chapter 4 student copy
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7/31/2019 CHAPTER 4 Student Copy
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CHAPTER 4 : MATTER AND SUBSTANCE
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
- Matter is made up of very fine and discrete particles- The particle of matter constantly move or vibrate- The particle constantly collide against one another and the walls
of the container
- Forces of attraction exist among the particles in matter. theforces of attraction becomes stronger when the particles are
packed closely together.
- The higher the temperature,the higher the kinetic energy of theparticles
Diffusion : movement of particles in matter from an area of
_______concentration to an area of ______ concentration until both
areas have the same concentration.
The particles of liquid and gase move randomly and collide against one
another.this movement is called B___________ movement.
Temperature influences the kinetic energy content of matter. (higher
Temperature,higher kinetic energy of the particles)
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PROPERTY OF
MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS
ARRANGEMET OF
PARTICLE
-particles are
arranged
closely,compactly
and orderly in fixed
positions
-very little empty
space between one
particle and another
-not nearly nor
closely arranged
-they are empty
spaces among
particles
-most of the particles
keep contact with
one another
-not nearly arranged
and are further apart
from one another.
MOVEMENT OF
PARTICLES
Do not move
freely,only vibrate at
their fixed positions
Move slowly in a
random manner
Move fast in a
random manner and
in all direction
FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
BETWEEN
PARTICLES
ENERGY CONTENT moderate
SHAPE fixed Following shape of
container
Not fixed
VOLUME fixed fixed Not fixed
COMPRESSION Very difficult to
compress
Properties of matter in solid,liquid and gaseous state.
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CHANGES IN THE STATE OF MATTER
-HEAT is the energy that determine the movement of particles in matter.
-if the temperature of matter increases,particles will get higher kinetic
energy to move faster
-changes in the state of matter occur through the process of heating or
cooling,( when energy is absorbed or released from the matter)
-when heat is applied,state of matter will change from solid to liquid to
gas.
Melting boiling sublimation
-when heat is released,state of matter will change from gas to liquid to
solid
Freezing condensationsublimation
SUBLIMATION = occurs when the state of matter changes from solid to
gas or vice versa without going through the liquid stage.
-changes in the state of matter can be explained graphically
STAGE AB:
(a) at A,the substance is in a_______ state
(b) at AB,energy is absorbed by particles when heated. Temperature of
the substances rises and kinetic energy __________
STAGE BC:
(c) at B, substance still in solid state.the energy absorbed by the particles
is sufficient to __________ the forces of attraction between particles.
Solid begins to ______
(d) at BC, the substance is in a _________ state. Temperature does not
rise even though heating continues.
Heat enerfy supplies is used to overcome forces of attraction between
particles.this results in the change of state from solid to liquid. The
constant temperature is calles melting point
STAGE CD:
(e) at C,the substance is in _______ state
(f) at CD, heating is continued.the temperature rises causing the particles
to obtain more energy and move faster as their kinetic energy has
_________ causing the temperature to rise.
STAGE DE:
(g) at D,substance is in a liquid state. Energy absorbed by the particles issufficient to overcome the forces of attraction between particles. The
particles move freely to form gas.
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(h) at DE,the substance is in a ______________ state. The heat energy
supplied is used to overcome the forces of attraction between liquid
particles to become gas. The constant temperature is called ___________
STAGE EF:
(i) at E,substance is in ___________ state
(j) at EF,the particle continue to absorb heat and move faster. Their
temperature comtinue to rise.
- if a substance is cooled,the changes in the state of matter can also be
explained graphically.
STAGE PQ:
(a) at P,the substance is in a ________state and the particle is move
freely.
(b) at PQ,the particles loss ________ energy and temperature falls when
cooled
STAGE QR:
(c) at Q,the substance is still in a __________ state. The forces of
attraction formed among the particls. The gas begins to condense to form
_________
(d) at QR, the substance is in a gaseous-liquid state. The forces of
attraction between particle that change gas to liquid causes the release of
energy. The constant temperature is called boiling point.
STAGE RS :
(e) at R,the substance is in a ______ state
(f) at RS, the temperature falls and the particles begins to release energy
and move increasingly slower when cooled.
STAGE ST :
(g) at S,the liquid begins to _______ and the particles are arranged closely
to each other and in an orderly arrangement.
(h) at ST, the substance is in a _____________ state. The particles
continue to release energy and are held together by strong forces of
attraction between them. The temperature at this stage is constant and is
called _______________
STAGE TU :
(i) at T,all liquid is in a ________ state. The particles are closely and
uniformly arranged.
(j)at TU,the temperature of the solid keeps going down when cooling is
continued.
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STRUCTURE OF ATOM
1. all matter consists of tiny units called atoms.
2.atom is a basic unit of all matter
3. atoms cannot be seen with an ordinary microscope because they aretoo tiny
4.an atom consists of a nucleus in the centre surrounded by
electrons.electrons move around the nucleus fo llowing a certain orbit.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
- An atom is made up of particles that are even smaller calledsubatomic particles
- There are three type of subatomic particles which are:1. __________ 2.____________ 3.____________
- protons and neutrons form the nucleus in the centre of an atom
- Electrons move around the nucleus at high speed
-the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
-atoms of any element are neutral because the number of protons and
the number of electrons in an atom are the same
- in a neutral atom, the total positive charges in the nucleus are the same
as the total negative charges from the electrons which orbit around the
nucleus.
Number of protons = number of electrons
OR
Number or positive charges = number of negative charges.
- Ions are atoms or particles which have charge. Ions are producedwhen the _______________ (positive charge) and the
______________ (negative charge) are not balanced
- Positive ions = particles that are positively charged (producedwhen the number of protons is more than the number of
electrons)- Negative ions = particle that are negatively charged. (producedwhen the number of electrons is more than the number of
protons.)
PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER
PROTON NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS in an atom of anelement.
Elements can be differentiate by referring to their proton number In a neutral atom,the proton number also refers to the number of
electrons in that atom.
NUCLEON NUMBER : total number of protons and neutrons in anatom of an element.
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS = can be calculated if its proton numberand nucleon number are known.
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In a neutral atom :Nucleon number = no.of electrons + no.of neutrons
= nucleon number no.of protons
ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element that possess the same______________but different ______________
OR
Atoms of the same element with the same proton number butdifferent nucleon number.
Isotopes of the same elements possess the same chemicalproperties.
The physical properties of isotopes are different.CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
In Periodic Table,the elements are arranged in order of increasingproton number.(proton number increases from left to right and
from top to bottom)
Vertical column = _______ Elements in same group have similar chemical properties Horizontal row = _________ Chemical and physical properties of elements are gradually
changed when crossing periods
There are ___ groups and ____ periods. Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2 (earth alkali metals) consists
of reactive metals Group 17 = non metals (halogens) Group 18 = noble (inert) gases which are chemically stable and
unreactive.
Elements located between Groups 2 and 13 are transitionelements
Most transition elements are hard and shiny. All transitionelements are good conductors of electricity (show metal
properties)
In Period 6,elements numbered from 58 to 71 = Lanthanideseries.
In Period 7,elements numbered from 90 to 103 = Actinide seriesLOCATION OF METALS,NON-METALS AND SEMI-METALS
Most elements in Periodic table are metals.(Group 1,2,13 andtransition metals)
Most non-metals elements are located in Group 16,17,and 18 Seven metals between metals and non-metals are semi-metals .
semi metals possess certain properties of metals and non-metals
Examples of semi metals = boron,silicon,and antimony When moving across a period from left to right, peoperties of
metals change gradually to those of semi-metals and finally tonon-metal.
IMPORTANCE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
- Study elements in an orderly and systematic approach- Helps us to know the properties of elements easily because
elements with similar properties are located in same group
- Help to predict the properties and uses of an elements.PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES BASED ON THEIR PARTICLE
CONTENT
3 types of molecules1. atoms 2.molecules 3.ions
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ATOMS = the tiniest particle in an element
MOLECULES = groups of atoms joined together. A molecule consists of
two or more atoms
IONS = particle which carry positive or negative charges.
ATOMIC SUBSTANCES
Substance that consists of only ______ All metals are atomic substance.(example: iron,lead,sodium) Atoms in atomic substances are packed closely,compactly and
arranged orderly in fixed positions
Atoms are held together by a strong chemical bond
MOLECULAR SUBSTANCE
Molecules are the simplest particles found in molecularsubstance.
Ex: nitrogen,sulphur dioxide and iodine Made up of molecules which have __________ atoms of the
same type (2 oxygen atoms combine to form one oxygen
molecule)
Can also made up of two or more atoms of different types (1nitrogen atom combine with 3 hydrogen atoms to form 1
ammonia molecule)
Molecules are made up of non-metal atoms held together by astrong ___________
Forces attraction between molecules in a molecular substanceare relatively weak. (Van der Waals forces)
IONIC SUBSTANCES
Formed when atoms of ________ combined with atoms of_________ through chemical bonding to form compounds
Ex: sodium chloride,lead(II) bromide When sodium(metal) reacts with chlorine (gas) to form a
compound, the sodium atom will lose an electron to form the
positive ion,Na+
Chlorine atoms will receive the electron to form the negativeion,Cl-
Positive ion and negative ion attract one another . (electrostaticforce)
PROPERTIES AND USES OF METALS AND NON-METALS
METALS = ex: iron,aluminium,zinc,copper,lead,tin,and gold
= all metals exist in a solid state at room temperature
except mercury(liquid)
NON-METALS =
carbon,iodine,bromine,sulphur,phosphorus,chlorine
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-non metals exist in a solid,liquid or gaseous state at room
temperature
- Metals and non-metals possess different physical propertiesLUMINOSITY = shiny appearance
DUCTILITY= substances that are ductile can be stretched out like a
long wire
MALLEABILITY = substances are malleable ,they can be hammered or
rolled into a thin sheet
TENSILE STRENGTH = ability of a substance to support pressure or
load
ELECTRICAL AND HEAT CONDUCTIVITY = ability to let electricity flow
through and to transfer heat.
METALS NON-METALS
Shiny surface Dull surfaces
Ductile Not ductile
Not malleable
High tensile strength Low tensile strength
Good conductor of electricity Do not conduct electricity
except carbon
Good conductor of heat Poor conductor of heat (heat
insulator)
melting point melting point and boiling
point
density density
at room temperature
except mercury
Solid,iquid or gas at room
temperature
USES OF METALS AND NON-METALS IN DAILY LIFE
METAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES USE
IRON High tensile strength Railway tracks and
framework forbridges
ALUMINIUM Light weight
Good conductor of
electricity and heat
Kitchen
utensils,food
wrapper and
electric cables
COPPER Ductile and malleable
Good conductor of
electricity and heat
Electrical wire
TIN Does not rust Electroplating of
food cans
GOLD Does not rust and shiny JewelleryLEAD Ductile
malleable
Cable casing
NON-METALS PHYSICAL POPERTIES USE
CARBON (GRAPHITE) Soft and smooth
Good conductor of
electricity
Lead of pencils
Electrodes in
electrolysis and in dry
cells
CARBON (DIAMOND) hard Drill bits for cutting
stoneNEON GAS AND
KRYPTON
Poor conductor of
heat
Light uses for
billboards
CHLORINE acidic Kills germs in drinking
water
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METHODS OF SUBSTANCE PURIFICATION
Pure substance do not contain any __________ Pure substance always have specific melting(freezing) point and
boiling point.
Impurities can be separated from pure substances = purification 2 methods of purification :-
1.____________ 2. _________________
DISTILLATION
Used to obtain pure liquid from a solution which containsimpurities
Used to separate 2 liquids mixture that :- __________ one another- Do not _________- Possess _________________ Distillation involves process of heating liquid until it become
vapour (gas). This vapour then condenses to become pure liquid.
Examples :- Breaking crude petroleum into its fractions in a petroleum
fractional distillation tower to produce fuels and to make various
kinds of plastic material
- Production of pure oxygen for use as rocket fuel and oxygensupply for oxygen tanks
- Production of pure water or distilled water for use in thepreparation of chemical solutions in laboratories or medicine in
hospitals ,food industries- Obtaining pure ethanol from fermentation of sugar solution and
yeast.
Can be conducted to separate mixtures of substance such aspurifying alcohol from a mixture of alcohol and water and also
purifying water from a mixture of water and salt.
The substance with a lower boiling point _____ and _________earlier . then the gas (vapour ) will go through condensation toform the pure conduct of distillation.
CRYSTALLISATION
Purification method carried put to obtain pure crystals from asaturated solution of the substance.
Ex: purification of salt from its saturated solution SATURATED SOLUTION = solution containing maximum quantity
of ____________
Examples:- Production of salt from sea water- Preparation of white sugar crystals from sugarcane juice.
EXISTENCE AND USES OF VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Property of _________ enables metals like copper and aluminiumto be stretched and become wire
Property of ____________enable utensils like knife,pot,spoonand fork to be made or forged
Electrical conductivity of some metals enables electrical wire tobe made
Tensile strength of metals enables bridges to be built Nitrogeneous compound which easily dissolves in water is used to
make fertiliser.
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