chemical coordination and integration

CHEMICAL COORDINATIO

N AND INTEGRATION

CHEMICAL COORDINATION

AND INTEGRATION

ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND HORMONES

Endocrine glands lack ducts and are called

ductless glands .Their secretions are called

hormones.

HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEMPituitary glandPineal glandThyroid glandAdrenal glandPancreasParathyroid glandIt includesThymus gland and Gonads

HYPOTHALAMUS

• It is the basal part of fore brain

• The hormones produced by it are of two types.

• Releasing hormone &Inhibiting hormone.

• For example GnRH stimulates the pituitary to

release gonadotropin& somatostatin from hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone.

HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY• Hypothalamic hormones

originating in the hypothalamic neurons passes through the axon and reach the anterior pituitary through portal system.• The posterior pituitary is

under the direct control hypothalamic neuron.

PITUITARY GLAND

• It is located just below the hypothalamus in a bony cavity called Sella tursica.

• Anterior pituitary-Adenohypophysis

• Posterior pituitary-Neurohypophysis

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (PARS DISTALIS)

• It secretes the following hormones• Growth Hormone (GH)

• Prolactin(PRL)• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)• Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone(ACTH)

• Luteinizing Hormone(LH)• Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (PARS INTERMEDIA)

•It secretes only one hormone called

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS•It stores and releases the

following hormones.•Oxytocin•Vasopressin

GROWTH HORMONE

• GH; Over secretion leads to gigantism.

Low secretion leads to pituitary dwarfism.

PINEAL GLAND• It is located at the dorsal side of fore brain.

• It secretes melatonin.• Melotonin regulates circadian rhythm.

• It maintains body temperature,metabolism and pigmentation.

THYROID GLAND

THYROID HORMONES•Follicular cells of thyroid secretes two

hormones.•Triiodothyronin (T3) and

tetraiodothyronin(T4).• Iodine is essential for normal

functioning of this gland.

HYPERTHYROIDISM

•It is the over secretion of thyroid hormones due to

cancerous growth or nodule development in the thyroid

gland.

HYPOTHYROIDISM• Deficiency iodine in our diet results

in Hypothyroidism or Goitre.• Symptoms;• Stuntedgrowth(Cretinism),mental

retartation,low intelligence -quotient,abnormal skin&deaf- mutism.

• In women it causes menstrual irregularities.

FUNCTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES

•It regulates the basic metabolism.•Helps in RBC formation.•Maintains ionic balance.

•Thyrocalcitonin regulates blood calcium level.

PARATHYROID GLAND

• In human 4 parathyroid glands are present.

• They are located on the back side of the thyroid gland.

• It secretes Parathyroid hormone.• It maintains calcium balance in our

body.

ADRENAL GLAND•Our body has one

pair of adrenal glands.

• It has an outer cortex and an inner

medulla.

ADRENAL CORTEX

• Adrenal cortex is divided into 3 regions .• Outer-Zona reticularis• Middle;Zona fasiculata• Inner Zona glomerulosa

HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX

• Adrenal cortex secretes many hormones commonly called corticoids.• Glucocorticoid;It is involved in carbohydrate

metabolism,lipolysis&proteolysis.• It is also involved in maintaining cardio vascular system &kidney functions.• Cortisol produces anti inflammatoy reactions& suppresses the immune

responses.• It stimulates the RBC production.

• Mineral corticoids maintain ionic balance in the body.• Sex corticoids or androgenic corticoids play a role in the growth of axial

hair ,pubic hair and facial hair during puberty.

HORMONES OF ADRENAL MEDULLA

• It secretes two hormones namely adrenalin or epinephrine and noradrenalin or norepinephrine.

• These are commonly called as catecholamines.• These hormones are secreted in response to stress of any kind and

during emergency situation and are called emergency hormones or hormones of fight.

PANCREAS• It is a composite gland.• It is both endocrine and exocrine in

nature.• I t has islets of langerhans.Islets of

langerhans has 2 types of cells/• They are alpha cells and beta cells.• Alpha cells secrete a hormone called

glucagon,while beta cells secrete a hormone called insulin.

GLUCAGON• It is a peptide hormone

• It plays an important role in maintaining blood glucose level.

• It stimulates glycogenolysis and increase the blood glucose level (hyperglycemia).• It is a hyperglycemic hormone.

INSULIN• It is also a peptide hormone.

• It enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation.So there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to

hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood glucose level.

• It also stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen.• It is a hypoglycemic hormone.

• Insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus

TESTES• A pair of testis is present in the scrotal sac of male individuals.

• It performs dual functions.• I t is a primary sex organ as well as an endocrine gland..• It has seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue.• Interstitial cells secrete androgen or testosterone.

• This hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters in male.

• It also produces anabolic effects on protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

OVARY• A pair of ovaries are located in the abdomen of female.

• It is a primary sex organ.• It also produces 2 hormones called estrogen and progesterone

• Estrogen is produced by ovarian follicles.• It is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristic

features in female.• After ovulation the ruptured follicle is converted into a structure called corpus

luteum.• It secretes progesterone

• Progesterone supports pregnancy.

•

THYMUS GLAND• It is located on the dorsal side of heart and

aorta.• It secretes thymosins.

• I t helps in the production of T –Lymphocytes and antibodies.

• It is degenerated in old individuals as a result the immune responses of old persons become

weak.

HORMONES OF HEART ,KIDNEYAND

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT• Atrial wall of heart secretes ANF.It reduces the blood pressure.• Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produces erythropoietin which

stimulates RBC formation.• Gastrointestinal tract secretes 4 hormones namely

gastrin,secretin.cholecystokinin(CCK)&gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

• Gastrin-HCL & pepsinogen• Secretin –water &bicarbonates

• CCK-Pancreatic enzymes &bile juice.• GIP-inhibits gastric secretion and mobility.

•

MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

MECHAINSM OF HORMONAL ACTION (INTRA CELLULAR RECEPTOR)

TYPES OF HORMONES • On the basis of their chemical nature, hormones

can be divided into 4 groups.• Peptide hormones (insulin & glucagon)

• Steroidal hormones (Estrogen,progesterone, testosterone & cortisol)

• Iodothyronines(Thyroid hormones)• Amino acid derivatives (Epinephrine)

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