂੰਹ ਅਿੱਗ ੇਿਰੀ ਬਠੈ ਹ ੈਤ ੇਕਈੋ ਦਸਗਰਟ ੇ
ਿ ੂੰਏਂ ਿੱਿ ਖੇੀ ਜ ਦਰਹ ਹ।ੈ ਕਈੋ ਦਕਸ ੇਨ ਿ ਗਿੱਿਬ ਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ । ਉੱਥ ੇਇੂੰਜ ਜ ਪ ਸੀ ਦਜ ੇਂ ਏਥ ੇਸਿ ੇਮ ਪ ੇਮਰ ਗਏ
ਹਣੋ। ਇਸ ਿਈ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜ ੇ ਡਿੱਬ ਿਿੱਡ ਕ ੇਤੀਜ ੇ ਰਜ ੇ ੇਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ਆ ਗਏ।
(੨)-ਇਿੱਕ ਹਿੌ ਰ ਨੇ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਪੁਿੱਦਿਆ ਦਕ ਉਹ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜ ੇ ਿੇ ਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ੀ ਸੀਟ ਤ ੇਬਠੈ ਜ ,ੇ
ਤ ਾਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਮਨ ਕਰ ੇਹਏੋ ਦਕਹ ਦਕ ਨ ਓਥ ੇਨ ਬਠੈੀ। ਓਥ ੇਮਰੇ ਜ ਨ ਨਸ਼ੀਨ ਬਠੈ ਹ।ੈ ਪੁਿੱਿਣ ਤ ੇਮਜੇਰ
ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਿੱਦਸਆ ਕੀ ਤੁਰ ੀ ਗਿੱਡੀ ੇਜੂੰਗਿੇ ਨ ਿ ਕਈੋ ਿਟਕ ਦਗਆ ਸੀ ,ਮਨੈ ੂੰ ਡਰ ਿਿੱਗ ਦਕ ਦਕਤ ੇਮਰ ਨ ਜ ੇ। ਫਰੇ
ਗ ਦਹਆ ਿੁਗਤਣੀਆਾਂ ਪਣੈਗੀਆਾਂ। ਮੈਂ ਉਹਨ ੂੰ ਆਦਖਆ ਦਕਸ ੇਹਰੋ ਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ਬਠੈ ਜ ,ੇ ਪਰ ਉਹ ਮਰੇ ੇਪਰੈ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਪ ੈਦਗਆ ਦਕ
ਮਨੈ ੂੰ ਦਕਸ ੇਨੇ ਥ ਾਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਣੇੀ। ਮ ੈਆਪਣੀ ਦਟਕਟ ਉਸ ੇਨ ਿ ਟ ਕ ੇਇਿੱਥ ੇਆ ਦਗਆ। ਏਥ ੇਬੂੰਤ ਦਸੂੰਘ ਹਰੋੀਂ ਬਠੇੈ ਸਨ, ਮ ੈਇਥ ੇ
ਹੀ ਰਕੁ ਦਗਆ।
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ੳੱਤਰ- 5
(੧)- ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਆਪਣੀ ਤ ਰੀਫ਼ ਕਰਨ ਸਮ ਾਂ ਹੀ ਨ ਦ ਿੱਤ ਹ।ੈ ਇਹ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ੇਚਦਰਿੱਤਰ ਸਿ ਤੋਂ ਸਹੋਣ
ਗਣੁ ਸੀ। ਦਜ ੇਂ ਹੀ ਕਈੋ ਕੁਝ ਬਿੋਣ ਿਿੱਗ ੇਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਕਈੋ ਹਰੋ ਗਿੱਿ ਕਰਕ ੇਉਹਨ ੂੰ ਚੁਿੱਪ ਕਰ ਦ ੂੰ ।ੇ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ੁਆਰ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ
ਪਤ ਮੂੰਗਣ ਤ ੇਉਹਨ ਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਕਹ ਇਸ ਰ ਮਆੁਫ਼ੀ ੇਦ ਉ ।ਜ ੇਫਰੇ ਕ ੇਇਹ ੋਦਜਹ , ਦਮਿਣ ਮਕੌ ਦਮਦਿਆ ਤ ਾਂ ਪਤ
ਜ਼ਰ ਰ ਨੋਟ ਕਰ ਦ ਆਾਂਗ ।
(੨)- ਸਬ ਬ ਯੁਿੱਿ ਮੁਕ ਿਈਏ ਇਹ ਅਰਥ ਸੀ ਕੀ ਪਦਹਿੇ ਰਜੇ ੇ ਡਿੱਬੇ ਦ ਿੱਚੋਂ ਆਪਣ ਸਮ ਨ ਇਕਿੱਠ ਕਰ ਦਿਆ
ਜ ।ੇ ਦਕਉਂਦਕ ਅਗਿੇ ਸਟਸੇ਼ਨ ਤ ੇਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨੇ ਿਦਹ ਜ ਣ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਿਈ ਉਹ ਗਿੱਡੀ ਰਕੁਣ ਤੋਂ ਪਦਹਿ ਆਪਣ ਸਮ ਨ
ਇਕਿੱਠ ਕਰਨ ਚ ਹੁੂੰ ੇਸੀ।
(੩)- ਡਿੱਬ ੇ ੀ ਰ ਹ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਆਦਖਆ ਦਗਆ ਹ।ੈ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ੇ ਇਆ ਪ ਰ ਕ, ਮ ਗ ਰ, ਦਮਿਣਸ ਰ ਤ ੇਰਣੋਕੀ ਸਿੁ ਅ
ਕ ਰਨ ੳੁਹੁ ਡਿੱਬ ੇ ੀ ਰ ਹ ਬਣ ਗਏ। ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ੇਬਠੈਣ ਨ ਿ ਡਿੱਬ ੇ ਮ ਹਿੌ ਬ ਿ ਦਗਆ। ਸ ਰੀਆਾਂ ਉਹਨ ਾਂ ੇਸਿੁ ਅ ਤੋਂ
ਬਹਤੁ ਪਰਿ ਦ ਤ ਸਨ। ਜ ੋਂ ਮਜੇਰ ਸ ਦਹਬ ਡਿੱਬ ੇਦ ਿੱਚ ੋਉੱਤਰ ਗਏ ਤ ਾਂ ਇੂੰਜ ਮਦਹਸ ਸ ਹਇੋਆ ਦਜ ੇਂ ਡਿੱਬ ੇ ੀ ਰ ਹ ਮ ਕਰ
ਹਦੈਨਕਿ ਗਈ ਹ ੋ।ੇ
(੪)- ਿੇਖਕ ਗਰੁਬਖਸ਼ ਦਸੂੰਘ ਪਰੀਤਿੜ੍ੀ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਕਹ ਣੀ ਰ ਹੀਂ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਇਹ ਸੂੰ ਸੇ਼ ਦ ਿੱਤ ਹ ੈਦਕ ਗਿੱਡੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਦਕੂੰਨੀਆਾਂ ਸ ਰੀਆਾਂ
ਰਜੋ਼ ਸਫ਼ਰ ਕਰ ੀਆਾਂ ਹਨ, ਪਰ ਹਜ਼ ਰ ਾਂ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਕਈੋ ਇਿੱਕ ਪਹਤੁ ਪ ਾਂਿੀ ਹੁੂੰ ਹ ੈ, ਜ ੋਦਨਸਆੁਰਥ ਿ ਨ ਨ ਿ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ੀ ਮ
ਕਰ ਹ।ੈ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ੀ ਆਪਣੀ ਦਜ਼ੂੰ ਗੀ ਦ ਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਤਰਹ ਾਂ ਪਹਤੁ ਪ ਾਂਿੀ ਬਣਨ ੀ ਕਦੋਸ਼ਸ਼ ਕਰਨੀ ਚ ਹੀ ੀ ਹ।ੈ ਿੋਕ ਾਂ ੀਆਾਂ
ਿੋਟੀਆਾਂ -ਿਟੋੀਆਾਂ ਤਕਿੀਫ ਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਸਮਝਣ , ਦਮਿੱਠ ਬਿੋਣ ਤ ੇਉਨਹ ਾਂ ੀ ਮ ਕਰਨ ਹੀ ਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਪਹਤੁ ਪ ਾਂਿੀ ਬਣ ਉਂ ਹ।ੈ
-----------------------------------------------
Class 9 History Civics Worksheet-9
ORIGIN:
In 1921 & 1922 some excavations were made by the Indian archaeologists named
R.B.DAYARAM SAHNI and R.D BANERJEE. The excavations took place at
HARAPPA and MOHENJODARO, the discovery of this civilisation was a great event
that took place in the history of India. This civilisation is also known as the Indus valley
civilisation as it was on the bank of river Indus. The main sources of the civilisation are
the evidences like buildings, seals, toys, ancient cities.
EXTENT OF HARAPPAN CIVILISATION
The civilisation is extended over 1600 KM from HARAPPA and MOHENJODARO to
PUNJAB, SINDH ,PAKISTAN, RAJASTHAN, UTTAR PRADESH, GUJARAT to
some parts of SPUTH INDIA . The civilisation also included some lands covered by the
rivers RAVI, BEAS, SATLUJ, CHENAB, JHELUM, INDUS.
URBAN PLANNING
The Indus valley people had remarkable skill of town planning. They made streets and
lanes according to proper plan. The cities had a good drainage system.
THE GREAT BATH
Great Bath, ancient structure at MOHENJODARO, PAKISTAN, is an archaeological
site featuring ruins of the INDUS VALLEY. The Great Bath dates to the is believed to
have been used for ritual bathing. The bath is built of fine brickwork and measures 897
square feet (83 square metres). It is 8 feet (2.5metres) lower than the surrounding
pavement
.
THE GREAT BATH THE
DANCING GIRL AND THE BEARDED MAN
CITADEL:
It is referred to that part of the city which included important buildings like great granary,
workshops, palaces, etc.
DANCING GIRL:
The statue is 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) tall, and depicts a naked young woman or girl with
stylized proportions standing in a confident, naturalistic pose. Dancing Girl is well-
regarded as a work of art, and is a cultural artefact of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
BEARDED MAN:
It is also known as PRIEST KING. It is a sculpture of a seated man draped in a shawl
decorated with trefoil pattern. The sculpture of the bearded man was found at Sindh (
PAKISTAN).
DANCING GIRL
It was found at Mohenjadaro. It is a bronze statue of a dancing girl. Her eyes are large
nose is flat and she is seen wearing various ornaments.
SEALS
Figures of animals and human beings are engraved on the seals. From those seals we get
to know about the dress, hairstyle, ornaments of the Indus valley
people. Some important seals are Pashupati seal, Unicorn seal, Hump bull seal.
THE SEALS OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
DOCKYARD
Dockyard Lothal developed as the most important port and centre for the industry. It is
223 metre long 35 metres in width and 8 metre in depth. It was a significant trading
centre of Harappan civilization.
SCRIPT
Harappan people knew the art of writing. Harappan scripts have been found on copper
tablets seal, pottery.
TRADE
Trade and commerce flourished as an occupation for the people of Indus valley. They
imported stones, different metals and other articles from southern and eastern India,
Kashmir and Central Asia.
ART AND CRAFT
Statues of dancing girl, watch dog and male dancer have been found at different sites of
Indus valley civilization. All these nicely show the physical features of animals and
people of whose statues these are.
DECLINE OF HARAPPAN
By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley Civilization saw the beginning of their decline. The
reasons for this decline are not entirely clear, but it is believed that the drying up of
the Saraswati River, a process which had begun around 1900 BCE, was the main cause.
Other experts speak of a great flood in the area.
QUESTIONS
1. What was the extent of Harappan civilization?
2. Name some important seals of Harappan valley civilization?
3. Mention two reasons to show that the people of Harappan civilization had a good
sense of town planning?
4. Name a major trading centre of Harappan civilization?
5. Write a short note on the Great Bath, Bearded Man and Dancing Girl.
6. What led to decline of Harappan civilization?
Answer key of History Civics Worksheet-8
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define the term ‘Elections’ .
Ans.1 Election is the process through which people choose their representatives who
then form the government . It is a contest between or amongst candidates in an electoral
constituency to win the majority vote in order to be elected .
Q.2 What is an ‘Election Commission ’ ?
Ans.2 To ensure free , fair and impartial elections , the Constitution established the
Election Commission by Part XV (Article 324 ) . It is a body which is free from political
or executive influences . It is a body which helps in the smooth conduct of elections
across the country .
Q.3 Mention the composition of election commission .
Ans.3 COMPOSITION OF ELECTION COMMISSION
1.The Election Commission comprises of the Chief Election Commissioner and other
Election Commissioners , as appointed by the President .
2.At the state level , there is a Chief Electoral Officer of the State , appointed by the
Election Commission .
3.At the District level , there are – district election officers , electoral registration officers
and returning officers .
Q.4 State the differences between direct and indirect election.
Ans.4 DIRECT ELECTIONS
In Direct Elections , voters directly choose their representatives for the union and state
governments . All the eligible citizens vote for their representatives to the Lok Sabha ,
Vidhan Sabha , municipal corporations , etc .
INDIRECT ELECTION
In Indirect Elections , voters do not directly choose their representatives . They vote and
elect an intermediate body of representatives who then play the role of direct voters . In
this way , the intermediate voters elect members of the Rajya Sabha , Vidhan Parishad ,
the President and the Vice-President of India .
Q.5 Write a short note on types of elections .
Ans.5 There are three types of Elections :-
1. General Election
2. By-election
3. Mid-term Election
GENERAL ELECTION
General elections are elections which are held generally after a period of five years
for electing the members of primary Legislative bodies like the Lok Sabha and the
Legislative Assembly .
BY-ELECTION
Such an election is held to fill a vacant seat in Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha . It
takes place when an elected representative resigns , dies or becomes disqualified
under parliamentary law . The newly elected representative holds office for the
remaining term .
MID-TERM ELECTION
Sometimes , the Lok Sabha or the Vidhan Sabha may be dissolved before the
normal term of five years is over . A mid-term election is then held to form a new
House .
Class 9 Geography Worksheet-9
LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH
CONTINUED….
PLATEAUS
Plateau is an elevated tract of comparatively flat or level land usually having steep
slopes falling on the margins abruptly to lower land. It is also known as table land. The
top surface of a plateau may have plain land or rolling hills. Sometimes these plateaus are
highly dissected by streams or glaciers up to such extent that their original characteristics
can't be recognized easily.
TYPES OF PLATEAUS
Diastrophic Plateaus: Diastrophism denotes all the processes of the major deformation
of the Earth’s crust that produces continents, ocean basins, mountains, etc. All the highest
plateaus are the products of diastrophism. Their uplift has been modified by various agents
of gradation or by volcanic action or sometimes by minor earth movements. Plateaus may
be classified on the basis of their origin.
1. Intermontane Plateau. These are the highest and most extensive plateaus in the
world. Such plateaus are enclosed by Fold Mountains from all sides and have a great
variety of topographical features. For example:
(a) The Tibetan plateau which is also known as the “Roof of the World” is the
highest plateau, located between Kunlun and the Himalayas.
(b) The Anatolian plateau between the Pontic and Taurus mountain in Turkey.
(c) The Bolivian plateau is surrounded by Great Andes mountain ranges.
(d) The Mexican plateau between the Eastern and Western Sierra Madre.
2. Volcanic Plateau. These plateaus are formed by the solidification of successive
sheets of lava. For example - Deccan plateau in India, the plateau of Columbia
(U.S.A.) which has a thick cover of basalt flow. The Columbian plateau is highly
eroded by river Snake.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PLATEAUS
1. Most of the plateaus of the world have arid or dry climate so this support fewer
inhabitants than the plains.
2. Grazing and forestry are the main occupations.
3. Deccan plateau in India is rich in minerals so it supports mineral based industries.
4. Some large cities like Mexico City, Quito and Bogota, located over 2000 m above
the sea level are situated on higher plateaus. Here, slightly higher rainfall can
support more people.
PLAINS
A level or gentle undulating land with relatively minor differences in
elevation less than 150 m. above the sea level is known as a plain land. Plains
may be completely level or have gentle rolling topography. They have gradual
slopes, extensive flat area with low altitude. They are found in the all types of
climatic regions.
Plains may be formed by internal forces of the Earth as well as external processes
like degradation and heavy deposition are also responsible for the formation.
The Great Northern Plain in India (The Ganga Plain) has average elevation of
200 m but it is just 6 to 10 m high near the delta region.
TYPES OF PLAINS
Plains are classified according to their mode of formation. They are of two types:
1. Structural Plains.
2. Depositional Plains.
1. Structural Plains
The internal or endogenetic forces of the Earth formed these plains. These
plains come into existence when the continental shelf emerges due to internal
forces of the Earth. These extensive lowlands are bordering all the
continents. The Malabar coastal plain of Kerala in India is formed by the
upliftment of continental shelf. Coastal plains of Belgium, Holland and
Germany are also good examples.
Sometimes, plains are also formed by structural depressions of extensive
lowlands. For example, The Great Siberian Plain of Russia, Great Plains of
U.S.A.
2. Depositional Plains
Various agents of gradation do erosion work in the rocky areas, they transport the
eroded material and deposit the load in low lying areas such as depressions, lakes,
sea beds. When the deposition of sediments takes place on a large scale, such plains
are formed. They are classified according to the agent of deposition.
(a) Alluvial Plains. The plains formed by gradual deposition of alluvium
brought down by streams are known as alluvial plains. They are of three
categories.
1. Piedmont alluvial plains as the river leaves mountains and enters the plain
region, the slope of land changes from steep to gentle so it is difficult for the river
to carry its eroded materials (pebbles, boulders, etc.) with it. The river starts
depositing its load at the foothill areas of the mountains and forms Piedmont
Alluvial Fans or Plains. In India, it is known as “Bhabar”, which is found along
the foothill regions of the Himalayas.
2. Flood Plains are formed in the middle course of a river where the river flows
sluggishly, making meanders. The load turns into fine clay and sand. When river
overflows its banks during floods, the load is deposited over large areas forming
flood plains. For example, the plains of Mississippi, Ganga, Nile, etc.
3. Delta plains are formed at the mouth of a river. The river flows very slowly due
to excess of load being carried by it. The large amount of silt is deposited every
year during floods and the soil gets replenished. Delta plains support agriculture,
as they are very fertile. For example, the Ganga - Brahmaputra delta in
Bangladesh, Hwang-Ho plain in China, Nile delta of Egypt, etc.
(b) Glacial Deposits. These Plains are extensive, very fertile and formed by the
deposition of debris or moraines of the glaciers. When the glaciers melt, the
deposits are left over there, which form large plains. Parts of Central North
America, Western European Plains are the examples of glacial deposits.
(c) Lacustrine Plains. These plains are the result of filling of lake beds by
heavy deposition of sediments or silt brought by the rivers. The Kashmir
Valleys, the plains of Hungary are some good examples of such planes.
(d) Loess Plains- these Plains are formed by the material transported and
deposited by wind noise is very fine dust rich in lime and elevation colour it
is carried by wind from baron surfaces of interior parts of the desert and
deposited somewhere else. Example Northwest China and Western
Rajasthan.
(e) Coastal Plain- these are the result of depositional work done by the sea
waves . It forms tidal lowlands coastal swamps etc. Belgium, Netherlands
have such plains.
Significance of Plains
1. They are the cradles of ancient civilizations.
2. Plains made by Alluvial soil deposited by rivers support agriculture.
3. Plains are favourable for the development of communication and
transportation facilities so they are densely populated.
4. Plains provide most favourable conditions for plant and animal life as
well as human settlement.
5. Rivers flowing in the plains are suitable for navigation.
6. Planes provide great facilities for trade and manufacturing.
Based upon your reading answer the following questions:
1. What are endogenic and exogenic forces?
2. What is a mountain?
3. Give three examples of young fold mountains.
4. What is a plateau?
5. What are plains?
6. What is bhabar? How are they formed?
7. Differentiate:
Fold mountain and block mountain
Horst and graben
Class 9 Physics Worksheet-10
Laws of motion
1.Newton's Second Law of Motion:
The rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force
applied to it and the change in momentum takes place in the direction in which the force
is applied.The SI unit of force is newton (N)
#Consider a body of mass m having an initial velocity u. The initial momentum of this
body will be mu. Suppose a force f, acts on this body for time t and causes the final
velocity to become v. The final momentum will become mv.
Now, the change in momentum will be (mv–mu) and the time taken for this change is t.
So, according to the 2nd law of motion.
F α (mv-mu) / t
F α m(v-u) / t
But (v-u)/t represents the change in velocity by the time taken as acceleration ‘a’
F α m*a
F = k*m*a
The value of k in SI values is 1. So the above equation becomes,
F=m*a or Force = mass * acceleration.
2. Applications:
1.Catching a cricket ball
A fielder pulls his hand backwards while catching a cricket ball coming with a great
speed to reduce the momentum of the ball with a little delay.
2.The case of a high jumper
A high jumper is provided with either a cushion or a heap of sand to land on. This is done
to prevent injury to the athlete when he falls.
3.Newton's Third Law of Motion:
For every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.The action and reaction
never act on the same body, but they always act simultaneously on two different
bodies.Forces always occur in a pair.
Application:
1.When a bullet has fired the gun jerks back because of the reaction force acting on the
gun when the bullet moves forward at a great speed.
2.Jet aeroplanes and rockets use this principle of action – reaction to propel forward.
4.Universal Law of Gravitation:
The force of attraction acting between two particles is directly proportional to the product
of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F = m1m2/r2 where G is the universal gravitational constant
The value of G is equal to 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
5.Gravity:
The force with which the earth attracts a body is called the force due to gravity.
The rate at which the velocity of a freely falling body increases is called the acceleration
due to gravity (g).The mean value of g at the earth’s surface is taken to be 9.8 m s-2 . The
value of g at the centre of earth is zero
g = GM/R2
where M = mass of earth and R = radius of the earth.
#Problems:
1. State all three laws of motion .
2. Give mathematical expression for 2nd law of motion.
3. Difference between g and G.
4. What is the total momentum of a bullet and a gun before firing?
5. Name the principle on which a rocket works.
6. Body A is heavier than body Question: Which has more inertia?
7. A body is moving with uniform acceleration. Is its momentum constant?
8. Name the physical quantity that corresponds to the rate of change of momentum.
9. Which principle is involved in the working of a jet plane?
10. Why mass is sometimes called coefficient of linear inertia?
11. When a force acting on a body has equal and opposite reaction, then why should
the body move at all?
12. What happens to the wheels of the car when it overturns while taking a turn?
(a) The inner and outer wheel leaves the ground first
(b) The inner wheel leaves the ground first
(c) There is no change in the inner wheel
(d) None of the above.
Answers key of Physics Worksheet-9
Solution
1. Newton
2. A coin placed on a card(rested at the edges of the glass) remains at rest because of
ans. I. Inertia of rest
3. ans None of these
5.Why does an athlete take a longer jump if he comes running from a distance than when
he jumps suddenly from the take-off line?
Ans. Because it helps in jumping higher and longer because of inertia of motion gained
due to the motion. When the athletes Jump they already have a forward motion that
would be greater than that of a jump made from standing in one spot.
6. A football and a stone has same mass
Ans. II. Both have same momentum
7.State Galileo’s law of inertia.
Ans.If a body is in a state of rest, then it will remain in that state, and if the body is in a
state of motion, then it will continue moving with the same velocity in the same direction
unless an external force is applied to it.
8.What is inertia ?
Ans.The property of an object by virtue of which it neither changes its state nor tends to
change the state is called inertia. In other words, inertia is that property of a body due to
which it resists a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion.
Class 9 Chemistry Worksheet-10
HYDROGEN CHAPTER CONTINUED
INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN-BOSCH PROCESS
It is prepared using coke and steam. It involves two steps.
STEP I: PRODUCTION OF WATER GAS
1000°C
C + H2O CO + H2
Coke steam water gas
Mixture of CO and H2 is known as water gas.
STEP II: REDUCTION OF STEAM TO HYDROGEN
Fe2O3/450°C
CO + H2 + H2O CO2 + 2H2
Water Gas
STEP III: PURIFICATION OF HYDROGEN GAS BY REMOVING CARBON
DIOXIDE (formed in step II) AND CARBON MONOXIDE(formed in step I but left
unreacted)
This is done by passing the above mixture of gases through two solutions
1.KOH to absorb CO2
2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O
2. Ammoniacal cuprous chloride solution to remove water
CuCl + CO +2H2O CuCl.CO.2H2O
TEST FOR HYDROGEN GAS
PURE HYDROGEN: It burns quietly in air.
HYDROGEN-AIR MIXTURE: It burns with a pop sound.
USES OF HYDROGEN
1. As a fuel: e,g liquid hydrogen, coal gas, water gas.
It is used as a fuel because it has a very high calorific value and is non-polluting.
2. In meteorological balloons: as it is lighter than air. BUT being inflammable it catches
fire so it is replaced by helium.
3. In hydrogenation of oils and coal: Adding hydrogen to organic compounds in presence of
nickel as catalyst under high pressure is called hydrogenation. Vegetable oils on
hydrogenation change into semi solid fat called vanaspati ghee.
4. In extraction of metals as hydrogen acts as a reducing agent.
5. In welding and cutting of metals because oxyhydrogen flame produces a very high
temperature of around 2800°C.
6. In manufacture of ammonia, hydrogen chloride, water etc.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
1.Write reactions involved in the bosch process.
2. Name the reagents used to purify hydrogen gas in the bosch process.
3. Give reasons:
a) What is the role of hydrogen in the extraction of metals?
b) Why is hydrogen used in meteorological balloons?
c) Why is hydrogen preferred as a fuel?
Answers key of Chemistry Worksheet-9
1. It acts as a catalyst.
2. It is a strong oxidizing agent.
3. It is insoluble in water and forms an explosive mixture with air.
Class 9 Biology Worksheet-10
ANIMAL TISSUES-The remaining two types of animal tissues are:
MUSCLE TISSUE.
NEURAL TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE -These forms the muscles of the body. Muscles can contract and
relax.
Three kinds of muscles are:
a) Striated (skeletal, striped, or voluntary) muscles.
b) Unstriated (smooth, unstriped or involuntary) muscles.
c) Heart or cardiac muscles.
a) STRIATED MUSCLES-These are made of long fibres which are nucleated and
striped which means dark and light bands run across the fibres. These are under
our control.
LOCATION-Found in the arms, legs, face, neck etc.
b) UNSTRIATED MUSCLES- These are made up of spindle shaped cells which
are uninucleated.These are not under our control.
LOCATION-Found in the walls of the intestine, muscles of iris of the eye, lining
of blood vessels etc.
c) CARDIAC MUSCLES-These are made up of fibres which are striated,
uninucleated and branched. These are involuntary in function.
LOCATION - Found in the walls of the heart.
NEURAL TISSUE-This tissue is made up of specialized elongated cells called neurons.
Neurons are the longest cells of the body. Each nerve cell consists of a cell body or
perikaryon or cyton containing the nucleus. Emerging from the cyton are dendrites and
axon. Axon is usually a long process and dendrites are short processes which arise out of
the cell body. Axons bundled together to form a nerve. The nerve tissue is concerned
with the perception and responses of animals.
Function of Nodes of Ranvier-Allows the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.
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ASSIGNMENT:
Q) 1 Give location of each of the following:
a) Striated muscle.
b) Unstriated muscle.
c) Cardiac muscle.
Q) 2 Give difference between voluntary muscles and involuntary muscles.
Q) 3 Draw a well labeled diagram of a nerve cell.
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Answer key of Biology Worksheet-9
Q1
a) Location-found in the lining surfaces of mouth and nasal cavities, blood vessels
b) Location-Found in skin and cornea.
c) Location-Found in some parts of kidney tubules.
d) Location-In the lining of trachea (windpipe)
Q2
a) Function-The cells of ciliated epithelium have thread like projections called cilia
which constantly keep lashing and move the materials which enter these regions.
b) Function-It stores fat and padding under the skin acts as an insulation for retaining
body heat.
Q3
a) Tendon connects muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone.
b) Bone-It is hard porous tissue. It has a good supply of blood vessels and nerves and
Cartilage-It is soft non porous tissue. It is semi-transparent and elastic .It has no
blood vessels or nerves.
c) Blood-It is composed of liquid part plasma and cellular part red blood cells, white
blood cells and platelets.
Lymph-It is the fluid surrounding the body cells. It is composed of blood plasma
and white blood cells .It does not contain red blood cells.
Class 9 Commercial Studies Worksheet-8
JOINT STOCK COMPANY
When you think of all the largest companies in the world, these are not proprietorships or
partnerships. These companies are all joint stock companies. When dealing with business
on a fairly large scale, a joint stock company is the most suitable form of business
organisation.
The simplest way to describe a joint stock company is that it is a business organisation
that is owned jointly by all its shareholders. All the shareholders own a certain amount of
stock in the company, which is represented by their shares.
Professor Haney defines it as “a voluntary association of persons for profit, having the
capital divided into some transferable shares, and the ownership of such shares is the
condition of membership of the company.” Studying the features of a joint stock company
will clarify its structure.
Joint Stock Company is a voluntary association of persons to carry on the business. It is
an association of persons who contribute money which is called capital for some common
purpose. These persons are members of the company. The proportion of capital to which
each member is entitled is his share and every member holding such share is called
shareholders and the capital of the company is known as share capital. The Companies
Act 1956 defines a joint stock company as an artificial person created by law, having
separate legal entity from its owner with perpetual succession and a common seal.
Shareholders of Joint Stock Company have limited liability i.e liability limited by
guarantee or shares. Shares of such company are easily transferable. From the above
definition the following features of a Joint Stock Company can be easily identified:
1.Artificial Person : A Joint Stock Company is an artificial person as it does not
possess any physical attributes of a natural person and it is created by law. Thus, it
has a legal entity separate from its members.
2. Separate legal Entity : Being an artificial person a company has its own legal
entity separate from its members. It can own assets or property, enter into
contracts, sue or can be sued by anyone in the court of law. Its shareholders can
not be held liable for any conduct of the company.
3. Perpetual Succession : A company once formed continues to exist as long as it
is fulfilling all the conditions prescribed by the law. Its existence is not affected by
the death, insolvency or retirement of its members.
4. Limited liability of shareholders : Shareholders of a joint stock company are
only liable to the extent of shares they hold in a company not more than that. Their
liability is limited by guarantee or shares held by them.
5. Common Seal : Being an artificial person a joint stock company cannot sign
any documents thus this common seal is the company’s representative while
dealing with the outsiders. Any document having common seal and the signature
of the officer is binding on the company.
6. Transferability of Shares : Members of a joint stock company are free to
transfer their shares to anyone.
7. Capital : A joint stock company can raise large amount of capital by issuing its
shares.
8. Management : A joint stock company has a democratic management which is
managed by the elected representatives of shareholders, known as directors of the
company.
9. Membership : To form a private limited company minimum number of
members prescribed in the companies Act is 2 and the maximum number is 50.
But in the case of public limited company the minimum limit is 7 and no limit on
maximum number of members.
10. Formation : Generally a company is formed with the initiative of group of
members who are also known as promoters but it comes into existence after
completing all the formalities prescribed in Companies Act 1956.
OPC(ONE PERSON COMPANY)
Section 2(62) of Companies Act defines a one-person company as a company that
has only one person as to its member. Furthermore, members of a company are
nothing but subscribers to its memorandum of association, or its shareholders. So,
an OPC is effectively a company that has only one shareholder as its member.
Such companies are generally created when there is only one founder/promoter for
the business. Entrepreneurs whose businesses lie in early stages prefer to create
OPCs instead of sole proprietorship business because of the several advantages
that OPCs offer.
Q1. Define Joint stock company.
Q2. What do you understand by OPC (ONE PERSON COMPANY)?
Q3. What is meant by perpetual succession in joint stock company?
Q4. What do you understand by separate legal entity of a joint stock company?
Q5. What is common seal in joint stock company.
ANSWER KEY OF PREVIOUS WORKSHEET(PARTNERSHIP)
Ans:1 A partnership is a voluntary association of two or more persons who agree
to carry on some business jointly and share its profits and losses.
In other words, a partnership is a formal arrangement by two or more parties to
manage and operate a business and share its profits.
A partnership is an arrangement between two or more people to oversee
business operations and share its profits and liabilities.
In a general partnership company, all members share both profits and liabilities.
Ans:2 The features of partnership are as follows:
1. Sharing of profit : The agreement between the partners must be to share the
profits of a business. There can be no partnership without the intention of mutual
gain. The profits must be distributed among the partners in an agreed ratio.
Similarly, losses should be shared among the partners.
2.Mutual agency : Partnership business can be carried on by all the partners or by
any of them acting on behalf of the others. In other words, every partner is an
implied agent of the other partners and of the firm. Each partner is liable for acts
performed by other partners on behalf of the firm.
3.Utmost good faith : The relations between partners are based upon mutual trust
and confidence. Every partner is expected to act in the best interests of other partners
and of the firm as a whole. He must observe utmost good faith in all the dealings
with his co-partners. He must render true accounts and make no secret profits from
the business.
Ans:3
S.No. Basis of Distinction Sole Proprietorship Partnership
1. Number of owners One person Minimum – 2, Maximum – 50
2. Agreement No agreement is required
Agreement is essential.
3. Division of profits/loss
No division of profit and no sharing of risk
Division among the partners in agreed ratio.
4. Implied agency No implied agency Generally every partner is an implied agent of the firm.
5. Ownership and control
Not shared Shared by partners.
Ans:4 Limited liability partnership is a combination of both partnership and
corporation. It has the feature of both these forms. Partners have limited liability in the
company which means that personal assets of the partners are not used for paying off the
debts of the company. Nowadays it has become very popular form of business as many
entrepreneurs are opting this. There are a number of partners in the firm and hence they
are not liable or responsible for others misconduct. Every one is liable for their own acts.
*********************************************************************
Class 9 Maths Worksheet-10
QUESTION 1 : Prove that √3 is irrational.
Solution: Using long division method we are going to find the square root of 3
Since the division is non- repeating and non-terminating,
Hence, √3 is irrational..
REAL NUMBERS:
A real number is any number found on a number line. Every
natural number, every whole number, every integer, every
fraction, every rational number, every irrational numbers are real
numbers.
SURDS: A number that can't be simplified to remove a square root (or cube root
etc).
Examples: • √2 (square root of 2) can't be simplified further so it is a surd.
• √4 (square root of 4) can be simplified to 2, so it is NOT a surd.
RATIONALISING OF SURDS:
Suppose we are given a number whose denominator is irrational.
Then, the process of converting its denominator to a rational number, by multiplying its
numerator and denominator by a suitable number, is called rationalisation.
QUESTION 2:Rationalize the denominator of 4
√5
Solution: on multiplying the numerator and denominator of the given number by √5,
we get
4
√5 =
4
√5 x
√5
√5 =
4 √5
5
If the denominator is in the form of a ±√𝒃 or a ± c√𝒃 (where, b is a rational
number).
Then we have to multiply both the numerator and denominator by its conjugate.
a + √𝒃 and a - √𝒃 are conjugate of each other.
a + c√𝒃 and a - c√𝒃 are conjugate of each other.
QUESTION 3: Rationalise the denominator of 1
5+3√2
Solution: 1
5+3√2 =
1
5+3√2 x
5−3√2
5−3√2
=(5−3√2)
(5+3√2 )(5−3√2 )
= (5−3√2)
(5)2− (3√2)2 { using formula (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2 }
= 5−3 √2
25−18
= 5−3√2
7
If the denominator is in the form of √𝒂 ± √𝒃 (where a and b are rational numbers).
Then we have to multiply both the numerator and denominator by its conjugate.
√𝒂 + √𝒃 and √𝒂 - √𝒃 are conjugate of each other.
QUESTION 4: Rationalize the denominator 6+ √5
6− √5
Solution : 𝟔+ √𝟓
𝟔− √𝟓 x
6+ √5
6+ √5
=( 6+ √5)2
( 6 )2−(√5)2
= (6)2+ (√5)2+2 .6 .√5
36−5 { using the formula of (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎)2 − (𝑏)2 }
=36+5+12 √5
31
= 41+12 √5
31
Question 5: If 2+ √3
2− √3 = x + y √3 , find the value of x and y.
Solution :
Now we have to compare the final answer with R.H.S
The values of x and y are 7 and 4 respectively.
QUESTION 6: If 𝑥 = 2 + √3, find the value of 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥2.
Solution: Given: 𝑥 = 2 + √3
1
𝑥=
1
2+ √3
1
𝑥=
1
2+ √3 x
2− √3
2− √3 { by rationalizing the denominator }
1
𝑥=
2− √3
(2)2− (√3)2
1
𝑥=
2− √3
4−3 = 2 – √3
Therefore, (𝑥 + 1
𝑥 ) =( 2 +√3 ) + (2 - √3 )= 4
Now, squaring both sides we get
(𝑥 + 1
𝑥 )2 = (4)2
𝑥2 + 1
𝑥2+ 2. 𝑥.
1
𝑥= 16 {applying the formula (a+b)2 }
𝑥2 + 1
𝑥2 = 16 − 2
Hence, 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥2 = 14
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTISE:
1. Rationalise the denominator of each of the following:
(i) 1
3+√5
(ii) 1
√6− √3
(iii) √3−1
√3+1
(iv) 6
√5− √3
(v) √3+ √2
√3− √2
2. If √3+1
√3−1 = a + b √3 , find the values of a and b.
3. If 5− √6
5+ √6 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 √3, , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.
4. Simplify : √5+ √3
√5− √3+
√5− √3
√5+ √3 { HINT: solve each separately and then add}
5. If 𝑥 = 3 + √8, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥2
Answer key of Maths Worksheet-9
1. 17
20 ,
19
20
2. (i) 21
40 ,
11
20 ,
23
20 (ii)
−1
6 ,
−1
12 , 0 ,
1
12
3.
(i) Rational
(ii) Rational
(iii) Irrational
(iv) Irrational
(v) Rational
(vi) Rational
(vii) Irrational
(viii) Rational
(ix) Irrational
(x) Irrational
(xi) Rational
(xii) Irrational
(xiii) Irrational
(xiv) Rational
4. Rationals in U = { -8, √25 , −3
5 , 2. 4 ̅ , 0 }
Irrationals in U = {√8 , 𝜋, 3√5, −√3 }
5. (i) irrational (ii) irrational (iii) irrational (iv) irrational (v) rational
6. (i) 12
(ii)28 + 10√3
(iii)15 - 6√6
Class 9 Economics Worksheet-8
CONCEPT OF PRODUCTION
Production means creation of utility. Utility can be created in many ways. For
example, utility can be created by changing the form of a commodity.
By production we mean the process of creating various goods and services. Which
are consumed by the people of the country Production is a process in which some
materials are transformed from one form to other. Whatever is, used in the
production process is called an Input or a factor of production and whatever is
obtained from the process is an output.
A carpenter converts wood into the table, potter creates utility by converting mud
into utensils etc.
Creating utility is a necessary condition of any production activity.
Only those goods and services will be classified in production which possess the
following characteristics.
(a) These are created by human labour and capital.
(b)These are capable of satisfying human wants directly or as producers goods
(i.e. machines, raw materials etc.) indirectly.
(c)These have a cost of production and hence command price.
Hence ‘Production is a physical process carried out by an enterprise in which
labour and capital along with land are used to convert inputs into output of goods
and services. It can also be defined as activity that results in value added.’
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
Check the link: https://youtu.be/0LJtWaJDRIY
Anything that helps in the process of production of a commodity or service is called
a factor of production.
All those things which help in production are generally grouped into two parts:
Factor Input and Non- factor Inputs.
Non-factor inputs consist of intermediate goods EXAMPLE -Raw material, fuel
etc. Factor Inputs are applied to convert them into finished goods. For instance,
raw cotton is an intermediate good (or non-factor input). When Labour and
Capital are applied on it, it gets converted into cotton yarn - a finished product.
Similarly, wood is a non-factor input which is used in making of furniture. By
using labour and capital, a producer converts wood into furniture. Remember,
non-factor inputs are of perishable nature. They generally lose their identity in
the production process.
Factor inputs (popularly known as factors of production) are of permanent nature.
They are used to convert intermediate goods into finished goods. They (factor
inputs) are the basic factors of production which are used in the production process.
Economists generally classify basic factors of production into four main groups viz.
Land, Labour, Capital, and Organisation .
LAND
As the Penguin Dictionary of Economics has put it: “Land in economics is taken to
mean not simply that part of the earth’s surface not covered by water, but also all
the free gifts of nature’s such as minerals, soil fertility, as also the resources of sea.
Land provides both space and specific resources”.
From the above definition, it is quite clear that land includes farming and building
land, forests, and mineral deposits. Fisheries, rivers, lakes, etc. all those natural
resources (or gifts of nature) which help us (the members of the society) to produce
useful goods and services.
Thus Land in economics, means not only the surface of the earth, but all those free
gifts of nature,the supply of which can be regulated.
LABOUR
By labour, we mean all types of human work - physical or mental - done with a view
to earn income.
Labour is also a primary factor of production. The distinctive feature of the factor
of production, called labour, is that it provides a human service. It refers to human
effect of any kind—physical and mental— which is directed to the production of
goods and services. ‘Labour’ is the collective name given to the productive services
embodied in human physical effort, skill, intellectual powers, etc. The term covers
clerical, managerial and administrative functions as well as skilled and unskilled
manual work.
CAPITAL
Capital- It is a stock, the amount of which can be increased by investment.
Capital is defined as the 'produced means of production'. There are two important
points in this definition. First, it is produced, i.e., it is produced by man (through
work on the natural resources) and is not a free gift of nature. Second, it is a means
of production, i.e., it is used as an input in producing other goods. It is not directly
consumed. Thus, different types of machines, raw materials, buses, trucks, rail
engines, ships etc., are examples of capital. Producers use these goods as factors of
production. So these goods are also called capital goods. Capital has, therefore, been
defined as ‘produced means of production.’ It is a man-made resource. To put it
more clearly, capital is that part of wealth which is not used for the purpose of
consumption but is utilized in the process of production. Economists use the term
capital to mean goods used for further production.
ORGANISATION
No production is possible without bringing these three factors of production
together and using them in right proportion. So there must be somebody to hire
them from their owners by paying rent, wages and interest as rewards and to decide
the quantities of each needed for production. This is known as organization.
Organisation refers to the services of an entrepreneur who controls, organises and
undertakes all risks. One who plans, organises and manages a business enterprise is
an organizer.
Organisation, as a factor of production, refers to the task of bringing land, labour
and capital together. It involves the establishment of co-ordination and co-operation
among these factors. The person in charge of organisation is known as an organiser
or an entrepreneur. So, the entrepreneur is the person who takes the charge of
supervising the organisation of production and of framing the necessary policy
regarding business.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define the term Production?
Q2. Name the four factors of Production?
Q3. Explain any two factors of Production in detail?
Answer Key of Economics Worksheet-7
Answers to the following Questions:
Q1. Define the term Wealth?
Ans: ‘Wealth refers to all the goods which can satisfy human wants and for which
payments are made’. OR Wealth has been defined as ‘Stock of goods existing at a given
time that have money value’
Q2. Describe any two basic characteristics of wealth?
Ans: Two basic characteristics are-
1. Utility -Wealth must have power to satisfy human wants. Any commodity which has no
utility cannot be termed as wealth. It must possess utility: That is, it must have the power
to satisfy a want. As Marshall says, ‘they must be desirable’.
2. Scarcity - Scarcity is another essential characteristic of wealth. To be wealth a
commodity must have scarcity in supply in relation to its demand. It must be limited in
supply. For example, air, sunshine are all essential for life. In fact, man cannot live without
them. They possess great utility but they are not considered wealth because they are
available in large quantities. Their supply is not limited. In other words, there is no scarcity
of those goods. Such goods are known as free goods.
Q3. Explain (Any) two forms of wealth?
Ans: Forms of Wealth or Classification of Wealth
Personal Wealth (Individual Wealth)
Wealth owned by an individual is called private or individual wealth
The wealth of a person consists of both material and non-material goods. Thus the wealth
of the person includes such material things as land, houses, furniture, machinery and so on.
Not only that, if a person has some shares in companies or bonds which require others to
pay money to him, they should be included in his personal wealth. On the other hand, if he
owes some debt to others, it should be regarded as negative wealth and so subtracted from
his gross wealth. Then we get the net wealth of a person. An individual may hold wealth in
the following forms - Cash in hand or at banks, Financial- assets such as bonds, shares of
companies, Real assets such as houses, farms, cars etc
Thus a person’s wealth is defined as the stock of all transferable goods owned by any
person.
Social Wealth (Collective Wealth)
Social wealth consists of all these goods that can be enjoyed by all members of a society.
Social wealth includes public roads, public parks, public schools, government hospitals,
public libraries, museums and so on. In short, it includes all kinds of public property and
ownership. Most of these things are called collective goods, i.e., goods that are not in
private ownership.
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Class 9 Physical Education Worksheet-8
The Human Anatomy and Physiology
Fore Limb- Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges
Humerus
The humerus is the bone in upper arm.
It runs from the shoulder to the elbow.
It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the
elbow.
It is the largest bone of the upper limb.
It has two extremities and a shaft.
Radius: The radius is slightly smaller than ulna. It pivots around ulna to produce
movement at radio-ulnar joint. It is a bone with a shaft and two extremities.
Ulna: The ulna is slightly larger than the radius. It is a long bone. It has two extremities
and a shaft.
Carpals: There are eight carpal bones in each wrist.
These bones are arranged in two rows i.e. four bones
in each row. The shape of carpals is irregular.
Metacarpals: There are five metacarpals bones in each
Hand. Each bone has a shaft and two extremities. These
bones articulates with carpals and phalanges.
Phalanges: The phalanges are also long bones. Each
bone has a shaft and two extremities. There are
fourteen phalanges, three in each finger and two in
thumb.
Spine- Vertebral Column
Vertebrae: There are 33 vertebrae or vertebral bones in
vertebral column. The vertebrae in human vertebral
column are named according to the region they occupy.
1. Cervical: 7 Vertebrae
2. Thoracic: 12 Vertebrae
3. Lumbar: 5 Vertebrae
4. Sacrum: 5 Vertebrae
5. Coccyx: 4 Vertebrae
Hip- Pelvis
Pelvis: Pelvis is the lower trunk of the human body between abdomen and the thighs.
Pelvis is divided into two- True pelvis and false pelvis.
Pelvis provides support for various muscles and ligaments used during
locomotion.
They also provide support to abdominal viscera.
They transfer weight from upper axial skeleton to the lower appendicular
components of skeleton.
Hind Limbs- Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia, Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges.
Femur: The femur is also called thigh bone.
It is the single bone of the thigh region.
It is the longest and strongest bone of the body.
It accounts for approximately ¼ of a person’s
total height
It is long bone with a shaft and two extremities.
All the body weight is supported by the femur
during activities such as running, jumping,
walking and standing.
It runs from hip to knee.
Patella: The patella is derived from latin means
‘small plate’.
It is also known as knee cap.
It articulates with the femur and covers and
protects articular surface of the knee joint.
It is situated on the front of the knee joint.
The function of patella is knee extension.
It is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps
muscle, which contracts to extend or
straighten the knee.
Fibula: The fibula or calf bone is long, thin and
lateral bone of the lower leg.
It runs parallel to the tibia or shin bone.
It is smaller of the two bones.
It plays a significant role in stabilizing the ankle and supporting the muscles of the
lower leg.
It has a shaft and two extremities.
Tibia: The tibia is also known as shin bone
It is larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones.
It forms the knee joint with femur and ankle joint with the fibula and tarsals.
It carries the weight of the body from femur to the feet.
It has a shaft and two extremities.
Tarsals: There are seven tarsal bones
These bones are arranged in three rows.
These bones build the connection between lower
leg and metatarsals.
These bones support the weight of the body in
standing.
Metatarsals: There are five metatarsal bones.
These are long bones with a shaft and two extremities.
The first metatarsal is thick and short, whereas, the second metatarsal is the
longest.
Phalanges: The phalanges are the bones that make up the toes of the foot.
There are fourteen phalanges in the foot.
There are three types of phalanges i.e. proximal, intermediate and distal.
Proximal phalanges articulate with the metatarsals.
The intermediate phalanges are the small phalanges in the middle of the toes.
The distal phalanges are the bones farthest away from the body.
Questions
1. Discuss about pelvis.
2. Give brief description of femur.
3. What is patella?
4. Discuss about fibula.
5. Discuss about tibia and its functions.
6. Briefly explain about vertebral column.
7. Discuss about tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.
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Class 9 Computer Application Worksheet-8
INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java
Object-oriented programming: As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming
or OOPs refers to languages that uses objects in programming. Object-oriented
programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding,
polymorphism etc in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data
and the functions that operate on them so that no other part of the code can access this
data except that function.
OR
Object-oriented programming System(OOPs) is a programming paradigm based on the
concept of “objects” that contain data and methods. The primary purpose of object-
oriented programming is to increase the flexibility and maintainability of programs.
Object oriented programming brings together data and its behaviour(methods) in a single
location(object) makes it easier to understand how a program works.
We will cover each and every feature of OOPs in detail so that you won’t face any
difficultly understanding OOPs Concepts.
OOPs Concepts :
Object
Class
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Core OOPS concepts are
1) Object
An object can be defined as an instance of a class, and there can be multiple instances of
a class in a program. An Object contains both the data and the function, which operates
on the data. For example - chair, bike, marker, pen, table, car, etc.
2) Class
The class is a group of similar entities. It is only an logical component and not the
physical entity. For example, if you had a class called “Expensive Cars” it could have
objects like Mercedes, BMW, Toyota, etc. Its properties(data) can be price or speed of
these cars. While the methods may be performed with these cars are driving, reverse,
braking etc.
3) Inheritance
Inheritance is an OOPS concept in which one object acquires the properties and
behaviours of the parent object. It’s creating a parent-child relationship between two
classes. It offers robust and natural mechanism for organizing and structure of any
software.
4) Polymorphism
Polymorphism refers to the ability of a variable, object or function to take on multiple
forms. For example, in English, the verb run has a different meaning if you use it with a
laptop, a foot race, and business. Here, we understand the meaning of run based on the
other words used along with it.The same also applied to Polymorphism.
5) Abstraction
An abstraction is an act of representing essential features without including background
details. It is a technique of creating a new data type that is suited for a specific
application. For example, while driving a car, you do not have to be concerned with its
internal working. Here you just need to concern about parts like steering wheel, Gears,
accelerator, etc.
6) Encapsulation
Encapsulation is an OOP technique of wrapping the data and code. In this OOPS concept,
the variables of a class are always hidden from other classes. It can only be accessed
using the methods of their current class. For example - in school, a student cannot exist
without a class.
Advantages of OOPS:
OOP offers easy to understand and a clear modular structure for programs.
Objects created for Object-Oriented Programs can be reused in other programs.
Thus it saves significant development cost.
Large programs are difficult to write, but if the development and designing team
follow OOPS concept then they can better design with minimum flaws.
It also enhances program modularity because every object exists independently.
ASSIGNMENT
Q1. What do you understand by OOP ?
Q2. Describe any three features or concepts of OOPs other than object and class.
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