chemistry standard level paper 3 past papers... · disposal of radioactive waste is a major...

2210-6118 24 pages

M10/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/XX+

Thursday 13 May 2010 (morning)

CHEMISTRYSTANDARD lEvElPAPER 3

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your session number in the boxes above.• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Answer all of the questions from two of the Options in the spaces provided. You may continue

your answers on answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided.

• At the end of the examination, indicate the letters of the Options answered in the candidate box on your cover sheet and indicate the number of answer sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet.

1 hour

Candidate session number

2 2 1 0 6 1 1 8

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Option A — Modern analytical chemistry

A1. Statetworeasonsfortheuseofanalyticaltechniquesintoday’ssociety.

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A2. AstudentanalysestheamountofCu2+inawatersampleusingatomicabsorptionspectroscopy.Asimplifieddiagramoftheatomicabsorptionspectrophotometerisshownbelow.

Flame / Atomizer Monochromator Light detectorLight source

Sample

(a) Statetheessentialcharacteristicofthelampprovidingthelightsource.

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(b) DescribewhathappenstotheCu2+(aq)ionswhenintroducedintotheatomizer.

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(c) Describethefunctionofthemonochromator.

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A2 continued)

(d) Explain how the student can determine the concentration of Cu2+(aq) ions in thewater sample using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and a solution of0.10moldm–3CuSO4.

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A3. Paperchromatographymaybeusedtoseparateamixtureofsugars.

(a) State the stationary phase and an example of a mobile phase used in paperchromatography.

Stationaryphase:

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Mobilephase:

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(Question A3 continued)

(b) TheidentityoftwosugarsinamixturecanbedeterminedbymeasuringtheirRfvalues,afterstaining.

(i) DescribehowanRfvaluecanbecalculated.

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(ii) CalculatetheRfvalueforsugar2inthechromatogrambelow.

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solventfront

sugar1

sugar2

(c) ExplainhowtheRfvalueofsugar2couldbeusedtoidentifyit.

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A4. (a) Explainwhythenitrogenmolecule,N2,doesnotabsorbinfraredradiation.

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(b) Describetwovibrationsinthewatermoleculethatabsorbinfraredradiation.

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Option B — Human biochemistry

B1. Theenergyvalueoffoodmaybedeterminedusingafoodcalorimeter.

The combustion of 2.00g of dried bread in a food calorimeter raised the temperature of600cm3waterfrom20 5. °Cto29 0. °C.CalculatetheenergycontentofbreadinkJper100g.Specificheatcapacityofwater= − −4 18 1 1. J g K .

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B2. Proteinsarenaturalpolymers.

(a) Listfourmajorfunctionsofproteinsinthehumanbody.

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(Question B2 continued)

(b) Deduce the structures of two different tripeptides that can be formedwhen all threeaminoacidsgivenbelowreacttogether. [2]

H2N CH

COOH H2N CH

SHH2N CH2 COOH

(c) Deducethenumberoftripeptidesthatcouldbeformedbyusingallthreeoftheaboveaminoacidstoformatripeptide.

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(d) Statethetypeofbondingthat isresponsiblefortheprimaryandsecondarystructuresofproteins.

Primary:

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Secondary:

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(Question B2 continued)

(e) Describeandexplain the tertiarystructureofproteins. Include inyouranswerall thebondsandinteractionsresponsibleforthetertiarystructure.

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B3. (a) Statewhatismeantbythetermdietary fibre.

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(b) Describetheimportanceofahighfibredietandlisttwohealthproblemsrelatedtoalowfibrediet.

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B4. Hormonesplayanimportantroleinthebody.

(a) Outlinethefunctionandproductionofhormonesinthebody.

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(b) Inmanycommunitiestherearepeoplewhousesteroidsappropriately,andotherswhoabusethem.Outlineoneappropriateuseandoneabuseofsteroids.

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Option C — Chemistry in industry and technology

C1. Nanotechnologycreatesandusesstructuresthathavenovelpropertiesbecauseoftheirsize.

(a) Statethesizerangeofstructureswhichareinvolvedinnanotechnology.

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(b) Distinguishbetweenphysical andchemical techniques inmanipulatingatoms to formmolecules.

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(c) Discusstwoimplicationsofnanotechnology.

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C2. Theblastfurnaceisusedextensivelyfortheproductionofiron.

(a) Statetheformulaandnameofonemainoreusedasasourceofiron.

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(b) Writeanequationthatwoulddescribethefollowingprocessesintheblastfurnace.

(i) Reductionoftheironoretoproducetheiron:

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(ii) Areactionusedtoremoveimpuritiesfromtheiron:

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C3. Additionpolymersareextensivelyusedinsociety.Thepropertiesofadditionpolymersmaybemodifiedbytheintroductionofcertainsubstances.

(a) For two different addition polymers, describe and explain one way in which thepropertiesofadditionpolymersmaybemodified.

Polymerone:

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Polymertwo:

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(b) Describeandexplainhowtheextentofbranchingaffectsthepropertiesofpoly(ethene).

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(c) Discusstwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofusingpoly(ethene).

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C4. Detergentsareoneexampleoflyotropicliquidcrystals.

State one other example of a lyotropic liquid crystal and describe the difference betweenlyotropicandthermotropicliquidcrystals.

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Option D — Medicines and drugs

D1. Statethedifferencesbetweenthestructuresofmorphineanddiamorphine(heroin).Statethenamesofallfunctionalgroupsinthemoleculeofmorphine.

Differences:

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Functionalgroups:

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D2. Bacterialandviralinfectionsrequiredifferenttypesofmedication.

(a) Outlinetwodifferencesbetweenbacteriaandviruses.

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(b) AntiviraldrugsareusedforthetreatmentofHIVandotherviralinfections.Describetwo waysinwhichantiviraldrugswork.

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(Question D2 continued)

(c) Discusswhyviralinfectionsaregenerallyhardertotreatthanbacterialinfections.

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D3. Mildanalgesicssuchasaspirin,andstronganalgesicssuchasopiates,differnotonlyintheirpotencybutalsointhewaystheyactonthecentralnervoussystem.

(a) Describehowmildandstronganalgesicsprovidepainrelief.

Mildanalgesics:

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Stronganalgesics:

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(Question D3 continued)

(b) Discusstwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofusingmorphineandotheropiatesforpainrelief.

Advantages:

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Disadvantages:

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D4. Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac®) is a common depressant. Depressants have manytherapeuticuses.

(a) Statethreeothercommondepressants.

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(b) Describeoneeffect,other thanrelievingdepression,ofmoderatedosesofdepressantsonpatients.

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Option E — Environmental chemistry

E1. The greenhouse effect maintains the Earth’s average temperature at a habitable level.Thecomponentsof theEarth’satmosphere responsible for thiseffectarecalledgreenhousegases.

(a) Major greenhouse gases are water vapour and carbon dioxide. State two othergreenhousegases.

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(b) Describehowgreenhousegasescausethegreenhouseeffect.

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(c) Discussthreepossibleimplicationsofglobalwarmingonworldfoodproduction.

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E2. Disposalofradioactivewasteisamajorecologicalconcern.

(a) State one source of low-level radioactive waste and one source of high-levelradioactivewaste.

Low-levelwaste:

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High-levelwaste:

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(b) Considerthefollowingtypesofradioactivewaste.

Type Waste Isotopes Half-life Emissions

Asyringesandother

disposablematerialsusedinradiotherapy

90Y 64hours β–

B dilutedaqueoussolutionofcobalt-60complexes

60Co 5.3years β–,γ

Cpartiallyprocessed

solidmaterialsfromanuclearreactor

U,Pu,Amandotheractinides 103–109years α,γ

IdentifywhichmethodcanbeusedforthedisposalofradioactivewastesA,BandC.

(i) Vitrificationfollowedbylong-termundergroundstorage:

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(ii) Storage in anon-shieldedcontainer for twomonths followedby thedisposal asnormal(non-radioactive)waste:

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(iii) Ion-exchangeandadsorptiononiron(II)hydroxide,storageinashieldedcontainerfor50years,thenmixingwithconcreteandshallowlandburial:

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E3. The ozone layer protects living organisms from dangerous UV radiation. In the Earth’sstratosphere,ozoneisphotochemicallyformedfromoxygenbythefollowingtwo-stepprocess.

O OUVlight2 2 →

O O O2 3+ →

(a) Ozonedecompositioncanproceedphotochemically.Describe,usingchemicalequations,the two-step mechanism of photochemical decomposition of ozone in the Earth’sstratosphere.

Step1:

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Step2:

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(b) Ozone decomposition can also be catalysed by ozone-depleting substances such aschlorofluorocarbons,CFCs.StatetwoalternativestoCFCs.

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E4. Intensivefarmingchangesthecompositionofsoilsandmayleadtosoildegradation.Commontypesofsoildegradationincludesalinization, nutrient depletionandsoil pollution.

Discusstwotypesofsoildegradation.Inyouransweryoushoulddescribehoweachtypeofsoildegradationoccursandsuggestonenegativeeffectontheenvironment.

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Option F — Food chemistry

F1. Thepreservationoffoodisimportantaroundtheworld.

(a) Explainthemeaningofthetermshelf life.

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(b) Discusstwofactorsthatcanaffecttheshelflifeoffood.

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F2. (a) DescribethedifferencesinthestructurebetweenthesaturatedfattyacidC16H32O2andtheunsaturatedfattyacidC16H26O2.

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(b) DescribehowC16H26O2canbeconvertedtoC16H32O2.

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(c) Fattyacidsarecomponentsoffatsandoils.

(i) Describeoneadvantageoftheproductsformedbyhydrogenatingfatsandoils.

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(ii) Describeonedisadvantageoftheproductsformedbyhydrogenatingfatsandoils.

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F3. (a) Definethetermantioxidantandstateitsuse.

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(b) Discussonedisadvantageofusingnaturalandsyntheticantioxidants.

Naturalantioxidants:

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Syntheticantioxidants:

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F4. Flavanones are pigments that produce a red colouration. Distinguish between a pigmentandadye.

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Option G — Further organic chemistry

G1. Additionofhydrogenhalidestounsymmetricalalkenesproducesamixtureofhalogenoalkanes.The latter can be converted intoGrignard reagents by reactionwithmagnesiummetal andthen used for the preparation of various organic molecules with an increased number ofcarbonatoms.

(a) Stateintheboxesbelow,theformulasoftheorganicsubstancesneededtocompletethefollowingreactionpathways. [4]

(minor product)(major product)

CH3CH2CH2CHOH2O/H

H2O/H+

CH2=CH–CH3

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(Question G1 continued)

(b) Describe,usingequationsandcurlyarrowstorepresentthemovementofelectronpairs,themechanismof thereactionbetweenpropeneandhydrogenbromide. Compare therelativestabilitiesofthetwointermediatecarbocationswhichleadtotheformationofthemajorandminorproducts. [4]

G2. Hydrolysisofaliphaticandaromatichalidesoccursunderdifferentconditions.

Stateanequation,usingstructuralformulas,toshowthereactionof1-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzenewithexcesssodiumhydroxideatroomtemperature. [2]

2 3 2 4

2210-6118

G3. Deduceatwo-stepreactionpathwayfortheconversionofbutan-1-olinto1,2-dibromobutane.Statetheappropriateequations,thereactionconditionsandthereactiontypeforeachstep.

Step1:

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Reactiontypeforstep1:

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Step2:

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Reactiontypeforstep2:

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G4. The acidity of carboxylic acids depends on the carbon chain length and the nature ofsubstituentsintheirmolecules.Table15oftheDataBookletprovidessomeexamples.

(a) Stateandexplainhowthepresenceofhalogenatomsinthehydrocarbonchainaffectstheacidityofcarboxylicacids.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Statehowtheacidityof3-chloropropanoicacidcomparestothatofpropanoicacidandchloroethanoicacid.

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(c) SuggestthepKavaluefor3-chloropropanoicacid.

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2 4 2 4

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