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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This research is conducted to classify the types of medical terms in tv
series Grey’s Anatomy. Researcher analyzes translation techniques applied by
the translator in translating medical terms to find out the effect of the use of
translation techniques to the translation quality in terms of accuracy,
acceptability, and readability. The researcher applied translation techniques
theory by Molina and Albir (2002) and Newmark (1988: 81-91) because this
research analyzes medical terms in the level of words and phrases, the theory
of translation technique by Molina and Albir and Newmark are considered as
the suitable theory.
There are 153 data found in the tv series Grey’s Anatomy. The
analysis of translation quality involves raters to assess accuracy and involve
respondents to assess acceptability and readability of the translation. This
research also presents the calculation of the translation quality assessment of
medical terms found in the tv series Grey’s Anatomy.
A. Research Findings
1. Types of Medical Terms and How They are Translated
This part contains the categories of medical terms data in both source text
and target text and technique used in translating the data. After classifying the
types of data, the researcher discusses the types of translation techniques which
are applied by the translator.
There are 11 categories of medical terms in this research. They are;
medical specialty, profession, procedure, condition, body part, medicine,
hospital room, instrument, body system, blood related and characteristics of
cell. In analyzing the translation techniques of medical terms data, the
researcher used the theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) and Newmark
(1988). In this research, the translator applied 8 single techniques: a)
established equivalent, b) pure borrowing, c) naturalized borrowing, e)
amplification, f) generalization, g) description, h) literal, and i) through
translation. Some medical terms are translated using couplets technique. Below
are the types of medical terms as well as the techniques used in translating
medical terms in tv series Grey’s Anatomy.
1.1. Medical Specialty
The first category of medical term is medical specialty. This category
contains a specialty of medicine inside surgical, internal medicine, diagnostic
or clinical specialties (Segen's Medical Dictionary: 2012). There are 8 data
found in this research which are included in medical specialty category. Most
of them are translated using established equivalent and there is a term that is
translated using amplification technique. In medical specialty category, there is
a shift category between category of SL and TL. There is one data found which
has a shift category. Below is the table of medical specialty category data and
translation technique used in translating the data.
Table 4.1 Medical Specialty Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
001/GA/S9-
013-02:56/MS
Derm Dermatologi Medical
Specialty
Established
equivalent
003/GA/S9-
013-02:57/MS
Cardio Kardiologi Medical
Specialty
Established
equivalent
004/GA/S9-
013-02:59/MS
Ortho Ortopedi Medical
Specialty
Established
equivalent
080/GA/S9-
013-27:45/MS
Dermatology Dermatologi Medical
Specialty
Established
equivalent
090/GA/S9-
014-01:15/MS
Oncology Onkologi Medical
Specialty
Established
equivalent
103/GA/S9-
014-11:03/Pf
Orthodontics Ortodontik Medical
Specialty
Established
equivalent
102/GA/S9-
014-11:03/MS
Dental Asuransi Gigi Medical
Specialty
Established
equivalent
020/GA/S9-
013-06:49/MS
Plastics Bedah Plastik Profession Amplification
Below are the examples of translation techique applied by the translator in
translating medical term of medical specialty category.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Derek told dr. Kepner about the planning of financial cutting to keep the
hospital from closing the ER, he suggests to cut several fellows from
dermatology to make less spending for the hospital.
ST
Dr. Derek: See, 'cause if derm cuts a fellow, and then cardio skips the TED
conference, and then cardio skips the TED conference plastic/ortho shares lab
facilities, we'll get a little bit here, a little bit there, and we'll have enough saved
to keep the ER alive.
TT
Dr. Derek: Tentu saja. Andai Dermatologi memecat satu dokter pelatihan
lalu Kardiologi tak ikut konferensi TED Bedah Plastik dan Ortopedi berbagi
fasilitas laboratorium kita akan dapat sedikit di sini, sedikit di sana. Kita akan
mempunyai persediaan yang cukup untuk UGD.
(001/GA/S9-013-02:56/MS)
The example above shows the using of established equivalent technique
when the translator translates derm into dermatologi. According to Molina and
Albir (2002: 510), established equivalent is a translation tehnique applied by
the translator by take a word or expression straight from another language and
naturalized to fit the spelling rules in the TL. Derm is an abbreviation of
dermatology which is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and
treatment of skin diseases (Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of
Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition: 2003). The translator
can find the equivalent term of derm in target language as dermatologi. Both
terms refer to the same thing. Moreover, the term of dermatologi is commonly
used in Indonesia as the medical term. There are 6 data of medical terms in
medical specialty category found in this research that are translated by using
established equivalent technique.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
In the OR Dr. Hunt is ready to operate the patient’s nose. He asks the nurse to
call plastic to help him operate the patient’s nose.
ST
Dr. Hunt : Okay, everything appears stable. Let's redress the nose. Page
plastics.
Nurse : Right away.
Dr. Hunt : Gown me.
TT
Dr. Hunt : Semuanya tampak stabil. Mari kita perbaiki hidungnya dan
hubungi Bedah Plastik.
Nurse : Segera.
Dr. Hunt : Pakaikan baju bedahku.
(020/GA/S9-013-06:49/MS)
The example above shows that the translator applies amplification
technique. Plastics is translated into bedah plastik. The translator is adding the
implicit information which is bedah in TT. The context situation shows that Dr.
Hunt asks a nurse to call a plastic surgeon to help him redressing the patient’s
nose since he is a trauma surgeon. In here, it shows that translator is trying to
make sure that audiences catch the exact meaning of the context by adding
term bedah. This category of the datum change from Medical Specialty
category becomes Profession category. It is because translator tries to specify
the term, so that audiences can catch a contextual meaning.
1.2. Profession Category
The second category of medical term is profession. Profession is
individuals who are qualified to practice medicine (Saunders, 2003). There are
5 data found in this research which are included in profession category. All of
them are translated using established equivalent technique. In profession
category, there is no shift category between category of SL and TL. Below is
the table of profession category data and translation technique used in
translating the data
Table 4.2. Profession Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
002/GA/S9-
013-02:56/Pf
Fellow Dokter
Pelatihan
Profession Established
equivalent
010/GA/S9-
013-05:02/Pf
Attendings Dokter
Konsulen
Profession Established
equivalent
104/GA/S9-
014-11:50/Pf
Doctor Dokter Profession Established
equivalent
124/GA/S9-
014-21:30/Pf
Nurse Perawat Profession Established
equivalent
074/GA/S9-
013-22:12/MS
Radiologist Radiolog Profession Established
equivalent
Below are the examples of translation techique applied by the translator in
translating medical terms of profession category.
Example 1:
Context of situation
There is a patient who needs to be cared so that dr. Callie asked dr. Karev to
deal with the patient. Dr. Callie is an attending and dr. Karev is a fellow so she
has the right to order dr. Karev.
ST
Dr. Callie : Karev, get in there.
Dr. Karev : Why me?
Dr. Callie : We're attendings. You're a fellow. It's an order.
TT
Dr. Callie : Karev masuk kesana.
Dr. Karev : Kenapa aku?
Dr. Callie : Kami dokter konsulen. Kau dokter pelatihan. Ini perintah.
(010/GA/S9-013-05:02/Pf)
The example above shows the using of established equivalent technique
when the translator translates attendings into dokter konsulen. According to
Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary (2012), the definition of attending is a
physician supervising the care of patients by interns, residents, and/or medical
students. So it refers to doctor who may lead other people on rounds to visit
patients. The translator transfers it by using the closest equivalent word in
target language. The word dokter konsulen represents the meaning in source
text.
Example 2:
Context of situation
Dr.Yang and several doctors try to give a first aid for the hit and run victim.
Because they do it secretly, Dr. Yang give a job for other doctors such as guard
the door and be the nurse.
ST
Dr. Yang : Happy, Ponytail, you man the doors. Mousy, be the nurse. We
need gloves.
Dr. Brooks : Why do I have to be the nurse?
TT
Dr. Yang : Happy, Kucir, kalian jaga pintu. Mousey, kau menjadi perawat.
Kita butuh sarung tangan.
Dr. Brooks : Kenapa aku harus menjadi perawat?
(124/GA/S9-014-21:30/Pf)
The example above shows the using of established equivalent technique
when the translator translates nurse into perawat. Nurse is a person trained in
the scientific basis of nursing, meeting certain prescribed standards of
education and clinical competence to provide services that are essential to or
helpful in the restoration of health and well-being (Saunders, 2003). While
perawat means “orang yang mendapat pendidikan khusus untuk merawat,
terutama merawat orang sakit” from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. The
meaning of term nurse is equivalent with perawat. The application of nurse as
the translation for perawat is correct because the term is commonly applied as
an equivalent in TL. In addition, the message of SL is clearly transferred.
1.3. Procedure Category
The next category in medical term is procedure category. In medical,
procedure means a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest
disease in a living body (Farlex, 2013). There are 32 data found in this research
which are included in procedure category. Most of them are translated using
established equivalent and some of them are translated into target text using
description, through translation, naturalized borrowing, and literal technique. In
procedure category, there is no shift category between category of SL and TL.
Below is the table of procedure category data and translation technique used in
translating the data.
Table 4.3. Procedure Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
011/GA/S9-
013-05:54/Pd
Emergency
medicine
Pengobatan
darurat
Procedure Established
equivalent
101/GA/S9-
014-09:07/Pd
A full gender
reassignment
Penggantian
kelamin
penuh
Procedure Established
equivalent
105/GA/S9-
014-14:41/Pd
Basic wound
closures
Penjahitan
luka dasar
Procedure Established
equivalent
106/GA/S9-
014-14:41/Pd
Interrupted
two-layer
technique
Teknik dua
lapis terputus
Procedure Established
equivalent
107/GA/S9-
014-15:02/Pd
Butt lifts Operasi
bokong
Procedure Established
equivalent
108/GA/S9-
014-15:02/Pd
Breast
implants
(operasi)
Payudara
Procedure Established
equivalent
109/GA/S9-
014-15:05/Pd
Face
transplant
Transplantasi
wajah
Procedure Established
equivalent
110/GA/S9-
014-15:11/Pd
Liposuction Sedot lemak Procedure Established
equivalent
111/GA/S9-
014-15:11/Pd
Body
sculpting
Pembentukan
tubuh
Procedure Established
equivalent
112/GA/S9-
014-15:14/Pd
Skin grafts Cangkok kulit Procedure Established
equivalent
113/GA/S9-
014-15:50/Pd
Intubate Mengintubasi Procedure Established
equivalent
114/GA/S9-
014-15:50/Pd
Ventilate Pernapasan
buatan
Procedure Established
equivalent
078/GA/S9-
013-25:41/Pd
Blood
Transfusion
Transfusi
darah
Procedure Established
equivalent
083/GA/S9-
013-31:06/Pd
Close Menjahit Procedure Established
equivalent
150/GA/S9-
014-29:31/Pd
Cartilage
generation
work
Pembuatan
tulang rawan
Procedure Established
equivalent
137/GA/S9-
014-24:46/Pd
Infusion rate Laju infus Procedure Established
equivalent
127/GA/S9-
014-22:29/Pd
Rapid
sequence
intubation
Rangkaian
intubasi
cepat
Procedure Established
equivalence
148/GA/S9-
014-28:55/Pd
Cardiac cath Kateterisasi
jantung
Procedure Established
equivalent
061/GA/S9-
013-17:05/Pd
Endovascular
repair
Operasi
endovaskuler
Procedure Established
equivalent
064/GA/S9-
013-18:07/Pd
Sutures Jahitan Procedure Established
equivalent
151/GA/S9-
014-32:12/Pd
Keyhole
incision
Sayatan
laparoskopi
Procedure Established
equivalent
035/GA/S9-
013-14:19/Pd
EKG EKG Procedure Through
translation
144/GA/S9-
014-27:53/Pd
CPR CPR Procedure Through
translation
069/GA/S9-
013-21:34/Pd
CPK CPK Procedure Through
translation
152/GA/S9-
014-32:39/Pd
Resection Reseksi Procedure Naturalized
borrowing
138/GA/S9-
014-25:34/Pd
Diagnostic Diagnostik Procedure Naturalized
borrowing
116/GA/S9-
014-16:04/Pd
Crike Krikotirotomi Procedure Naturalized
borrowing
081/GA/S9-
013-31:06/Pd
Debriding Membuang
jaringan
matinya
Procedure Description
059/GA/S9-
013-17:02/Pd
Percutaneous
ly
Masuk
melalui kulit
Procedure Description
087/GA/S9-
013-34:14/Pd
Relaxing
incision
Irisan Procedure Generalization
006/GA/S9-
013-04:33/Pd
Double hip
replacement
Dioperasi
pinggul
ganda
Procedure Literal
005/GA/S9-
013-04:11/Pd
Hernias Bedah
Hernia
Procedure Amplification
Below is the examples of translation techique applied by the translator in
translating medical term of procedure category.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
In the operation room, dr. Karev and dr. Avery are operating their patient. They
keep updating each other when they finish doing a procedure.
ST
Dr. Karev : All right, well, this keyhole incision is done.
TT
Dr. Karev : Baiklah, sayatan laparoskopi ini sudah selesai.
(151/GA/S9-014-32:12/Pd)
The example above shows that the translator applies established
equivalent technique. Here, the term of keyhole incision is also known as
laparoscopy or minimally invasive surgery means type of surgical procedure
that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the abdomen and pelvis without
having to make large incisions in the skin (Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary,
2012). The term of keyhole incision is translated into sayatan laparoskopi.
Both of the term is well known in target language, but medical people is more
familiar with the term sayatan laparoskopi instead of keyhole incision because
keyhole incision is not translated into target language.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
When dr. Nebbeum explains his method of hernia surgery, dr. Webber try to
explaining his own method to dr. Nebbeum because he didn’t agree with dr.
Nebbeum method.
ST
Dr. Webber : See, when I use the relaxing incision to oppose the tissue
without tension I achieve the same result without the use of
mesh.
Dr. Nebbeum : But this method will no longer be performed at Seattle
Grace. The method we learned today is the accepted
method for open primary repairs hospital-wide.
TT
Dr. Webber : Saat aku membuat irisan di dekat jaringan tanpa tekanan
aku mencapai hasil yang sama tanpa menggunakan jala.
Dr. Nebbaum :Tapi metode ini tak akan lagi dilakukan di Seattle Grace.
Metode yang kita pelajari hari ini adalah metode yang
diterima untuk operasi terbuka utama di seluruh rumah
sakit.
(087/GA/S9-013-34:14/Pd)
The example above is an example of generalization technique applied in
translating the data. Generalization is a translation technique that replaces a
word or term from the source language with a more general or neutral term
(Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). Translator translates the term relaxing incision
into irisan. Based on Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2007)
relaxing incision is made to allow movement of skin for closure of a wound or
parallel incision. The term relaxing incision is translated generally by the
translator into irisan in the target text. Relaxing incision is one of many types
of incision, it is a specific type of it. Translator just transfer the term in general
which is the incision. The writer suggests that it is better if the translator finds
the equivalent word of relaxing incision and uses it in the translation. In the
target language, there is a medical term that is equivalent with the term
relaxing incision which is insisi relaksasi.
1.4. Condition Category
Condition becomes one of medical term categories. This category consists
of disease, illness or injury (Segen's Medical Dictionary, 2012). There are 29
data found in this research which includes in condition category. Most of the
data are translated into TT using established equivalent technique. In condition
category, there is no shift category between category of SL and TL. Below is
the table of condition category data and translation technique used in
translating the data.
Table 4.4. Condition Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
007/GA/S9-
013-04:38/C
Post-op Pascaoperasi Condition Established
equivalent
012/GA/S9-
013-06:11/C
Deep neck
leceration
Robekan leher
dalam
Condition Established
equivalent
017/GA/S9-
013-06:20/C
Stridorous Berbunyi Condition Established
equivalent
026/GA/S9-
013-11:54/C
Cardiac trauma Trauma
jantung
Condition Established
equivalent
032/GA/S9-
013-13:45/C
Brain bleed Pendarahan
otak
Condition Established
equivalent
093/GA/S9-
014-01:15/C
Cellular
transformation
Transformasi
sel
Condition Established
equivalent
149/GA/S9-
014-28:55/C
Heart disease Penyakit
jantung
Condition Established
equivalent
041/GA/S9-
013-14:40/C
On any
medications
Sedang dalam
pengobatan
Condition Established
equivalent
022/GA/S9-
013-09:48/C
Pulled a
muscle
Terkilir Condition Established
equivalent
040/GA/S9-
013-14:38/C
Allergies Alergi Condition Established
equivalent
099/GA/S9-
014-06:16/C
Staged silo
repair
Perbaikan silo
bertahap
Condition Established
equivalent
115/GA/S9-
014-15:51/C
SAT Saturasi Condition Established
equivalent
045/GA/S9-
013-14:53/C
Aortic
transection
Aortanya
tersayat
Condition Established
equivalent
079/GA/S9-
013-25:46/C
Disease
transmission
Penularan
penyakit
Condition Established
equivalent
008/GA/S9-
013-04:41/C
Clots Pembekuan
darah
Condition Description
009/GA/S9-
013-04:41/C
Contractures Pengencangan
otot
Condition Description
076/GA/S9-
013-23:10/C
Atrophy Menyusut Condition Description
088/GA/S9-
013-35:17/C
V-fib Denyut
jantungnya
masih tak
teratur
Condition Description
142/GA/S9-
014-27:49/C
Bradying
down
Denyut
jantungnya
melemah
Condition Description
015/GA/S9-
013-06:16/C
Tachycardic Takikardi Condition Naturalized
borrowing
098/GA/S9-
014-06:16/C
Gastrochisis Gastroskisis Condition Naturalized
borrowing
033/GA/S9-
013-14:16/C
Systolic Sistolik Condition Naturalized
borrowing
117/GA/S9-
014-16:06/C
Sub-Q
emphysema
Emfisema
subkutan
Condition Naturalized
borrowing
141/GA/S9-
014-27:09/C
Pneumopericar
dium
Pneumoperika
rdium
Condition Naturalized
borrowing
014/GA/S9-
013-06:16/C
Hypotensive Hipotensi Condition Naturalized
borrowing
044/GA/S9-
013-14:50/C
Mediastinal
hematoma
Hematoma
mediastinum
Condition naturalized
borrowing
021/GA/S9-
013-07:01/C
Stroking out Peluang
kematian
karena stroke
Condition Amplification
027/GA/S9-
013-12:58/C
Back bleeding Perdarahan
belakang
Condition Literal
146/GA/S9-
014-27:56/C
Tension
pneumo
Pneumosefalus
tegang
Condition Naturalized
borrowing +
established
equivalent
Below is the example of translation techique applied by the translator in
translating medical term of condition category.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Callie tells dr. Karev and dr. Robbins about the condition of their patient
after the post-op. If she does not try to walk again there will be several
condition that effect her leg.
ST
Dr.Callie : She's angry. She's 13 and she had a double hip replacement.
You'd be angry, too.
Dr. Karev : She's mean. Like a badger.
Dr. Callie : She's three days post-op now. Okay?
If she doesn't move her hips, we're looking at clots, contractures,
poor recovery.
TT
Dr. Callie : Hentikanlah. Dia marah. Usianya 13 tahun dan dia dioperasi
pinggul ganda. Kalian juga pasti akan marah.
Dr. Karev : Dia kejam. Seperti musang.
Dr. Callie : Sudah tiga hari pascaoperasi. Jika dia tak menggerakkan
pinggul, mungking akan ada pembekuan darah, pengencangan otot,
pemulihan yang buruk.
(009/GA/S9-013-04:41/C)
The example above can be seen on the outside of patient room scene. On
the scene, Dr. Callie tells dr. Karev and dr. Robbins about the condition of their
patient after the post-op. If she does not try to walk again there will be several
condition that effect her leg.
Dr. Callie mentioned contracture which is a medical term that belongs to
the category of condition. In this technique, the medical term is translated by
replacing the term with the description of it. According to Miller-Keane
Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh
Edition (2003), contracture is abnormal shortening of muscle tissue, rendering
the muscle highly resistant to stretching; this can lead to permanent disability.
In TT contractures has an equivalent term which is kontraktur but that term is
not familiar for target audiences thus the translator uses decription technique to
make translation more familiar and understandable in target language.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr. Karev was trying to persuade his patient to learn walking, but she didn’t
want it. The patient told dr. Karev about her condition before she treated in
hospital.
ST
Patient: I was going to the Rio Olympics. I was next. When my hips started to
hurt, I thought that I pulled a muscle, so I trained through it. I'm not
next anymore. I'm nothing. I'm number zero.
TT
Pasien: Aku akan pergi ke Olimpiade Rio. Aku yang berikutnya. Saat
pinggulku mulai sakit, kukira aku hanya terkilir. Jadi, aku berlatih
dengan menahan rasa sakit itu. Sekarang aku bukan yang berikutnya
lagi. Aku bukan siapa-siapa. Aku tak berarti.
(022/GA/S9-013-09:48/C)
The example above shows the using of established equivalent technique
when the translator translates pulled a muscle into terkilir. Pulled a muscle is
an injury to a muscle or tendon in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of
overstretching (T. A. Järvinen, et al., 2007, pp. 317-31). The word pulled a
muscle is translated into terkilir which is established in target language.
According to Iqfadhilah (2012), the word terkilir is cedera yang disebabkan
oleh sebuah trauma sehingga menyebabkan peregangan atau robekan ligament
jaringan pengikat antara dua persendian tulang.
From the explanation above, there is no problem if the translator translates
term pulled a muscle into terkilir because the term is commonly applied as an
equivalent in TL. In addition, the message of SL is clearly transfered.
Example 3:
Context of situation:
Several doctors try to help a patient of car accident, but the condition of the
patient is slowly not stable.
ST
Dr. Hunt : His SATs are dropping. I think he has a tension pneumo.
TT
Dr. Hunt : Saturasinya anjlok. Kurasa dia menderita pneumosefalus
tegang.
(146/GA/S9-014-27:56/C)
By noticing the data above, the translator translates the phrase tension
pneumo into pneumosefalus tegang. The translator applied couplets technique;
naturalized borrowing and established equivalence. The word pneumo which is
the abbreviation of pneumochepalus is borrowed naturally from ST. The
meaning of pneumosefalus is berkurangnya densitas karena udara/gas (Doni,
2016). The term pneumosafulus is not commonly used in target language.
There is no equivalence term in target language, so translator naturalizing the
term by borrowing the word pneumochepalus and naturalized the spelling of
the word in target language into pneumosefalus. The other technique is
established equivalence. Tension is translated by the translator into tegang in
the target text. The meaning of the word tension is the condition of being
stretched or strained; the degree to which something is stretched or strained
(Saunders, 2003). The word tension has equivalence with tegang in target
language. The meaning of the word tegang is kencang, regang seperti tali yang
ditarik atau direntangkan (KBBI).
1.5. Body Part Category
This category contains of the part of human body and organ of the body.
There are 15 data found in this research which are included in Body Part
category. The data are translated into TT using established equivalent
technique. In body part category, there is no shift category between category of
SL and TL. Below is the table of body part category data and translation
technique used in translating the data.
Table 4.5. Body Part Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
013/GA/S9-
013-06:11/BP
Major blood
vessels
Pembuluh
darah utama
Body Part Established
equivalent
016/GA/S9-
013-06:19/BP
Airway Saluran
napas
Body Part Established
equivalent
018/GA/S9-
013-06:20/BP
Trachea Batang
tenggorok
Body Part Established
equivalent
019/GA/S9-
013-06:26/BP
Carotid Arteri leher Body Part Established
equivalent
062/GA/S9-
013-17:29/BP
Pubic
tubercle
Tonjolan
tulang
kemaluan
Body Part Established
equivalent
066/GA/S9-
013-19:43/BP
Saphenous
vein
Vena safena Body Part Established
equivalent
075/GA/S9-
013-23:10/BP
The muscles Otot-otot Body Part Established
equivalent
097/GA/S9-
014-05:06/BP
Appendix Usus buntu Body Part Established
equivalent
100/GA/S9-
014-06:21/BP
Intestines Usus Body Part Established
equivalent
125/GA/S9-
014-22:08/BP
Uterus Rahim Body Part Established
equivalent
130/GA/S9-
014-22:48/BP
Cords Saraf Body Part Established
equivalent
153/GA/S9-
014-32:40/BP
Spleen Limpa Body Part Established
equivalent
086/GA/S9-
013-33:31/BP
Aneurysm Aneurisma Body Part Established
equivalent
145/GA/S9-
014-27:54/BP
Trachea Trakea Body Part Established
equivalent
029/GA/S9-
013-13:12/BP
Collateral
flow
Aliran
kolateral
Body Part Established
equivalent
Below is the example of translation techique applied by the translator in
translating medical term of body part category.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Callie explains to her patient what is the consequence if she doesn’t want to
obey her suggestion. The patient is in the post-operation situation and need to
train her leg to get used to walk.
ST
Dr. Callie : Simmi, if you don't move, I'm gonna have to say that you're acting
against medical advice. We will discharge you, you will go home,
and you will rot, okay? The muscles around your new hips will
atrophy, and you will probably never walk again.
TT
Dr. Callie : Simmi, kalau kau tak bergerak, aku akan harus mengatakan kau
bertindak bertentangan dengan saran medis. Kami akan
membiarkanmu pergi, kau akan pulang dan membusuk. Otot-otot
di sekitar pinggulmu yang baru akan menyusut dan kau mungkin
tak akan pernah berjalan lagi.
(075/GA/S9-013-23:10/BP)
The example above can be seen on patient room scene. On the scene, Dr.
Callie explains to her patient what is the consequence if she doesn’t want to
obey her suggestion. The patient is in the post-operation situation and need to
train her leg to get used to walk.
Dr. Callie mentioned the muscles which is a medical term that belongs to
the category of body part. The meaning of the word the muscles is a bundle of
long slender cells that have the power to contract and hence to produce
movement. The word the muscles has equivalence with otot-otot in target
language. Based on KBBI, the meaning of the word otot-otot is jaringan kenyal
dalam tubuh manusia dan hewan yang berfungsi menggerakkan organ tubuh.
The translation is easy to understand by target readers because otot is
recognized by target audiences. Thus, the term otot is an appropriate equivalent
for the term the muscles in ST.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr Derek asked about condition of dr. Jeff’s whose saved by dr. Derek and
reminds him about the day he saved his sister so that dr. Jeff want to support
his idea about the financial cutting for the hospital.
ST
Dr. Derek : Well, I'll never forget how grateful you were when I clipped her
aneurysm. And you said "if there's anything I can ever do for
you..."
TT
Dr. Derek : Aku tak akan pernah lupa betapa bersyukur kau saat aku
mengangkat aneurisma-nya. Kau berkata, "Jika ada sesuatu yang
bisa aku lakukan untukmu..."
(086/GA/S9-013-33:31/BP)
The example above can be seen on the scene when Dr Derek asked about
condition of dr. Jeff’s whose saved by dr. Derek and reminds him about the day
he saved his sister so that dr. Jeff want to support his idea about the financial
cutting for the hospital. Dr. Dereken mentioned the medical term, that is
aneurysm. The term aneurysm belongs to the medical terms for body part
category. As can be seen, the translator borrowed the word aneurysm and
naturalized the spelling of the word in target language into aneurisma.
1.6. Medicine Category
This category contains of a substance, especially a drug, used to treat the
signs and symptoms of a disease, condition, or injury (The American Heritage
Medical Dictionary, 2007). There are 16 data found in this research which are
included in medicine category. Most of them are translated into TT using pure
borrowing technique, and some of them are translated using established
equivalent, naturalized borrowing, and couplet technique. In medicine
category, there is no shift category between category of SL and TL. Below is
the table of medicine category data and translation technique used in
translating the data.
Table 4.6. Medicine Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
024/GA/S9-
013-10:51/M
Sub-q
enoxaparin
Sub-Q
Enoxaparin
Medicine Pure borrowing
139/GA/S9-
014-26:22/M
Propofol Propofol Medicine Pure borrowing
054/GA/S9-
013-16:34/M
Avitene Avitene Medicine Pure borrowing
067/GA/S9-
013-19:50/M
Betadine Betadine Medicine Pure borrowing
071/GA/S9-
013-21:41/M
EPO EPO Medicine Pure borrowing
089/GA/S9-
013-35:20/M
Epi Epinefrin Medicine Naturalized
borrowing
140/GA/S9-
014-26:22/M
Gentamicin Gentasimin Medicine Naturalized
borrowing
136/GA/S9-
014-24:24/M
Dopamine Dopamin Medicine Naturalized
borrowing
049/GA/S9-
013-15:23/M
Colloids Koloid Medicine Naturalized
borrowing
050/GA/S9-
013-15:23/M
Factor VII Faktor VII Medicine Established
equivalent
048/GA/S9-
013-15:23/M
The
hypertonic
saline
Garam
hipertonik
Medicine Established
equivalent
072/GA/S9-
013-21:48/M
IV iron-
dextran
Infus
dekstran zat
besi
Medicine Established
equivalent
121/GA/S9-
014-21:17/M
Saline Garam Medicine Established
equivalent
131/GA/S9-
014-22:49/M
Paralystics Pelemas otot Medicine Description
129/GA/S9- Lactated Cairan Medicine Amplification
014-22:46/M ringers Ringer
berlaktat
023/GA/S9-
013-10:44/M
IV heparin Infus heparin Medicine Established
equivalent + pure
borrowing
Below is the example of translation techique applied by the translator in
translating medical term of medicine category.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr Cahill asked the nurse to prepare medicine and instrument she need for her
operation.
ST
Dr. Cahill : I could take a piece of saphenous vein from the leg...
Dr. Hunt : Yes. Good. Good. Go ahead. Prep the leg.
Dr. Cahill : All right. Scissors and betadine, please.
Nurse : Right away, Doctor..
TT
Dr. Cahill : Aku bisa mengambil vena safena dari kaki dan...
Dr. Hunt : Ya. Bagus. Ayo, siapkan kakinya
Dr. Cahill : Baiklah. Minta gunting dan betadine.
Nurse : Segera, Dokter.
(067/GA/S9-013-19:50/M)
The example above is an example of pure borrowing technique applied in
translating the data. According to Collins Dictionary of Medicine (2004),
betadine is the brand name for povidone iodine, a mild antiseptic, which is
used as a surgical scrub or as a lotion, ointment, mouthwash or gargle.
Example 1 shows that the translator borrows the word betadine in ST and put
it in TT. The translator does not change it because betadine is also widely
known in source language with same meaning, so the meaning of the term is
not missing. There are 5 data of medical terms in medicine category found in
this research that are translated by using pure borrowing technique.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr. Murphy asked Dr. Yang about the IV for the patient. She asked because Dr.
Richardson kept sugesting other medicine.
ST
Dr. Murphy : Dr. Yang, about the IV heparin you ordered for room
three.
Dr. Yang : Is there a problem?
Dr. Murphy :No. It's just Dr. Richardson insists I give sub-q enoxaparin.
TT
Dr. Murphy : Dokter Yang, soal infus heparin yang kau pesan untuk
Ruang Tiga?
Dr. Yang : Ada masalah?
Dr. Murphy :Tidak, tapi dr. Richardson berkeras agar aku beri Sub-Q
Enoxaparin.
(023/GA/S9-013-10:44/M)
The translator applies couplet technique which is established equivalent and
pure borrowing technique in translating IV heparin into infus heparin. The
word heparin is borrowed purely from ST. The translator does not change the
word because there is no equivalent words which can represent heparin in TT
and also it is name of the medicine. Meanwhile, the word IV is translated into
infus using established equivalent. Moreover, the word infus has ben listed in
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.
Example 3:
Context of situation:
Dr. Kepner asked Tayler to bring some medicine to handle the patient.
ST
Dr. Kepner : I need some lactated ringers.
Tayler : On it.
TT
Dr. Kepner : Aku butuh cairan Ringer berlaktat.
Tayler : Segera.
(129/GA/S9-014-22:46/M)
The example above shows that the translator used amplification technique by
adding the implicit information in TT. The phrase lactated ringer is translated
into cairan Ringer berlaktat. If the translation translated literally, it should be
only Ringer berlaktat. However, in this case the translator transferred it into
cairan Ringer berlaktat which tends to give additional information to make the
translation clearer. This technique is acceptable to be applied in this datum
since the adding convey the message from SL into TL clearly.
1.7. Hospital Room Category
Hospital room is a room in a hospital for the care of patients (Farlex,
2013). There are 4 data found in this research which are included in hospital
room category. They are translated in TT using established equivalent and
through translation. In hospital room category, there is no shift category
between category of SL and TL. Below is the table of hospital room category
data and translation technique used in translating the data.
Table 4.7. Hospital Room Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
025/GA/S9-
013-11:54/HR
The pit UGD Hospital
Room
Established
equivalent
096/GA/S9-
014-04:28/HR
ER IGD Hospital
Room
Established
equivalent
060/GA/S9-
013-17:05/HR
OR Ruang
operasi
Hospital
Room
Established
equivalent
065/GA/S9-
013-18:41/HR
CCU CCU Hospital
Room
Through
translation
Below is the example of translation techique applied by the translator in
translating medical term of hospital room category.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Murphy explained the condition of her patient to the patient’s friends. She
give him update in the middle of the surgery.
ST
Dr. Murphy : Rich is still in surgery. Dr. Yang sent me down to talk to
his family.
Patient’s friend : Well, how... How's he doing?
Dr. Murphy : It's touch and go. They're gonna take him back up to the
CCU.
TT
Dr. Murphy : Dokter Yang mengirimku ke bawah untuk berbicara
dengan keluarganya.
Teman Pasien : Bagaimana keadaannya?
Dr. Murphy : Masih belum pasti. Dia akan kembali dibawa ke CCU.
(065/GA/S9-013-18:41/HR)
From the example above, it can be seen that the translator applies through
technique in translating CCU into CCU. Through translation is a literal
translation of common collocations, name of organisation and components of
compounds (Newmark, 1998b:84). The term CCU is an abbreviation of
Critical Care Unit. It refers to a hospital room specialized in the care of
patients with heart attacks and various other conditions that require continuous
monitoring and treatment. In this case, the meaning of abbreviation is a short
form of a word or phrase. It is in line with Newmark’s theory of through
translation technique. Here, the translator applied this technique by loaning the
term of CCU. Also, the term is recognized globally in medical terms.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr. Yang asked the nurse to prepare another operation room because she will
do another procedure to the patient.
ST
Dr. Yang : I can't cut. He'll lose too much blood.
Dr. Murphy : What do we do?
Dr. Yang : We'll go in percutaneously. Get the OR ready for an
endovascular repair.
TT
Dr. Yang : Aku tak bisa membedah. Dia akan kehilangan terlalu
banyak darah.
Dr. Murphy : Apa yang harus kita lakukan?
Dr. Yang : Kita akan masuk melalui kulit. Siapkan ruang operasi
untuk operasi endovaskuler.
(065/GA/S9-013-18:41/HR)
The example above is an example of established equivalent technique
applied in translating the datum. The translator translates the term OR
abbreviation of Operating Room into Ruang Operasi. OR is a facility within a
hospital where surgical operations are carried out in a sterile environment. The
translator finds the equivalent term of OR in target language as ruang operasi.
Both terms refer to the same thing. Moreover, the term of ruang operasi is
commonly used in Indonesia as the medical term. Thus, the term ruang operasi
is an appropriate equivalent for the term OR in ST.
1.8. Instrument Category
This category is related to a surgical tool or device designed to perform a
specific function, such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, or
suturing (Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition: 2009). There are 30 data in
this category. Most techniques used in translating data are established
equivalent but the translator also uses literal, through translation, pure
borrowing, amplification, and couplet technique. In instrument category, there
is no shift category between category of SL and TL. Below is the table of
instrument category data and translation technique used in translating the data.
Table 4.8. Instrument Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
028/GA/S9-
013-13:03/I
Clamp Klem Instrument Established
equivalent
030/GA/S9-
013-13:12/I
Shunt Pirau Instrument Established
equivalent
043/GA/S9-
013-14:47/I
Chest tube Selang dada Instrument Established
equivalent
053/GA/S9-
013-16:33/I
Surgical
glue
Lem bedah Instrument Established
equivalent
037/GA/S9-
013-14:24/I
12-lead 12 sadapan Instrument Established
equivalent
057/GA/S9-
013-16:42/I
Gel foam Busa gel Instrument Established
equivalent
063/GA/S9-
013-18:07/I
The mesh Jala Instrument Established
equivalent
068/GA/S9-
013-20:07/I
Gauze Kasa Instrument Established
equivalent
082/GA/S9-
013-31:06/I
Drain Salir Instrument Established
equivalent
084/GA/S9-
013-31:06/I
1O blade Pisau 10 Instrument Established
equivalent
122/GA/S9-
014-21:17/I
Infusion
pumps
Pompa infus Instrument Established
equivalent
123/GA/S9-
014-21:17/I
Crash cart Troli darurat Instrument Established
equivalent
126/GA/S9-
014-22:18/I
Peds cart Troli
pediatrik
Instrument Established
equivalent
128/GA/S9- 20 and a 22- Jarum suntik Instrument Established
014-22:43/I gauge 20 dan 22-
gauge
equivalent
135/GA/S9-
014-23:12/I
Suction Pengisap Instrument Established
equivalent
133/GA/S9-
014-23:06/I
Saline drip Infus garam Instrument Established
equivalent
132/GA/S9-
014-22:48/I
ET tube Pipa
endotrakea
Instrument Established
equivalent
134/GA/S9-
014-23:12/I
NG tubes Pipa
nasogaster
Instrument Established
equivalent
085/GA/S9-
013-31:06/I
Urine bags Kantung
urin
Instrument Established
equivalent
036/GA/S9-
013-14:22/I
Portable x-
ray
Ronsen
portabel
Instrument Established
equivalent
058/GA/S9-
013-16:42/I
Thrombin Trombin Instrument Pure borrowing
055/GA/S9-
013-16:36/I
Bovies Bovie Instrument Pure borrowing
118/GA/S9-
014-21:14/I
Monitor Monitor Instrument Pure borrowing
119/GA/S9-
014-21:14/I
Ventilator Ventilator Instrument Pure borrowing
120/GA/S9- Central line Central line Instrument Pure borrowing
014-21:14/I
047/GA/S9-
013-15:23/I
Cell saver
machine
Mesin
penyelamat
sel
Instrument Literal
038/GA/S9-
013-14:24/I
TEE TEE Instrument Through
translation
056/GA/S9-
013-16:38/I
Headlamp Lampu
bedah
Instrument Amplification
147/GA/S9-
014-28:00/I
14-gauge
cannula
Kanula 14-
gauge
Instrument naturalized
borrowing +
pure borrowing
031/GA/S9-
013-13:14/I
Rummel
tourniquet
Torniket
Rummel
Instrument Naturalized
borrowing +
pure borrowing
Below is the example of translation techique applied by the translator in
translating medical term of instrument category.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
In the OR, dr. Yang and several nurses were getting ready to do an operation.
She asked nurses to prepare an instrument to do the operation.
ST
Dr. Yang : Okay, I want two bovies set up.
Nurse : I'm on it.
Dr. Yang : Joy, get my headlamp ready.
TT
Dr. Yang : Aku ingin dua Bovie disiapkan.
Nurse : Baiklah.
Dr. Yang : Joy, siapkan lampu bedahku.
(056/GA/S9-013-16:38/T)
The first example above can be seen on the scene when dr. Yang and
several nurses were getting ready to do an operation. She asked nurses to
prepare an instrument to do the operation in the operation room.
The translator translates the term headlamp into lampu bedah in the
target language. Headlamp is generally known as a flashlight placed in
forehead. In this case, amplification technique is a proper translation technique
used by the translator. Since the word headlamp in both source language and
target language has general definition, in order to make the translation more
specific the translator adds more detailed information that is not formulated in
the source text. Therefore, the word headlamp is translated into lampu bedah.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr.Yang asked the nurse to prepare her instrument for operating patient.
ST
Dr. Yang: I need a 12-lead, and let's get a TEE bedside.
TT
Dr. Yang: Aku butuh 12 sadapan dan bawa TEE ke samping ranjang.
(038/GA/S9-013-14:24/I)
The term of TEE is loaned by the translator. TEE is an abbreviation of
transesophageal echocardiogram. It refers to a diagnostic test which employs
ultrasound waves to make images of the heart chambers, valves and
surrounding structures and which is done through the esophagus (Gale
Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2008). It is in line with Newmark’s theory of
through translation technique. Here, the translator applied this technique by
loaning the term of TEE. More, the term is recognized globally in medical
terms.
1.9. Other Category
This category refers to everything related to medical terms except the
medical specialty, profession, procedure, condition, body part, medicine,
hospital room, and instrument. There are 13 data in this category which is
devided into two parts; a) Blood related and b) Characteristic of Cell and c)
Body System. Most of the data are translated into TT using established
equivalent technique. In Other Category, there is no shift category between
category of SL and TL. Below is the table of other category data and
translation technique used in translating the data.
1.9.1 Blood related terms
According to The American Heritage Medical Dictionary (2007) blood is
the fluid consisting of plasma, blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the
heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to
and waste materials away from all body tissues. There are many things related
to the blood in this research, 7 data are found in this category. Most technique
used in translating data is established equivalent but translator also use
amplification and through translation technique.
Table 4.9.1 Blood Related Category and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
046/GA/S9-
013-14:57/BR
BP Tekanan
darah
Blood
Related
Established
equivalent
070/GA/S9-
013-21:34/BR
Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Blood
Related
Established
equivalent
077/GA/S9-
013-25:37/BR
Blood cells Sel darah Blood
Related
Established
equivalent
073/GA/S9-
013-21:52/BR
Iron Zat besi Blood
Related
Established
equivalent
051/GA/S9-
013-15:23/BR
Intravascular
volume
Volume
introvaskuler
Blood
Related
Established
equivalent
039/GA/S9-
013-14:33/BR
O-neg Darah O-neg Blood
Related
Amplification
095/GA/S9-
014-03:23/BR
DNA DNA Blood
Related
Through
Translation
Below is the example of translation techique applied by the translator in
translatiang medical term of blood related term category.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Yang and several nurses were getting ready to give a trauma patient
medication. The patient loose a lot of blood and dr. Yang asked the nurse to
immediately find and hung the o-neg blood for the patient.
ST
Dr. Yang: Type and cross for six units. Hang two units of O-neg as soon as
possible.
TT
Dr. Yang: Periksa golongan darahnya untuk enam unit. Gantung dua unit
darah O negatif secepat mungkin.
(039/GA/S9-013-14:33/)
The example above shows that the translator uses amplification technique
by adding the implicit information in TT. The term O-neg is translated into
darah O negatif. If the translation translated literally, it should be only O
negatif However, in this case the translator transfers into darah O negatif
which explains specifically the type of the term by adding word darah. This
technique is acceptable to be applied in this datum since the adding information
convey the message from SL into TL clearly. Thus, the translator uses
amplification technique to make the meaning transfered properly.
1.9.2 Body System Category
There are 5 data which are in Body System category. Most techniques
used in translating the data are established equivalent but the translator also
uses amplification technique. Below is the table of Body System data and
translation technique used in translating the data.
Table 4.9.2 Body System Category Data and Its Translation
Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
034/GA/S9-013-
14:17/BS
Heart rate Denyut
Jantung
Body System Established
Equivalent
042/GA/S9-013-
14:47/BS
Breath
sound
Bunyi
napas
Body System Established
equivalent
091/GA/S9-014-
01:15/BS
Normal cell Sel normal Body System Established
equivalent
143/GA/S9-014-
27:51/BS
Pulse Denyut Body System Established
equivalent
052/GA/S9-013-
16:30/BS
Vitals Tanda-
tanda vital
Body System Amplification
Below is the example of translation technique applied by the translator in
translating Body System category data.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Several docters trying to save a child secretly in the room that used to be the
ER room. They do not want dr. Cahill know what they doing. While they
trying to save the child the condition of the child is slowly down. Soon they
can’t feel the child’s pulse.
ST
Dr. Yang : What happened?
Dr. Grey : He's bradying down.
Dr. Wilson : We gotta keep moving.
Dr. Grey : I'm not getting a pulse! Ross, start CPR.
TT
Dr. Yang : Apa yang terjadi?
Dr. Grey : Denyut jantungnya melemah!
Dr. Wilson : Kita harus terus bergerak.
Dr. Grey : Denyutnya tak terasa! Ross, mulai CPR.
(143/GA/S9-014-27:51/BS)
The example above shows the using of established equivalent technique
when the translator translates pulse into denyut. Pulse is the beat of the heart as
felt through the walls of a peripheral artery, such as that felt in the radial artery
at the wrist (Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing,
and Allied Health, Seventh Edition: 2003). The translator can find the
equivalent term of pulse in target language as denyut. Both terms refer to the
same thing. Moreover, the term of denyut is commonly used in Indonesia as
the medical term, in KBBI denyut means “gerak turun naik (pada urat nadi,
ubun-ubun, dan sebagainya)”. There are 4 data of medical terms in body
system category found in this research that are translated by using established
equivalent technique.
1.9.3 Characteristic of Cell Category
There are 2 data which are in Characteristic of Cell category. Techniques
used in translating the data are established equivalent technique. Below is the
table of Characteristics of Cell data and translation technique used in
translating the data.
Table 4.9.3 Characteristic of Cell Data and Its Translation Technique
Datum ST TT Category Technique
092/GA/S9-014-
01:15/CoC
Malignant Ganas Characteristic
of Cell
Established
equivalent
094/GA/S9-014-
01:32/CoC
Toxic Beracun Characteristic
of Cell
Established
equivalent
Below is the example of translation technique applied by the translator in
translating Characteristics of Cell category data
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Karev explains about Onchology in the naration of the opening of the tv
series.
ST
Dr. Karev : In oncology, when a normal cell changes into something
malignant, it's called cellular transformation.
TT
Dr. Karev : Dalam onkologi, saat sel normal berubah menjadi ganas itu
disebut transformasi sel.
(092/GA/S9-014-01:15/CoC)
The example above shows the using of established equivalent technique
when the translator translates malignant into ganas. Malignant means tending
to become worse and end in death. (Saunders, 2007). The translator can find
the equivalent term of malignant in target language as ganas. Both terms refer
to the same thing. Moreover, the term of ganas is commonly used in Indonesia
as the medical or general term. There are 2 data of medical terms in
Characteristics of Cell category found in this research that are translated by
using established equivalent technique.
2. Translation Quality Analysis
The quality of translation is related to the translation techniques applied
by the translator. The techniques applied in translation can influence the
translation quality in terms of accuracy, acceptability and readability. In
assessing the translation quality of medical terms in tv series Grey’s Anatomy,
the researcher distributed questionnaires and involved three raters to assess the
quality of translation to fill the questionnaires. The raters gave scores in every
data, and also some comments to support the scores given. The results and the
discussion of the assessment are as follows.
2.1 Analysis of Translation Quality in terms of Accuracy
Accuracy is one of translation assessment instruments which is related to
how the meaning or message from the source language translated accurately
into target language. There are 142 (92.8%) data of accurate translation, 11
(7.18%) data of less accurate translation, and there is no inaccurate translation.
Based on the result of analysis, most of the data are translated accurately.
2.1.1 Accurate Translation
Accurate translation is when the meaning of words, technical terms,
phrases, clauses, or sentences of the source language is transferred accurately
to the target language; absolutely there are no distortions in meaning (Nababan,
2010). By seeing the classification, there are 142 (92.8%) data which belong to
accurate translation. It means that the most data of medical terms are correctly
translated into target language. The examples of the accurate translation are as
follows:
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Yang and Dr. Grey operating their patient.
ST
Dr. Yang : This part of the lung is fried. I'm gonna have to do a resection.
Dr. Grey : The spleen is out.
TT
Dr. Yang : Bagian paru-paru ini rusak. Aku terpaksa melakukan reseksi.
Dr. Grey : Limpanya sudah keluar.
(153/GA/S9-014-32:40/BP)
From the example above, it can be seen that the term spleen is translated
into limpa using established equivalent technique. The 3 raters gave 3 in
scoring the accuracy level of this data without any comments and alternative
translation. It means that the data is accurate. Moreover, by analyzing the data,
the researcher has same argument with the raters. In this translation, spleen
refers to a large gland like but ductless organ in the upper part of the abdominal
cavity on the left side, lateral to the cardiac end of the stomach (Saunders,
2003). It means that spleen in this translation refers to a body organ that is
commonly known. In this translation, spleen has an equivalent word as limpa
in TT. The term limpa means organ tubuh, terletak di dalam rongga perut
sebelah kiri atas, yang menghasilkan cairan yang membantu pencernaan
makanan dan membersihkan darah (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia). Both of
ST and TT have the same meaning. The translator conveys the meaning of ST
in TT correctly.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr. Hunt and Dr. Cahill operating patient in the operation room.
ST
Dr. Hunt : No, we need to finish debriding. We need to put in drains, close,
then you get to tell the family that you saved him,
TT
Dr. Hunt : Tidak, kita harus menyelesaikan membuang jaringan matinya.
Kita harus memasukkan salir, menjahitnya, lalu kau beri tahu keluarganya
bahwa kau menyelamatkannya.
(081/GA/S9-013-31:06/Pd)
The medical term debriding is translated into membuang jaringan
matinya. The translator applies description technique in this translation by
replacing the term with its descrption. The word debriding refers to the process
of removing nonliving tissue from pressure ulcers, burns, and other wounds
using a scalpel, scissors, or other instrument (Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine,
2008). Translator transfers the term by decribing the term becomes membuang
jaringan matinya. The first and third raters gave 3 in scoring this datum while
the second rater gave 2 in scoring this data. The second rater suggested that
rather than explaning the term, there is equivalent term in SL which is
debridimen. Moreover, by analyzing the data, the researcher believes that this
translation tends to be accurate since the meaning of debriding is conveyed
correctly to the target language. Also, by describing the meaning of the term
audiences will catch the exact meaning of it.
Example 3:
Context of situation
The condition of the patient is slowly down. Doctors try to give him first aid to
help the patient.
ST
Dr. Yang : His trachea is deviated to the left.
TT
Dr. Yang : Trakeanya menyimpang ke kiri.
(145/GA/S9-014-27:54/BP)
The example above is another example of accurate translation. The
translator translates trachea into trakea using established equivalent technique.
In this translation, the 3 raters gave 3 in scoring the accuracy level of this
datum without any comments. Moreover, by analyzing the data, the researcher
believes that the translation belongs to accurate translation. Eventhough in
target language there is an equivalent term of trachea which is batang
tenggorok, but term trakea is more commonly applied as an equivalent in TL.
2.1.2 Less Accurate Translation
Translation is considered less accurate when the meaning of every
medical term in source language transferred into target language, but there are
still some distortions of meaning. There are 11 data classified as less accurate
translation in this research. The examples of the less accurate translation are as
follows:
Example 1:
Context of situation:
In the dr. Avery’s seminar, dr. Wilson asks him about the technique
usefullness.
ST
Dr. Wilson : Do you use this technique more often when you perform butt
lifts or breast implants?
TT
Dr. Wilson : Kau lebih sering pakai teknik ini saat operasi bokong atau
payudara?
(107/GA/S9-014-15:02/Pd)
The example above shows that the translator transferred butt lifts into
operasi bokong using established equivalent technique. The 3 raters gave 2 in
scoring this data. It means that the data above is less accurate. Moreover, by
analyzing the data, the researcher has same argument with the raters. The
meaning of this medical term is not clearly transferred into the target language,
there is more proper term in the target language which can represent the term
butt lifts. In this translation, the word of operasi bokong is too general to
represent the meaning of butt lifts. The word of operasi bokong does not
represent the proper meaning of ST in TT. According to Segen's Medical
Dictionary (2012) butt lift is a cosmetic surgical procedure to improve the
appearance of the buttocks. It's typically done as lower body lift to contour the
buttocks, groin, thighs and abdomen. So, the term should be translated into
operasi pengangkatan bokong to convey the message into the target language
correctly. Since the term operasi bokong also can refers to operasi implan
bokong or operasi pembesaran bokong which have different meaning.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr. Derek told dr. Kepner about the planning of financial cutting to keep the
hospital from closing the ER, he suggests to cut several fellows from
dermatology to make less spending for the hospital.
ST
Dr. Derek: See, 'cause if derm cuts a fellow, and then cardio skips the TED
conference, and then cardio skips the TED conference plastic/ortho shares lab
facilities, we'll get a little bit here, a little bit there, and we'll have enough saved
to keep the ER alive.
TT
Dr. Derek: Tentu saja. Andai Dermatologi memecat satu dokter pelatihan
lalu Kardiologi tak ikut konferensi TED Bedah Plastik dan Ortopedi berbagi
fasilitas laboratorium kita akan dapat sedikit di sini, sedikit di sana. Kita akan
mempunyai persediaan yang cukup untuk UGD.
(001/GA/S9-013-02:56/MS)
Another data of less accurate translation is datum 01. The data above
shows the using of established equivalent technique when the translator
translates derm into dermatologi. The context above is about the plan for
financial cutting, to make it happen dermatolog have to cut several fellow. This
translation is less accurate translation, since the meaning of the original term is
not renderred accurately. Based on the context, the term derm should be
translated into dermatolog, instead of dermatology. Dermatology is a medical
specialty while dermatolog is a profession category. Dermatolog is more
accurate as the equivalent word of the medical terms derm in TL considering
the context. The first rater gave 1, the second rater gave 2, and the last rater
gave 3 in scoring this datum. It means that the data above is less accurate.
Moreover, by analyzing the data, the researcher has same argument with the
second rater that the term is less accurate because there is a shift meaning in
the translation of the medical terms.
Example 3:
Context of situation:
Dr. Callie tells dr. Karev and dr. Robbins about the condition of their patient
after the post-op. If she doesn’t try to walk again there will be several condition
that effect her leg.
ST
Dr.Callie : She's angry. She's 13 and she had a double hip replacement.
You'd be angry, too.
Dr. Karev : She's mean. Like a badger.
Dr. Callie : She's three days post-op now. Okay?
If she doesn't move her hips, we're looking at clots, contractures,
poor recovery.
TT
Dr. Callie : Hentikanlah. Dia marah. Usianya 13 tahun dan dia dioperasi
pinggul ganda. Kalian juga pasti akan marah.
Dr. Karev : Dia kejam. Seperti musang.
Dr. Callie : Sudah tiga hari pascaoperasi. Jika dia tak menggerakkan
pinggul, mungking akan ada pembekuan darah, pengencangan otot, pemulihan
yang buruk.
(006/GA/S9-013-04:33/Pd)
The third example is datum 06. The translator translates double hip
replacement into dioperasi pinggul ganda. This datum is translated using
established equivalent technique. The first and second raters gave 2 in scoring
the datum while the third rater gave 3 in scoring this datum. It means that the
translation belongs to less accurate translation. The raters suggest to translate
the datum becomes operasi penggantian pinggul total. Moreover, by analyzing
the data, the researcher agree with the raters. Based on Medical Dictionary for
the Health Professions and Nursing (2012), double hip replacement surgery
replaces both hips at the same time, generally due to arthritic pain and stiffness.
It is not terribly common for arthritis in both hips to progress at the same rate,
such that a bilateral hip replacement is necessary. It means that double hip
replacement is the replacement of both hip, right and left, it is not the
replacement that is done twice in the hip. The translation belongs to less
accurate translation due to the word double which is translated literally into
ganda.
2.1.3 Inaccurate translation
Inaccurate translation means that the meaning of words, technical terms,
phrases, clauses, or sentences of the source language is translated inaccurately
to target language, or even not translated at all. In this research, there is no data
that are translated inaccuratey.
2.2 Analysis of Translation Quality in terms of Acceptability
The other aspect for assessing quality of translation is acceptability. The
translation can be acceptable when the translation of the words can be accepted
by the target readers easily. In analyzing the data of medical terms found in tv
series Grey’s Anatomy, the researcher also involved three raters to assess the
acceptability level of translation. The respondents are one from medical
background and the others have no medical background. Besides giving score
of the data, the respondents also conveyed comments and alternative
translation for several data. There are 100 data (65.35%) of medical terms
which are classified as acceptable translation, 49 data (32.02%) which are
classified as less acceptable, and 4 data (2.61%) are classified as unacceptable
translation. It means that the acceptable translation is the most dominant result
of analysis.
2.2.1 Acceptable Translation
Translation is considered as acceptable when the message and the
interpretation of the source text are naturally conveyed. The translation is
commonly used in a medical field and familiar for the target viewers. In this
research, there are 100 data (65.35%) classified as acceptable translation.
According to the classification above, acceptable translation is the most
dominant result of analysis. The examples of the acceptable translation are as
follows:
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Callie tells dr. Karev and dr. Robbins about the condition of their patient
after the post-op. If she doesn’t try to walk again there will be several condition
that effect her leg.
ST
Dr. Karev : She's mean. Like a badger.
Dr. Callie : She's three days post-op now. Okay?
If she doesn't move her hips, we're looking at clots, contractures,
poor recovery.
TT
Dr. Karev : Dia kejam. Seperti musang.
Dr. Callie : Sudah tiga hari pascaoperasi. Jika dia tak menggerakkan
pinggul, mungking akan ada pembekuan darah, pengencangan otot, pemulihan
yang buruk.
(007/GA/S9-013-04:38/C)
The example above belongs to acceptable translation. In this data, the
translator transfers a term post-op into pascaoperasi. Based on the context, the
term post-op refers to the after surgical operation. The term post-op which
belongs to condition category is translated by appling established equivalent
technique. The term pasca operasi is available in the KBBI, it means
pascabedah. It belongs to acceptable translation since the diction is familiar in
the target language. It sounds natural and culturally accepted in the target
culture. In this translation, each respondents gave 3 in scoring the data. It
means that the data belongs to acceptable translation. Moreover, by analyzing
the data, the researcher is sure that the term of pasca operasi is familiar and
common used in target language.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr. Cahill explained to Dr. Hunt that if one person handle the carotid it will be
limits the chance of patient stroking out. Dr.Cahill said that because dr. Hunt
insist to replace dr. Cahill’s job.
ST
Dr. Cahill : Having one person control the carotid limits his chance of
stroking out.
TT
Dr. Cahill : Jika arteri lehernya dijaga satu orang peluang kematian karena
stroke bisa dibatasi.
(021/GA/S9-013-07:01/C)
From the example above, the word stroking out is translated into peluang
kematian karena stroke using amplification technique. The translation of
stroking out belongs to acceptable translation since the translation is accepted
in target language and sounds natural. The use of amplification technique in
this datum produces an acceptable translation. It is because, the translator adds
additional information which is peluang kematian so that respondents can catch
the exact meaning. Moreover, although the medical term stroke is borrowed
purely but the term is commonly used in TL both for people with medical
background study or not. In this translation, the 3 respondents gave 3 in scoring
the data since they stated that the term of peluang kematian karena stroke is
familiar in target language, the term is also commonly used in target language.
Example 3:
Context of situation:
The nurse is explaining to Dr. Hunt about the condition of the patient.
ST
Nurse : Deep neck laceration affecting most of the major blood vessels
and extending into the chest.
TT
Nurse : Robekan leher dalam yang memengaruhi sebagian besar
pembuluh darah utama.
(013/GA/S9-013-06:11/BP)
The example above is another example of acceptable translation. The
translator translates the term of major blood vessels into pembuluh darah
utama using established equivalent technique. The use of Established
equivalence technique impacts on the acceptability since the term pembuluh
darah utama is already recognised in a legal dictionary. All of the respondents
gave 3 in scoring the acceptability level of this datum. Respondents sure that
they are familiar with the term and even can explain the meaning of it.
2.2.2 Less Acceptable Translation
Less acceptable translation occurs when the meaning of words, technical
terms, phrases, clauses, or sentence seem natural or common. It also count as
less acceptable translation when the respondent from medical background
found it acceptable but respondents with no medical background found it not
acceptable. In this research, there are 49 data (32.02%) classified as less
acceptable translation. The examples of the less acceptable translation are as
follows:
Example 1:
There is a patient who needs to be cared so that dr. Callie asked dr. Karev to
deal with the patient. Dr. Callie is an attending and dr. Karev is a fellow so she
has the right to order dr. Karev.
ST
Dr. Callie : Karev, get in there.
Dr. Karev : Why me?
Dr. Callie : We're attendings. You're a fellow. It's an order.
TT
Dr. Callie : Karev masuk kesana.
Dr. Karev : Kenapa aku?
Dr. Callie : Kami dokter konsulen. Kau dokter pelatihan. Ini perintah.
(010/GA/S9-013-05:02/Pf)
The example above shows the using of established equivalent technique
when the translator translates attendings into dokter konsulen. It belongs to less
acceptable translation. The researcher believes that there is a part translated by
using unfamiliar term, that is the term konsulen. According to Farlex Partner
Medical Dictionary (2012), the definition of attending is a physician
supervising the care of patients by interns, residents, and/or medical students.
So it refers to doctor who may lead other people on rounds to visit patients.
The term dokter konsulen is an exact equivalence of the attending, but that
term is not familiar in TL. The third respondent stated that she did not have a
problem in accepting this term, the third respondent is the one who has medical
background. Meanwhile, the first and second respondents stated that they were
not familiar with the term konsulen, but they has no problem with the term
dokter. In this case, the researcher believes that the term dokter konsulen is still
not familiar enough for target audiences. The translator can replace it into
dokter spesialis, since that term have more general meaning and also more
familiar in target language.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Several doctors trying to save a child secretly in the room that used to be the
ER room. They do not want dr. Cahill know what they doing. While they
trying to save the child the condition of the child is slowly down. Soon they
can’t feel the child’s pulse.
ST
Dr. Yang : What happened?
Dr. Grey : He's bradying down.
Dr. Wilson : We gotta keep moving.
Dr. Grey : I'm not getting a pulse! Ross, start CPR.
TT
Dr. Yang : Apa yang terjadi?
Dr. Grey : Denyut jantungnya melemah!
Dr. Wilson : Kita harus terus bergerak.
Dr. Grey : Denyutnya tak terasa! Ross, mulai CPR.
(144/GA/S9-014-27:53/Pd)
The data above shows that the translator translates CPR into CPR. The
translator translates the term by using through translation technique. Based on
the context, the term CPR refers to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
which means mouth-to-mouth respiration and chest compression. However the
term CPR is not common in the target language, the datum will make target
readers confused because there is no explanation of the abbreviation or
information of it. The third respondent suggested to change the translation CPR
into napas buatan or tindakan pertolongan pertama to make the translation
acceptable in the target language. This term is more appropriate because it is
the definition of term CPR.
Example 3:
Context of situation:
Perawat menjelaskan Dr. Hunt tentang kondisi pasien.
ST
Nurse : He's hypotensive and tachycardic.
TT
Nurse : Dia hipotensi dan takikardi.
(015/GA/S9-013-06:16/C)
From the example above, it can be seen that the translator applies
naturalized borrowing in translating the term of tachycardic into takikardi.
Tachcycardic is relating to rapid heart rate. The term takikardi is familiar for
medical people but takikardi is not commonly used by lay audiences in target
language. It would be better if the translator gives additional information or
maintain the original term in a bracket for translating the medical term. Thus,
the translation could be replaced into takikardi (detak jantung diatas normal).
2.2.3 Uncceptable Translation
Unacceptable translation means that the translation seems unnatural,
uncommon, or improper. The meaning of words, technical terms, phrases,
clauses, or sentences of the source language is not acceptable in target
language culture. In this research, there are 4 data classified as unacceptable
translation. The examples of the unacceptable translation are as follows:
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Yang explains the procedure to operate patient without blood to dr.
Murphy.
ST
Dr. Yang : So we'll put him on a cell saver machine, and then continue the
hypertonic saline, colloids, and factor VII to pump up his intravascular volume.
TT
Dr. Yang : Jadi, kita akan memasangkan mesin penyelamat sel padanya.
Lalu lanjutkan garam hipertonik, koloid, dan faktor VII untuk menaikkan
volume intravaskulernya.
(047/GA/S9-013-15:23/D)
The datum above is an example of unacceptable translation. The
translator applies literal technique in translating the term of a cell saver
machine into mesin peyelamat sel. Freischlag (2004) states that cell saver
machine is the machine which suctions, washes, and filters blood so it can be
given back to the patient's body instead of being thrown away. The patient
receives his/her own blood instead of donor blood, so there is no risk of
contracting outside diseases. However this translation belongs to unacceptable
translation since this term is not familiar for target audiences, the diction is not
common in target culture. The 3 respondents gave 1 in scoring the data. All of
them stated that they were not familiar and never heard the term of mesin
penyelamat sel. Moreover, in TL there is more appropriate term, that is mesin
pencuci darah. This term is the more appropriate expression commonly used in
target culture.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr Kepner is handling the patient. She calls dr. Avery to explain about the
condition of the patient and ask what procedure should she do for the patient.
ST
Dr. Kepner : He's got sub-Q emphysema.
TT
Dr. Kepner : Dia menderita emfisema subkutan.
(117/GA/S9-014-16:06/C)
From the example above, it can be seen that the translator applies
naturalized borrowing technique in translating sub-Q emphysema. In this
translation, all of the respondents gave 1 in scoring the acceptability level of
this datum. They stated that they were really not familiar with this term. Sub-q
is an abbreviation for subcutaneous. Subcutaneous refers to the tissue beneath
the skin, and emphysema refers to trapped air. Subcutaneous emphysema
happens when gas or air is in the layer under the skin (Mosby's Medical
Dictionary, 2009). Actually, this term is used in medical culture and it is not
strange in Indonesian medical culture, but this term will be unfamiliar and hard
to understand for general audiences. That is why this translation is considered
as unacceptable translation. Thus, the researcher suggests that it would be
better if the translator gives additional information. The translation could be
replaced into emfisema subkutan (kebocoran udara dalam jaringan).
3.1 Analysis of Translation Quality in terms of Readability
The last aspect for assessing quality of translation is readability. In
analysing the readability of law terms, the researcher determines three levels of
readability, they are: readable, less readable, and unreadable. The translation
can be readable when the meaning of medical terms translation is easily
understood by the respondents just by reading it one time, respondents also can
explain the meaning of the terms without any destortion meaning. The
researche involved three respondents to assess the readability level of
translation in tv series Grey’s Anatomy. Besides giving score of the data, the
respondents also conveyed comments and alternative translation for several
data. There are 65 data (42.48%) of medical terms which are classified as
readable translation, 83 data (54.24%) which are classified as less readable, and
5 data (3.26%) are classified as not readable translation. It means that the less
readable translation is the most dominant result of analysis.
3.1.1 Readable Translation
Readable translation means that the meaning of medical terms translation
is easily understood by the respondents just by reading it one time, the
audiences also can explain the meaning of medical terms without any distortion
by watching the tv series one time. There are 65 medical terms or 42.48% of
153 data are considered as readable translation and below are some examples
of readable translation.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Leah tells dr. Yang if there is a possible cardiac trauma on the ER.
ST
Dr. Leah : Dr. Yang. The pit's calling with a possible cardiac trauma in the
field.
TT
Dr. Leah : Dokter Yang. UGD menelpon dengan kemungkinan trauma
jantung.
(025/GA/S9-013-11:54/HR)
While dr. Yang handling the patient, dr. Leah informs dr. Yang if there is a
possible cardiac trauma on the pit. The manager of Newcastle has enough of
Gavin’s atittude. As seen, there is a medical term, that is the pit which belongs
to the medical terms related to the hospital room category. The term the pit is a
medical slang word, also known as Emergency Room. The medical term is
translated using established equivalent technique into UGD which makes the
translation readable. The three respondents gave 3 points in evaluating the term
based on the context which means they could understand the term easily. All
the three respondents know the exact meaning of UGD. It could be seen from
the comments of all the respondents that the abbreviaton of UGD is Unit
Gawat Darurat. This means their explanation is similar with the meaning of
medical term the pit that means emergency room. The term UGD belongs to
readable translation.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
The nurse tells the condition of her patient to dr. Yang.
ST
Nurse : Heart rate tacking along in the 130s.
TT
Nurse : Denyut jantungnya cepat, sekitar 130.
(034/GA/S9-013-14:17/BS)
The datum in the example 2 above also belongs to readable translation. The
translator uses Established equivalence technique in translating the term heart
rate into denyut jantung. Based on the context, the nurse tells the condition of
her patient to dr. Yang. The term heart rate is a medical term that belong to
medical terms for body system category. According to Saunders (2003), the
meaning of this medical terms is the number of contractions of the cardiac
ventricles per unit of time (usually per minute). The medical terms is translated
into denyut jantung, which is established in Bahasa Indonesia. The quality of
this medical terms translation is readable because the translation is easy to
understand and there is no need to re-watch the tv series. All the respondents
found the term readable. They know the exact meaning of the datum by
watching the tv series one time. The respondents had watch the overall context
of the tv series driving them gave 3 points of readability. The term denyut
jantung belongs to readable translation.
3.1.2. Less Readable Translation
The translation of medical terms can be categorized as less readable
translation when the viewers can retell the medical terms but there are some
missed meaning and also when viewers can retell the medical terms without
missing the meaning but viewers watch the tv series several times. There are 83
medical terms or 54.24% of 153 data are considered as less readable translation
and below are some examples of less readable translation.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Cahill is doing a procedure to do an operation for her patient.
ST
Dr. Cahill : I could take a piece of saphenous vein from the leg.
TT
Dr. Cahill : Aku bisa mengambil vena safena dari kaki
(066/GA/S9-013-19:43/BP)
The conversation happens in an operation room which Dr. Cahill is doing a
procedure to do an operation for her patient. While talking to Dr. Hunt, he
mentioned the term saphenous vein that is a medical term belongs to Body Part
category. The translator translates the medical term by applying Established
Equivalence technique into vena safena in target language. Based on the
context, the term vena safena refers to name of blood vessels in the body,
however the respondents less understand the meaning of term. After watching
the tv series, the first and second respondents gave 2 points to this term, their
comments show that they know that vena safena belongs to blood vessels but
they have to watch the tv series several times while considering the context of
the medical term in tv series. While, the third respondent gave 3 in scoring this
datum. She stated that the term is major superficial vein of the medial leg and
thigh. Based on the context of the datum, the term saphenous vein refers to one
of blood vessels in the body. Mosby's Medical Dictionary (2009) stated that
saphenous vein is one of a pair of the longest veins in the body, which contains
10 to 20 valves along its course through the leg and the thigh before ending in
the femoral vein. By seeing the context, the researcher gives recommendation
to add term pembuluh darah considering the target reader’s understanding,
then the translation will become pembuluh darah vena safena.
Example 2:
Context of situation:
Dr. Avery and other doctors try to help patient. They prepare instrument that
needed in the operation.
ST
Dr. Avery : But I got NG tubes. Did anybody actually bring suction?
TT
Dr. Avery : Tapi ada pipa nasogaster. Ada yang membawa pengisap?
(134/GA/S9-014-23:12/I)
The medical term NG tubes is translated into pipa nasoganster. The
translator applies established equivalent technique in this translation. The word
NG tubes refers to a tube of soft rubber or plastic that is inserted through a
nostril and into the stomach for instilling liquid foods or other substances or for
gastric decompression. (Saunders, 2003). The translator transfers the term by
finding the equivalent term, that is pipa nasogaster. The first and second raters
gave 1 in scoring this datum while the third rater gave 3 in scoring this data.
The first and second respondents did not really understand the meaning of the
medical term, the respondents stated that they catch the meaning of the pipa
but they do not know the meaning of nasogaster. While the third respondent
which from medical background study have no difficulity to understand the
datum, the respondent stated that instead of pipa nasogaster there is also
equivalent term in TL which is sonde lambung or pipa lambung. Thus, the
translation of the datum belongs the less readable translation. Researcher
suggests that the translator translates into pipa lambung so that audiences who
do not have medical knowledge can catch the exact meaning of the term.
3.1.3. Unreadable Translation
The translation of medical terms is not readable when the viewers
completely do not understand the content of the medical terms, viewers can not
retell the meaning of the medical terms eventhough they already watched it for
several times. There are five medical terms (3.26%) of 153 data considered as
unreadable translation. The examples of unreadable translation can be seen
below.
Example 1:
Context of situation:
Dr. Callie tells dr. Karev and dr. Robbins about the condition of their patient
after the post-op. If she does not try to walk again there will be several
condition that effect her leg.
ST
Dr.Callie : She's angry. She's 13 and she had a double hip replacement.
You'd be angry, too.
Dr. Karev : She's mean. Like a badger.
Dr. Callie : She's three days post-op now. Okay?
If she doesn't move her hips, we're looking at clots, contractures,
poor recovery.
TT
Dr. Callie : Hentikanlah. Dia marah. Usianya 13 tahun dan dia dioperasi
pinggul ganda. Kalian juga pasti akan marah.
Dr. Karev : Dia kejam. Seperti musang.
Dr. Callie : Sudah tiga hari pascaoperasi. Jika dia tak menggerakkan
pinggul, mungking akan ada pembekuan darah, pengencangan otot,
pemulihan yang buruk.
(009/GA/S9-013-04:41/C)
Dr. Callie mentioned contracture which is a medical term that belongs to
the category of condition. The medical term translated into pengencangan otot
by replacing the term with the description of it. According to Miller-Keane
Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh
Edition (2003), contracture is abnormal shortening of muscle tissue, rendering
the muscle highly resistant to stretching; this can lead to permanent disability.
The term is consider as an unreadable translation because all the respondents
explain the term that not related to the exact meaning of contracture itself. All
the respondents explained that pengencangan otot means the procedure that
patient do for building the muscle, like push up or sit up. Those explanation
from the respondents are false regarding the exact meaning of the medical
terms contracture. It could be translated into pemendekan permanen pada
sendi to make it easier to understand and target audiences can catch the exact
meaning of it.
B. Discussion
According to the result of research findings above, it can be seen that the
translator of tv series Grey’s Anatomy uses 8 single techniques of Molina and
Albir and Newmark theory. They are : a) established equivalent, b) pure
borrowing, c) naturalized borrowing, d) amplification, e) generalization, f)
literal, g) through translation and h) description. Besides, couplets technique by
Newmark (1988) is also found in this research. Here, the categories of medical
terms will be grouped based on the most frequent technique used in translating
each categories.
In this research, most of medical terms are translated using established
equivalent technique. Molina and Albir (2002: 510) explain that established
equivalent is to use a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or laguage
in use) as an equivalent in the TL. There are 9 categories of medical terms in
this research that use established equivalent technique. They are; medical
specialty, profession, procedure, condition, body part, medicine, hospital room,
instrument, and uncategorized terms. The application of this technique makes
the most numbers of accurate, acceptable, and readable data. It occurs because
many data of medical terms in ST have equivalent in TT so that the meaning of
medical terms in ST can be delivered well in TT. The equivalent terms
recognised in dictionary are automatically common in the target language
culture, thus the target readers could understand it clearly. But, this technique
also produce less accurate translation in medical specialty, profession, and
procedure category. It is because the translator misinterpret the context of the
medical terms.
The second technique mostly applied in the translation is amplification.
Amplification technique is used to introduce details that are not formulated in
the ST: information, explicative paraphrasing (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). It
means that the translator may give additional information in ST by considering
the effectiveness of word using. There are 7 categories that use amplification
technique, they are: medical specialty, procedure, condition, medicine,
instrument, blood related, and body system category. The addition of the word
is necessary to be done since it delivers the meaning of the term more properly.
This technique produces mostly accurate, acceptable, and readable translation.
The using of this technique is effective to translate the medical terms because
the addition of some words can make the proper meaning of ST totally
delivered well into TT.
Another technique applied in the translation is through translation.
Newmark explains that this technique is the literal translation of common
collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can
also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84). There are 4
categories, they are procedure, hospital room, instrument, and blood related
category that use this technique. The translation delivered accurately because
most of the data that translated with through translation is an abbreviation
which both SL and TL use same medical term. However, the translation
becomes less acceptable and less readable translation for lay audience. It is
because, the translation is not familiar in the target language.
The next technique used is naturalized borrowing technique. Naturalized
borrowing means replacing the term of the source language by using similar
form that is familiar in the target language. This technique actually corresponds
with the naturalization technique of Newmark (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510).
The translator uses this technique because there is no equivalent word in TT
which can represent the meaning of medical terms in ST. There are 3
categories that are used this technique. They are condition, procedure, and
medicine. Naturalized borrowing technique in the translation mostly produces
an accurate and acceptable translation. It is because the spelling of medical
terms in TT does not change the proper meaning of ST. In terms of readability,
this technique produces less readable translation. It occurs because lay
audiences are still hard to understand some terms eventhough those borrowed
terms from source language are familiar.
The next technique used is description. Description technique is used to
replace a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function
(Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). It means that the translator may replace the
term in ST with the explanation of the term. There are 3 categories that use
description technique, they are: procedure, condition, and medicine category.
In the tv series Grey’s Anatomy, this technique is used appropriately. The
description of the words is necessary to be done because sometimes the terms
itself can not be understood properly for lay audiences. This technique produce
accurate and acceptable translation since the medical terms which produce by
this technique becomes more familiar and easy to understand in TT. For the
readabilty quality, this technique produces readable translation, because the
description of the term use familiar diction so that lay audiences can fully
understand the terms and easily catch the meaning. This technique is effective
to translate the medical terms because the translation is accurate while the
acceptability and readability are also high. It is because the terms that
translated with the description technique becomes more familiar in target
language.
The next technique in the translation is literal. This technique is to
translate a word or an expression word for word (Molina and Albir, 2002: 511).
There are 3 data in procedure, condition and instrument category translated
using this technique. The translation is considered as less accurate translation
because the terms are translated word for word and do not considering the
equivalent terms in TL. The translation also does not consider the meaning of
the translation, sometimes the translation have no meaning at all in TL. The
translation is also considered as not acceptable and not readable translation
since the term is not commonly used in TT, translator does not consider the
cultural aspect in target language as the translator is only focusing on the literal
meaning. The using of this technique is not effective to translate the medical
terms.
Couplets technique is also identified in the translation. Newmark (1988)
explains that this technique combines two different techniques for dealing with
a single problem. This technique appears in 3 categories of medical term. They
are condition, medicine, and instrument category. The translator applies
couplets technique to translate the complicated medical terms. The application
of this technique mostly produces accurate and acceptable translation. It is
because the combination of two different techniques can deliver the meaning of
ST into TT correctly. Moreover, the terms are also commonly used in the target
language. Some of them are considered as less accurate and less readable
translation. It happens because of the existence of pure borrowing and
naturalized borrowing technique in couplets. The use of borrowed terms did
not make the proper meaning of ST totally conveyed into TT.
Another technique identified in the translation is pure borrowing. This
technique is a part of borrowing technique. This technique is used to fit the
spelling rules in the TL (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). There are 2 categories
that use this technique. They are medicine and instrument category. The use of
this technique produces an accurate translation but not all translations are
acceptable. Most of them are categorized as less acceptable and less readable
translation. This technique produces an accurate translation because the
translator maintain the proper meaning of ST in TT. However, some of the
translations become less acceptable and less readable translation because the
translator borrows many medical terms data of ST and put it into TT without
any change. This factor cause many medical terms data which are not familiar
in TT. Moreover, a lot of terms are not originated from TL so that the target
readers are totally unfamiliar with the terms.
The last technique identified in the translation is generalization. There is
1 category that use this technique, which is procedure category. This technique
produce accurate translation because the translator translates the medical terms
of ST using more general word into TT. The translation is also considered as
acceptable and readable translation since the target reader familiar and
understand with the terms.
In this research, the accuracy, acceptability and readability translation of
medical terms in Tv series Grey’s Anatomy are influenced by some factors. The
accurate, acceptable and redable translations are influenced by the appropriate
techniques applied by the translator, the familiar dictions used in translation,
and the using of explanation and information of specific medical term. The less
accurate, less acceptable, less readable, not readable and unacceptable
translations are influenced by inappropriate techniques applied by the
translator, and the unfamiliar dictions used in translation.
The result of the discussion above is related to the previous research
entitled The translation of medical terminology in TV fiction series: the
Spanish dubbing of E.R. (2009). The technique used by the translator to
translate technical term related to medical term is same. The translator of tv
series Grey’s Anatomy is mostly using established equivalent technique, while
in the research done by Matamala (2009) the translator is mostly using literal
translation and established equivalent. While Rahma Ilyas in his research
Analisis Teknik dan Kualitas Terjemahan istilah-Istilah Kelahiran Dalam Buku
William Obstetrics 21st Edition (2014) stated that in his research naturalized
borrowing is the most frequent technique used by translator. Therefore, the
result of findings between this research and the previous research is still
relevant since the result shows that established equivalent becomes the
appropriate technique in translating medical term.
In addition, the product of established equivalent technique is not always
a high qualified translation. The translator applies this technique because many
data of medical terms in ST have equivalent words in TT, but there are also
many data that need to be explained by the translator. Description and
amplification techniques are appropriate to translate medical terms. It is
because the quality of translation in term of accuracy is high while lay
audiences also can catch the proper meaning of the medical terms. Meanwhile,
literal translation and pure borrowing technique are more dominant in
producing low quality translation. The findings of this research show that every
type of medical terms needs appropriate translation techniques in producing
good translation. In here, established equivalent is mostly appropriate for all
categories. But for instrument category, established equivalent produces low
quality translation in terms of acceptability and readability, it is because the
intended target audiences are not only from medical people but also lay
audiences.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data based on the problem statements, the conclusion
is drawn as follows:
In this research, there are 11 categories of medical terms. They are medical
specialty, profession, procedure, condition, body part, medicine, hospital room,
instrument, body system, blood related and characteristics of cell category.
Moreover, the researcher found 8 single techniques and 3 couplets techniques
used by the translator in translating medical terms in the tv series Grey’s
Anatomy. They are established equivalent, pure borrowing, naturalized
borrowing, amplification, generalization, description, literal translation,
through translation, established equivalent + pure borrowing, established
equivalent + naturalized borrowing, pure borrowing + naturalized borrowing.
Established equivalent technique is the technique mostly used by the translator
in translating medical terms found in tv series Grey’s Anatomy.
The techniques of translation which are used influence the quality of
translation. The accurate translation is contributed by the use of established
equivalent technique which is also the most dominant technique used in
translating medical terms. It is because many data of medical terms in ST have
equivalent in TT so that the meaning of medical terms in ST is delivered well
in TT. The rest techniques, especially generalization, established equivalent,
literal translation, and naturalized borrowing techniques are seen as the source
of less accurate translation and there is no inaccurate translation.
The highest acceptable translations in medical terms is produced by
established equivalence technique. It is due to the fact that most of medical
terms could be recognized in medical dictionary thus the translator applies
Established Equivalence technique. Meanwhile, the techniques that produce
less acceptable and unacceptable translation are pure borrowing, established
equivalent, naturalized borrowing, through translation, and couplet technique.
It is because the different culture in SL and TL of medical terms impacts on the
name of the terms, so that not every term sounds familiar in TL.
The technique which produces the high level of readable in translation of
medical terms is established equivalent technique. It is because the terms that is
translated with established equivalence technique is the exact equivalence word
in TL, so that this technique produces an understandable translation. At the
same time, the use of pure borrowing, established equivalent, naturalized
borrowing, through translation, description and couplet technique moslty result
less readable translation and not readable translation. It is caused by usage of
uncommon terms and loan words, so that the terms are not understandable.
B. Recommendation
Here, the researcher gives the recommendations to the English
Department Students, translators and other researchers. The recommendations
are as follows:
1. Students of English Department
The result of this research shows that medical terms is an interesting
matter to discuss. Moreover the students who are interested in the subject of
medical terms translation must be aware of problems in translating medical
terms. It is considering that every categories have its own specific meaning and
need to be translated with its own specific technique of translation. Students
need to study not only the translation technique, but also the additional
information and competence of medical field. The translated medical terms are
more likely less readable, it is because the terms is not understandable enough
for lay audiences. It is recommended not to translate the medical terms using
literal translation and pure borrowing technique since it cannot produce
readable translation. In order to produce accurate, acceptable, and readable
translation, there are factors that should be considered like context of situation
and choice of word.
2. Translators
The result of this research shows that translating medical terms is not an
easy task. Since translating technical terms is different from translating
common terms, the translators have to improve the competence in one of
particular subject field. Moreover, a translator should produce more qualified
translation considering to the cultural background of both languages and reduce
the misconception and misunderstanding of translation during the process of
translating.
In translating medical terms, the most appropriate techniques
recommended to the translator are established equivalent, description, and
amplification. Established equivalent is recommended since most of the terms
have the equivalent meaning listed in the dictionary. In other side,
amplification and description techniques are also needed, considering that
many medical terms are not really familiar and understandable for lay
audiences.
3. Other Researchers
The researcher hopes that the result of the findings can give a lot of
benefits for the readers who want to analyze translation technique and quality
of medical terms. Medical terms research should be continuously conducted
since there are various problem in translating medical terms. Other researchers
also can analyze the same topic, which is medical terms, but use different
source of data. It is because medical terms are found not only in tv series but
also in books, movies or video discussing about medical field. It is better for
the researchers to analyse more detail categories of medical terms, for example
surgical instrument category can be divided into specific category as
mechanical cutters, measurement devices, and so on. This research may
become inspiration and reference for the other researchers who are interested in
conducting the same research.
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