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CHLAMYDIAL & PARASITICCHLAMYDIAL & PARASITIC EYE PATHOGENSDr. WILLIAM J. BENJAMIN
Eye Physiology & Ocular Prosthetics LaboratoryUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham
School of Optometry
Presented at the UAB School of Optometry as Part ofOPT 121: MICROBIOLOGY and IMMUNOLOGY
N b 23 2009November 23, 2009
RICKETTSIAE & CHLAMYDIA
INTRACELLULAR PARASITESHAVE DNA AND RNA, UNLIKE VIRUSESREPLICATE INSIDE HOST CELLNOT VERY DEPENDENT ON HOST CELL
MACHINERYMACHINERYLESS VIRULENT THAN MOST CELL-LYSING
VIRUSESSUSCEPTIBLE TO MOST ANTIBACTERIALS DIFFERENCE IS LIKE “SPLITTING HAIRS”
VIRUS-LIKE BACTERIA OFVIRUS-LIKE BACTERIA OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE
RICKETTSIAE: Generally Require a VectorTYPHUS, carried by several vectorsQ FEVER pasteurization of milkQ FEVER, pasteurization of milkROCKY MOUNT’N SPOTTED FEVER, tick
CHLAMYDIAChlamydia trachomatis: from humansChlamydia psittaci: from birds
TRACHOMA, AND NON-TRACHOMATOUS INCLUSION KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS ACCOMPANIED BY GENITOURINARY TRACT INFECTION
MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF OCULAR
CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONSCLINICAL PRESENTATIONOCULAR SURFACE CYTOLOGY
POLYMORPHIC RESPONSEPOLYMORPHIC RESPONSE PMNs, Lymphocytes, Monocytes Leber Cell in Trachoma:
Giant macrophages packedGiant macrophages packedwith phagocytized debris
Eosinophil (?)
MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF OCULAR
CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONSSTAINS: GIEMSA, FLUORESENT ANTIBODY
INCLUSION BODIES: Cytoplasmic, visible with Light Microscopyvisible with Light Microscopy
TISSUE CULTURE: UNRELIABLE
TRANSMISSION OFTRANSMISSION OF CHLAMYDIA
URETHRAL EPITHELIUM OF MEN AND CERVICAL EPITHELIUM OF WOMEN
EYE INFECTION RARE W/O CONCURRENTEYE INFECTION RARE W/O CONCURRENT GENITAL INFECTION
ORAL ADMIN. OF ANTIBACTERIALS NECES-SARY: Tetracycline, Erythromycin
THE PING PONG FACTOR
CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES THAT INFECT OR
INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
INTRACELLULAR PARASITESVirusesVirusesChlamydiaBartonella henselae (Parinaud’s OGS)
EXTRACELLULAR PARASITES
ENDOPARASITESENDOPARASITESECTOPARASITES
INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAINTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Microsporidia: OVOID SPORE FORMERSTWO GROUPS for the EYE
Nosema sp.: Cornea Stroma UlcerEncephalitozoon sp.: Intractable
Infiltrative KeratoconjunctivitisInfiltrative Keratoconjunctivitis
INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Microsporidia: pNO ANTECEDENT TRAUMAVECTOR UNKNOWNONLY IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISEDONLY IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISEDBROLENE, FUMAGILLIN INHIBIT, BUT IN-
FECTION RECURS AFTER CESSATION
Spores in Stroma: Acid-Fast Stain, 1000x
3 Spores in Macrophage: EM
INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAINTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Leishmania sp.: LEISHMANIASISVECTOR: BITES OF SAND FLY, THEN
INGESTED BY PMNsINGESTED BY PMNsREPLICATION WITHIN PMNs, CAUSING
LESIONS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES, SKIN AND VISCERAL ORGANSSKIN, AND VISCERAL ORGANS
INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAINTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Leishmania sp.: LEISHMANIASISOCULAR EFFECTS: EDEMA, ULCERS,
SCARRING OF LIDS CONJ ANDSCARRING OF LIDS, CONJ., AND INTERSTITIAL KERATITIS
INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAINTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Toxoplasma gondii: TOXOPLASMOSISFECAL TRANS. BY DOGS, CATS, ETC.LOCALIZED CHOROIDAL GRANULOMA
INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAINTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Toxoplasma gondii: TOXOPLASMOSISFECAL TRANS. BY DOGS, CATS, ETC.LOCALIZED CHOROIDAL GRANULOMA
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Onchocerca volvulus: ONCHOCERCHIASISMICROFILARIAL NEMATODE (Worm)VECTOR: FEMALE BLACK FLY (Bites)VECTOR: FEMALE BLACK FLY (Bites)
Transfers microfilaria to humansMicrofilaria enter body thru bitesWolbachia sp. Bacteria are essent-Wolbachia sp. Bacteria are essent
ial symbionts of nematodes
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Onchocerca volvulus: ONCHOCERCHIASISMICROFILARIA JOURNEY TO EYE
via Ciliary Vessels, NervesFLY ALSO DEPOSITS ITS EGGS
NEAR RIVERS, LARVA GROWIN TROPICAL MOISTURE, i.e.,“RIVER BLINDNESS”“RIVER BLINDNESS”
CORNEAL REACTION TO DEADFILARIA AND WOHLBACHIABACTERIABACTERIAMild / Early: Opacities ReversibleSclerosing Keratitis (1): Irreversible Scars
SUSCEPTIBLE TO ANTIBACTERIALSSUSCEPTIBLE TO ANTIBACTERIALS
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
T h d i & i KERA’ISTrypanosoma rhodesiense & cruzi: KERA’ISAFR. & SO. AMER. SLEEPING SICKNESS
Acanthamoeba spAcanthamoeba sp.UBIQUITOUS; 15 DIFFERENT SPECIESFREE-LIVING: NOT REALLY PARASITE
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYEA th bAcanthamoeba sp.
BREATHING OFDUST, CONT-AM WATERAM. WATER
SWIMMING,HOT TUBS,,TAP WATER
CNS INFECTIONSvia NASO-via NASO-
PHARYNYX,as with Naegleria
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
A th bAcanthamoeba sp.TROPHOZOOITE& CYST FORMS
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Acanthamoeba sp.FEEDS ON BACTERIA, FUNGI, -ZOAHUMANS & ANIMALS HAVE IMMUNITYCULTURED FROM NASOPHARYNX OF
ASYMPTOMATIC ADULTSASYMPTOMATIC ADULTSLEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE: AC, Humid.
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Acanthamoeba sp.SITES OF OCULAR INFECTION
Cornea, Orbit, Retina, Optic NerveINITIAL KERATITIS CAN BE Herpes-like
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Acanthamoeba sp.FACTORS IN INITIAL EYE INFECTION
Antecedent TraumaImmunocompromiseRepeated ExposureRepeated ExposureExposure to Virulent StrainInoculation of Immunoprivileged SiteInoculation of Immunoprivileged SiteWear of Soft Contact Lenses
HIGHER INCIDENCE FOLLOWING FLOODS and HURRICANES
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Acanthamoeba sp.DIAGNOSIS: CALCIFLUOR WHITE STAIN
Fluorescent Microscopy; Stain CystsFluorescent Microscopy; Stain Cysts
EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOAEXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA THAT INFECT THE HUMAN EYE
Acanthamoeba Sp.TREATMENT WITH MULTIPLE AGENTS
Brolene AntifungalsBrolene, AntifungalsNeomycin, Polymyxin B
TREATMENT IS PROLONGED / YEARENCYSTMENT IS A PROBLEMCORNEAL TRANSPLANT OFTEN REQ.TOO MANY ENUCLEATIONS
ENDOPARASITES THATENDOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
THESE ARE A GROUP OF SOME 15+ PARA-SITES ASSOCIATED WITH THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACTINTESTINAL TRACT
THEY ARE LARGER MULTICELLED ORGAN-ISMS, PERHAPS ON THE FRINGE OF BEING “MICRO”ORGANISMSBEING MICRO ORGANISMS
THEY SPREAD TO HUMANS BY:BITES OF FLIES, BUGS, MOSQUITOESBITES OF FLIES, BUGS, MOSQUITOESFECALLYINGESTION OF UNDERCOOKED FOOD
OR IMPURE WATER
ENDOPARASITES THATENDOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Loa Loa: LOIASISFILARIAL EYEWORMVECTOR: BITE OF MANGO FLYChrysops allows microfilaria into body
AROUND ORBIT & UNDER CONJUNCTIVAAROUND ORBIT & UNDER CONJUNCTIVA
ENDOPARASITES THATENDOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Thelazia Sp.EYEWORM OF DEER, RABBITHOOKWORM OF DOG, CATVECTOR TO MAN: BITE OF FLYDIRECT SKIN PENETRATION BY LARVADIRECT SKIN PENETRATION BY LARVA
ENDOPARASITES THATENDOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Toxocara canis & cati: TOXOCARIASISDOG & CAT NEMATODE (ROUNDWORMS)FECAL TRANSMISSION OF EGGS
TO HUMANS
ENDOPARASITES THATENDOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Toxocara canis & cati: TOXOCARIASISCHORIORETINITIS: Allergic Rxn to Worm
ENDOPARASITES THATENDOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Trichinella spiralis: TRICHINOSISLARVA ENCYST IN SKELETAL MUSCLEPIGS HORSE WALRUS BEARPIGS, HORSE, WALRUS, BEARVECTOR TO MAN:
INGESTION OF UNDERCOOKEDUNDERCOOKEDMEAT
EXTRA-OCULAR MUSCLESThe only striatedThe only striatedmuscles of the Eye
ECTOPARASITES THATECTOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Demodex folliculorum & brevisHAIR FOLLICLE & SABACEOUS GLANDNORMAL MITES OF LIDS NOSENORMAL MITES OF LIDS, NOSEMAY BE VECTORS FOR OTHER M.O.’sROLE IN BLEPHARITIS UNCLEARROLE IN BLEPHARITIS UNCLEAROVERGROWTH CALLED DEMODICOSIS
ECTOPARASITES THATECTOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
TICKS: Can Attach to Lid or ConjunctivaBLOOD-SUCKING ARTHROPODSVECTORS FOR RICKETTSIAE, VIRUSESLYME DISEASE: SPIROCHETE
Borrelia burgdorferi & DEER TICKBorrelia burgdorferi & DEER TICK
Deer Tick
ECTOPARASITES THATECTOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Phthirus pubis: CRAB LOUSE & EGGSLOUSE & NITS IN PUBIC AREA, LASHESOCULAR EFFECTS:BlepharitisMadarosisMadarosisKeratitisInfection @ Bite Site
ECTOPARASITES THATECTOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Phthirus pubis: CRAB LOUSE & EGGSTRANSMITTED BY BED SHEETS, CLOTH-
ING TOWELS CLOSE CONTACTING, TOWELS, CLOSE CONTACT1 OF 3 LICE TO INFEST HUMANS:
Pediculus humanus corporisPediculus humanus corporisPediculus humanus capitus
ECTOPARASITES THATECTOPARASITES THAT INFEST THE HUMAN EYE
Sarcoptes scabeiUBIQUITOUS HUMAN SCABIES MITEMITES BURROW INTO SKIN OF EYELIDSPREAD BY BED SHEETS, CLOTHING,
TOWELS, CLOSE CONTACTTOWELS, CLOSE CONTACTINFESTATION CALLED SCABIES, OR
ACARIASIS
SUMMARY OF ANIMATESUMMARY OF ANIMATE VECTORS
ARTHROPODSFLEAS: Bubonic PlagueFLIES: African Sleeping SicknessLICEMITESMITESMOSQUITOES: MalariaTICKS: Tularemia, Lyme DiseaseTICKS: Tularemia, Lyme Disease
MAMMALSDOGS, CATS, ETC.HUMANS
SUMMARY OF INANIMATESUMMARY OF INANIMATE VECTORS
FOOD & WATERBODILY LIQUIDS: TEAR FLUID (?)FECESCONTAMINATED OBJECTS (FOMITES)
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