chapter 7 gerunds infinitives. vocabulary preview consider - think about avoid - stay away from

Chapter 7

GerundsInfinitives

Vocabulary Preview

• Consider - Think about

• Avoid - Stay Away from

Gerunds• When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a

present participle. It is important to understand that they are not the same.

• When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:– Fishing is fun.

• When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a present participle:– Anthony is fishing. – I have a boring teacher.

Gerunds• Every gerund ends in ing.

• Gerunds function as nouns.

– Smoking costs a lot of money. – I don't like writing. – My favorite occupation is reading.

Gerunds• Do you see the difference in these two sentences?

In one, "reading" is a gerund (noun). In the other "reading" is a present participle (verb).

• My favorite occupation is reading. = Gerund

(noun)

• My favorite niece is reading. = Present Participle

(verb)

Gerunds• A gerund can also have an object itself.

• [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the sentence.

– Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money. – I don't like writing letters. – My favorite occupation is reading detective

stories.

GerundsGerund as Subject:

Watching TV is my favorite way to relax.

Gerund as Object:

I’m thinking about getting married.

Gerunds• I dislike ______ to the movies by myself.

a. to gob. goingc. to go/going

• I started ______ dinner without you.a. eatingb. to eatc. eating/to eat

• I can’t imagine ________my own house.a. buyingb. to buy

Gerunds• When do you practice ______ the piano.

a. playing

b. to play

c. playing/to play

Infinitives• To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to

jump, to dunk, to read, to eat, to slurp—all of these are infinitives. An infinitive will almost always begin with to followed by the simple form of the verb, like this:

• to + verb = infinitive

• Important Note: Because an infinitive is not a verb, you cannot add s, es, ed, or ing to the end. Ever!

Infinitives• Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or

adverbs. Look at these examples:• To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his

double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood café. – To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject of

the sentence.

• No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.– To look functions as a noun because it is the direct

object for the verb refuses.

Infinitives• Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a

book to read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait.– To read functions as an adjective because it modifies

book.

• Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly squid eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster.– To throw functions as an adverb because it explains why

Richard braved the inclement weather.

InfinitivesPractice

• The kids hope ____ for dinner.

a. making pizza

b. to make pizza

• Do you really intend ___ for breakfast?!

a. making pizza

b. to make pizza

Look on page 94Grammar

Verb + GerundAvoidConsiderEnjoyKeep on _______ ing PracticeQuiStopThink about

Look on page 94Grammar

Verb + Infinitive

Decide

Learn to _______

Look on page 94Grammar

Gerund as Subject

Watching TV is my favorite way to relax.

Gerund as Object

I’m thinking about getting married.

Page 82My Favorite Way to Relax

A. Do you like to watch TV?B. Yes. I enjoy watching TV very much.

Watching TV is my favorite way to relax.

1.) you

paint

A. Do you like to paint?

B. Yes. I enjoy painting very much.

Painting is my favorite way to relax.

In class:

• Side by Side – Page 82 #1-9

Page 84She Hates to Drive Downtown

Like to work hate to work _______

Like working hate working avoid working

• Does Helen like to drive downtown?

driving

B. No. She hates to drive downtown.

driving

Page 84She Hates to Drive Downtown

1. Alberttravel by plane

A. Does Albert like to travel by plane?B. No. He hates to travel by plane.

Or

A. Does Albert like traveling by plane?B. No. He hates traveling by plane.

In class:

• Side by Side– Page 84 #1-9

WIP – 10 minutes

• What do you enjoy doing?

• What do you avoid doing whenever you can?

Practice:Gerunds &Infinitives

• http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/ger-inf01.html

Bad Habitspage 85

Jill’s co-workers always tell her to stop eating junk food. They think that eating junk food is unhealthy. Jill knows that, but she still keeps on eating junk food. She wants to stop, but she can’t. Eating junk food is a bad habit she just can’t break.

Bad Habitspage 85

Vincent’s friends always tell him to stop gossiping. They think that gossiping isn’t nice. Vincent knows that, but he still keeps on gossiping. He wants to stop, but he can’t. Gossiping is a habit he just can’t break.

Bad Habitspage 85

Jennifer’s parents always tell her to stop interrupting people while they’re talking. They think that interrupting people is very rude. Jennifer knows that, but she still keeps on interrupting people. She wants to stop, but she can’t. Interrupting people is a habit she just can’t break.

Bad Habitspage 85

Walter’s wife always tells him to stop talking about business all the time. She thinks that talking about business all the time is boring. Walter knows that, but he still keeps on talking about business. He wants to stop, but he can’t. Talking about business is a habit he just can’t break.

WIP – 10 minutesHow About You?

page 85Do you have any habits you “just can’t

break”? Tell about them.

Yes, my habit that I just can’t break is chocolate chip cookie dough icecream.

My friend always tell me to stop eating chocolate chip cookie dough icecream every night. She thinks that eating a lot of icecream is bad for me and is very expensive to buy gallon of icecream every week. I know that, but I still keep on eating it. I want to stop, but I can’t. Eating icecream is a habit I just can’t break.

Page 86

Start to swim learn to swim ______

Start swimming _________ practice swimming

to swim = Infinitive

Start swimming = Gerund as object

Page 86

• Example:A. How did you learn to swim so well?B. Well, I started to swim when I was young.

swimmingA. I envy you. I’ve never swum before.B. I’ll be glad to teach you how.A. Thank you. But isn’t swimming very difficult?B. Not at all. After you practice swimming a few times, you’ll

probably swim as well as I do.

Page 87

1. draw

A. How did you learn to ____________ so well?B. Well, I started to ________ when I was young.

__________A. I envy you. I’ve never _______ before.B. I’ll be glad to teach you how.A. Thank you. But isn’t _______very difficult?B. Not at all. After you practice _______ a few times,

probably ___________ as well as I do.

draw

drawdrawing

drawn

drawingdrawing

draw

In class:

• Side by Side– Page 87 #1-6