chapter 4: complete epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues
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The Tissue Level ofOrganization
Chapter 4
Dr. Aglaia Chandler
BIOL 2101
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Types of Tissues
I. Epithelial Tissues: cover external & internalsurfaces
II. Connective Tissues: fill internal spaces III. Muscle Tissue: contracts (movement)
IV. Neural Tissue: conducts electrical impulses& carries information
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I. Epithelial TissuesA. Characteristics
1. cells are attached to each other2. one surface is not attached to other cells
3. basal surface attached to connective tissue by basement membrane
4. avascular
5. epithelial cells either form sheets that cover body surfaces and line cavitiesand organs or form glands
B. Functions1. protection - intact epithelium serves as a barrier
2. transport - epithelial cells selectively move materials between compartments
3. produce glandular secretions
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C. Intercellular connections - epithelial cells are held together by1. intercellular cement
2. cell junctions -
a. tight junctions prevent the movement of molecules between the cells
b. gap junctions - small channels between adjacent cells allow the passage
of ions
c. desmosome - proteins anchored inside the cells hold two adjacent cellstogether
D. Surface Modifications1. Microvilli - fingerlike extensions of cell membrane that increase the
cells surface area2. Cilia - hairlike extensions of the cell membrane that move materials across
the cells surface
I. Epithelial Tissues
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E. Basement membrane network of protein fibers
holds epithelium and connective tissue together
acts as a filter
F. Repair epithelial cells have short life spans and are constantly replaced
epithelial tissues are easily repaired
I. Epithelial
Tissues
G. Types of epithelial sheetsthere are three cell shapes: flat (squamous), cuboidal, columnar
they can be arranged in single (simple) or multiple (stratified) layers
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G. Types of epithelial sheetsthere are three cell shapes: flat (squamous), cuboidal, columnar
they can be arranged in single (simple) or multiple (stratified) layers
I. Epithelial Tissues
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T f E ith li l Sh t
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2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
LowHigh
Types of Epithelial Sheets
Location: lines the lumen of ducts,
portions of kidney tubules, thyroid gland
Function: secretion & absorption
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Lung: simple squamous epithelium
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1. Follicle Cells2. Thyroglobulin Colloid
1
2
Types of Epithelial Sheets
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3. Simple Columnar Epithelium
LowHigh
Types of Epithelial Sheets
Location: lining of stomach, intestine,
gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting duct
of kidneysFunction: secretion (mucus), absorption,
protection, movement of mucous layer
Sometimes have goblet cells (glands that secrete mucus) andcilia that move mucus or reproductive cells (ovum in the uterine
tubes)
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1. goblet cell
2. nucleus of columnar cell3. microvilli
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Types of Epithelial Sheets
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4. Pseudostratified Ciliated ColumnarEpithelium
cilia
cilia
Goblet cells
Types of Epithelial Sheets
Location: lines the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
portions of male reproductive tract
Function: secretion, protection, movement of mucus
Types of Epithelial Sheets
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4. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium
A: basement membraneB: cilia
C: nucleus
yp p
Have goblet cells (glands that secrete mucus)
--only tall cells reach the
apical surface
--short cells give rise totall cells
-- nuclei at different levels
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Trachea
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Types of Epithelial Sheets
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5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
B: flattened cell at surface
Location: surfaces of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum,
anus, and vaginaFunction: protection only
Types: nonkeratinized (esophagus) and keratinized ( skin)
St tifi d C b id l & C l E ith li R T
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Sweat Duct- Stratified Cuboidal ( swet glands,
mammary & salivary glands)
Stratified Cuboidal & Columnar Epithelia---Rare Types
Types of Epithelial Sheets
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6. Transitional Epithelium
A: Umbrella cellsUreter
It is similar to the stratified squamous epithelium but has the ability to stretch
Location: lines the urinary bladder, ureters and parts of kidneysFunction: permits distension
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Transitional-Urinary Bladder
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Major Types
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4. Bone cells are osteocytes
cell cavities are called lacunae, which are connected by tiny canals
(canaliculi)_
matrix consists of collagen fibers (35%) surrounded by crystals ofcalcium phosphate (65%)
collagen provides tensile strength and minerals provide compression
strength
remodeling is constant damaged tissue is easily repaired
Major Types
C.T. Proper
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1. Areolar Connective
In the watery matrix (ground substance) observe the nuclei of fibroblasts (A),
collagen fibers (B) and elastic fibers (C).
Locations: beneath the skin and around blood vessels, muscles and nerves
Functions: binds one tissue to another (as skin connects to muscle),protection and nourishment to the organs and structures it binds, and stores "body fluid"
Loose Areolar
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1. Collagenous fibers2. Elastic fibers
3. fibroblast
C.T. Proper
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2. Dense Regular Connective
The micrograph above is at very low magnification.
To the left, at a much higher magnification, the fibroblasts (A)
are more clearly observed between the parallel collagenous fibers (B).
Locations: tendons and ligamentsFunctions: strong flexible support
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Tendon
C.T. Proper
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3. Elastic Connective
This section of aorta shows a tremendous number of elastic fibers (A).
The fibroblasts are not visible. The light pink in this tissue is smooth muscle.
Location: large arteries, bronchial tubes
Function: Elastic fibers can stretch l 1/2 times their length and then recoil.
These fibers will provide elasticity to tissues.
C.T. Proper
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4. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
Observe that the reticular fibers (A) form a network or lattice in this spleen tissue.
Do not confuse this tissue with the elastic connective tissue
which has fibers that are parallel.
Locations: spleen, lymph nodes, liverFunction: gives support to soft organs
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Aorta- an example of elastic tissue
C.T. Proper
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5. ADIPOSE
Above observe adipose at a low magnification. The cells appear empty.At the left observe that the nucleus (A) is pushed to the side of the cell
giving the cell the appearance of a signet ring. Cells are filled with fat globules (B).
Locations/functions:
-- Anywhere there is an empty space in the body fat is stored as a source of energy
and may provide insulation.--The kidneys are correctly positioned and cushioned by adipose tissue.
--The eye is cushioned in the orbit by adipose.
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Fluid CT: Blood
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Fluid CT: Blood
lymphoc
yte
neu
trophil
monocyte
platelets
Erythrocytes: Red blood Cells (RBC)
Leukocytes: White blood cells (WBC): neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, lymphocytemonocyte
Thrombocytes: platelets
Blood
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Blood
eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil
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Hyaline Cartilage
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2 Elastic CartilageCartilage
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2. Elastic Cartilage
Elastic cartilage is contained within the bracket at the left.This tissue is more highly magnified at the right.
The chondrocytes (A) are contained in lacunae (C).
The matrix (B) contains abundant elastic fibers.
These fibers give great flexibility to this tissue.
Locations: ear, auditory canal, epiglottisFunctions: flexible support
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Elastic Cartilage
1. Chondrocyte in lacunae2. Elastic fibers
3 FibrocartilageCartilage
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3. Fibrocartilage
These micrographs are of intervertebral disc tissue.At the left fibrocartilage is found in the area between the parallel lines.
This cartilage type is recognized by chondrocytes (A) oriented in rows.
Even when the tissue is highly magnified (as at the right), the lacunae,
which hold the chondrocytes, are not visible. The matrix (B) contains
numerous fine collagen f ibers. These fibers give the tissue durability.Locations: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Functions: supports, withstands compression
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FibrocartilageArrow is pointing to chondrocyte in lacunae
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Fibrocartilage
BoneSupporting Connective Tissue:
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Bone
In the compact bone micrograph at the left, several complete osteons are visible.
In the center of the osteon is the central canal (A)
which hold the blood vessels and a nerve. These canals are surrounded
by concentric rings of inorganic matrix, the lamellae (B).
Between the lamellae are bone cells, the osteocytes (C) located in lacunae.
Nutrients diffuse from cell to cell through the canaliculi (D).
Location: skeleton
Function: framework, protection
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Bone-Haversian System
III Muscle Tissues
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III. Muscle Tissuesspecialized for contraction (shortening)moves the body or materials through the body
shortening caused by interaction between proteins (actin and myosin)
inside the muscle cells
Types of Muscle Tissues
A. Skeletal attached to the skeleton
only contract when stimulated by somatic (voluntary)nerve signals
partial repair can occur in damaged tissue
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A Skeletal Muscle
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A. Skeletal Muscle
Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate
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Skeletal Muscle
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B Smooth Muscle
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B. Smooth Muscle
Cells are short, spindle-shaped, and non-striated, with a single, central nucleus
B. Smooth Muscle
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B. Smooth Muscle
B. Smooth Muscle
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B. Smooth Muscle
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C. Cardiac Muscle
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C. Cardiac Muscle
Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus.
Cells are interconnected by intercalated disc (gap junctions).
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Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle: Gap Junctions
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p
Cardiac Muscle: Gap Junctions
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p
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C. Cardiac Muscle: Striations
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Cardiac Muscle
IV. Neural Tissue
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A.Consists of:
1. neurons that conduct electrical signals throughout the body
2. neuroglia that perform support functions for the neurons
B. coordinates the activity of most other organs
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