child psychology module 12

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The Self and Moral Development

Module 12

Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development 12.1

• Born in Frankfort Germany• 1902- 1994, died at 91 in U.S.• Influences: Sigmund Freud & Anna Freud

• Freud psychosexual• Erikson psychosocial

• Growth model

• Coined term Lifespan Development• Personality Development

Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

•Erikson • Change occurs throughout life

•Psychosocial theory (Eric Erikson)• 8 stages• Each stage• Unique crisis to resolve• Developmental task

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Early Childhood https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0sxaU34MPE

Psychoanalytic Perspective Erikson

• Learn from Erikson’s stages:• Nurture infants to:

• Develop trust• Encourage & monitor autonomy

• Encourage initiative• Freedom to explore their world

• Promote industry in elementary years• Nurture motivation for mastery & curiosity

• Stimulate adolescent identity exploration• Self-exploration

Caring for Children

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages 1. Trust Versus Mistrust (Hope)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

•1. Trust Versus Mistrust (Hope)• Infancy - 1 • Does child believe caregivers are reliable? • Successful

• Develops trust & security & a basic optimism.• Badly handled

• Becomes insecure & mistrustful of the world

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages• 2. Autonomy Versus Shame & Doubt (Will)• Infancy: 1 – 3• Early part of crisis

• Stormy self – will • Tantrums• Stubbornness• Negativism

• "well - parented" child• Confident• Happy with new found control• Proud

• 3. Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose)• 3 – 5 yrs.• Child learns to: • Imagine

• Broaden skills through active play, fantasy• Cooperate• Lead & follow

• Immobilized by guilt: • Fearful • Hangs on fringes of groups • Too dependent on adults• Restricted in development of play skills & imagination.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

•4. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence)•6- puberty• Learns to master more formal skills of life: • (1) Relating with peers according to rules

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

4. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) Cont.

• (2) Progressing from free play - structured play• Rules & teamwork

• (3) Mastering social studies, reading, arithmetic.

Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) Cont.• Completion of this stage results in:• Trusting• Autonomous • Full of initiative• Easily learn to be industrious

• Or

• Mistrusting child • Doubt future• Shame & guilt, experiences defeat &

inferiority.

•5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion (Fidelity)• 10 – 20 yrs.• "Who am I?“• Learns answer satisfactorily & happily • Role identity confusion

• Most experiment with minor delinquency• Rebellion • Self - doubts

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

•5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion (Fidelity) cont.•Successful early adolescence•Mature time perspective developed• Self-certainty • Experiments with different usually constructive roles •Anticipates achievement & achieves

• 5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion (Fidelity) cont.• Later adolescence

• Clear sexual identity • Seeks leadership (someone to inspire him)• Develops a set of ideals socially congruent &

desirable• Can experiment

• Try various roles, & find one most suitable

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

•6. Intimacy Vs Isolation (Love)•20’s, 30’s•Successful young adult• 1st time, can experience true intimacy• Makes possible good marriage or a

genuine & enduring friendship.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

•7. Generativity Vs Stagnation (Care)•40’s, 50’s•"Generativity" • Term coined by Erikson• Meant “generate” something• Creativity between generations. • Can be expressed in many ways

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages •7. Generativity Vs Stagnation (Care) Cont.•Try to "make a difference" with your life, to "give back”• From raising a child to stopping a tradition

of abuse• From writing a family history to starting a

new organization.

•8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom)•60’s onward• If other 7 psychosocial crisis have been successfully resolved:• Develops peak of adjustment; integrity. • Trusts• Independent• Works hard• Well defined role in life• Happy with self-concept

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• 8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) cont.• 60’s onward

Intimate without strain, guilt, regret, or lack of realism• Proud of what you create

• Children• Work• Hobbies

• 1 or more earlier psychosocial crises unresolved• May view self & his life with disgust & despair.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Development of the Self12.3

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Development of the Self•Self-understanding

• Remember the rouge test?• What did it show?

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem12.4

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Self-Concept & Self-Esteem• Self-Esteem • Evaluation of self-concept • Traits & emotions included by age 4 – 5

• Usually unrealistic, positive• I am the best swimmer.• I am happy all the time.

• Self-concept in adolescents?

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Building Self-Esteem in Children

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Racial & Ethnicity Identity

• Ethnicity• Culture• Customs

• Positive ethnic identity• Stronger self-concept• Greater school achievement• Higher self-esteem

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Racial & Ethnicity IdentityBarbie Doll Test

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development12.6

6-11 Years-of-Age

Kohlberg Stages

•Based on Piaget•6 stages of moral development •Believed universal

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7pQJ0ptjk0Kohlberg Stages #2

6-11 Years-of-Age 32

6-11 Years-of-Age

Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory #3 • http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY4etXWYS84

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6-11 Years-of-Age

Kohlberg Stages

•3 Levels, PCP• Level 1: Preconventional reasoning • Level 2: Conventional reasoning• Level 3: Postconventional reasoning

•6 Stages• 2 stages in each level

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6-11 Years-of-Age

Preconventional Reasoning

• Early childhood development•Good/bad based on• Rewards• Punishments• (behaviorism)

• Egocentric

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6-11 Years-of-Age

Conventional Reasoning

•Middle school• Apply certain standards• Standards set by

others• Parents• Government

• Learn to conform

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6-11 Years-of-Age

Postconventional Reasoning

• Usually college years• Recognize alternative

moral courses• Explore options• Create personal moral

code

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6-11 Years-of-Age

Kohlberg Stages Research

• Moral stages appeared later than Kohlberg envisioned.• Reasoning at Stage 6 rare.

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