chapter 3 impact of air pollution

UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH

CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3

IMPACT OF AIR IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

Upon completion of this course, student should be able to :

Explain the effects of air pollution. Determine the effects of air pollution on human health Determine the effects of air pollution on vegetation. Determine the effects of air pollution on environment

and materials. Explain the long-term effects of air pollution. Discuss the causes of long-term air pollution effect. Determine the phenomenon of acid rain Discuss the phenomenon of global warming and

greenhouse effect Discuss the phenomena of ozone depletion

Effects Of Air Pollution

Premature Deaths Due To Air Pollution

According to the WHO: each year 3 million premature deaths due to air pollution.

8,200 per day 93% from indoor air

pollution

In U.S. EPA estimates 150,000 to 350,000

Premature Deaths Due To Air Pollution

EPA:Each year 125,000

Americans get lung cancer from PM from diesel exhaust .

What are common symptoms effect of air pollution?

nau.edu/iaqtc

Eye, nose, and throat irritation Coughing, sneezing, and wheezing Asthma attacks Headaches Fatigue Aggravated allergies and asthma Respiratory infections

Toronto Sun 12.07.11

Human Health

Depends on intensity & duration of exposure, age & prior health status

At-risk groups: young, old, or already suffering from respiratory/cardiovascular disease. Also, more active & outside vs. sedentary inside lifestyle

Most susceptible- LDC use smoky fires for cooking & heating

Exposure Time spent in various environments in US and

less-developed countries

How air pollution get in to the body? Inhalation(SMOKE) Absorption thru skin(CHEMICAL

DROPLET) Contamination of food & water

(BACTERIA)

Examples of Health Effects on Respiratory System Bronchitis (acute and chronic) Pulmonary emphysema Lung cancer pneumoconiosis cough chest pain

Respiratory System Protections

Your respiratory system has several ways to help protect you from air pollution.

hairs in nose Mucus lining throat Cilia lining

respiratory tract Sneezing, coughing

Respiratory System ProtectionsRespiratory system can

be overwhelmed by pollutants.

Asthma: typically an allergic reaction causing muscles in the lung walls to spasm and shortness on breath.

From 1980 to 1994 asthma rates 160% increase in school age children.

Diseases Caused By Air Pollution

Prolonged exposure to air pollutants can lead to:

Lung cancer Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Decreased lung function Acute shortness of

breathChildren, elderly, people

with heart disease are especially at risk

Normal human lung

Lung exposed to prolonged smoking and air pollution

Effects of Air Pollution on PlantsEffects of Air Pollution on PlantsAir pollution commonly leads to oxidation damage of both crop Air pollution commonly leads to oxidation damage of both crop plants and wild species.plants and wild species.

Effects of Air Pollution on PlantsEffects of Air Pollution on Plants

Air pollution weakens plants by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from the soil. Quite often, injury or death of plants is a result of these effects of acid rain in combination with one or more additional threats.

Effects of Pollution on BuildingsEffects of Pollution on Buildings

For limestone, the acidic water reacts with the calcium to form calcium sulfate:

CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H+ + CO32-

The calcium sulfate is soluble so it is easily washed away during the next rain storm.

Statue carved in 1702 photographed in 1908 (left) and 1969 (right).

Costs of PollutionCosts of Pollution

Health: $36 billion in sickness annually - health care and lost work.

Agriculture: up to 10% of nation's crops lost to all forms of pollution.

Materials: corrosion - $5.5 billion annually.

Contribution of Climate - Contribution of Climate - Inversion LayersInversion Layers

Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone

Cause: ______________________ Source: ______________________ “Good O3” vs. “Bad O3” Primary component of photochemical smog Sunlight and hot weather

Los Angeles, Wikipeida, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_(CA)

Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone

Unpleasant appearance in urban cities photochemical smog

Deterioration of synthetic rubber, textiles, paints

Gates Corporationhttp://www.gates.com/brochure.cfm?brochure=2833&location_id=3369

US EPA in How Stuff Works Website, http://science.howstuffworks.com/ozone-pollution.htm

Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone Leaf damage

Chlorophyll damage: “flecks” Discoloration

Reducing crop yields and forest growth US damage to crops est. as 1 billion

dollars annually (1985) 25% reduction: +$1.7 billion 40% reduction: +$2.5 billion Loss of forest in US and Europe

Tobacco leaf which has sustained ozone damage http://www.lambtonwildlife.com/nature_notes_98/tobac.fld/tobacp.htm

Ozone damage on white pine (Photograph courtesy of A. Heagle) NC State, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/Ornamental/odin19/od19.htm

Ponderosa Pine (left: undamaged; right: damaged)Image from Miller et al (1996) USFS PSW-GTR-155http://www.cbesurvey.org/aplv/panek/research.htm

Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx

Cause: Source: Regional impacts

Acid precursor (covered later) Ozone precursor

Absorbs blue-green Plant damage

Necrosis at 2-10 ppm Growth retardation at 0.5 ppm

Ecosystem Eutrophication Nitrophilous

Brown haze over Fort Collins, Photo by M. Oseckyhttp://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/~hail/cool/polution/pages/ftc_12-19-2003.htm

Criteria Air Pollutants: SOx

Cause: Source: Regional impacts Acid precursor (covered later) Damage to plants

Chlorosis: Necrosis: Plasmolysis:

Damage to animals Similar to health effects in humans

Paper: converted to H2SO4, brittling paper

Leather: initiates cracking

Lettuce with discoloration due to chlorosisUC IPM, photo by Jack Kelly Clark

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/L/D-CC-LIYV-FS.006.html

http://www.dias.kvl.dk/Plantvirology/esymptoms/symp-color.html

Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx

Acid precipitation Non-localized pollution Normal precip: pH ~ 5 to 5.6

Acid precip: pH ~ 3 to 4.5 HNO3 and H2SO4 Form acids in atmosphere

Wet deposition Dry deposition

60%- sulfur based; 35%- nitrogen based

Corrosion and deterioration of structures

Original limestone sculpture in Krakow, Poland, severely damaged after years of exposure to acid rain

Replicate made to replace original

Photo: Sebastian Wypych; http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/Nr_6_Feb__2__6_acid_rain/C__Formation_of_acids_5i8.h

Decrease water/soil pH Episodic acidification

Water Body acidification Release of aluminum Reduce fish populations

Lakes becoming fishless Affect biodiversity

Little Echo Pond, Franklin, NY pH = 4.2

Harmful to Trees Dissolves nutrients and minerals

from soil Necrosis Growth abnormalities

US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html

Effects of acid rain on forest in Jizera Mountains of Czech Republic; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain

200+ now-fishless lakes in Adirondacks

Little Echo Pond, Franklin, NY pH = 4.2

Thousands of lakes in Canada (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick) now-fishless

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/194acidraineffects.html

Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter

Review from 1/24 lecture Very small solids/liquids that remain suspended Anthropogenic causes: materials handling, combustion

processes, gas conversion reactions Main sources: industrial processes, coal and oil burning,

vehicles

Pollutant Primary Stds. Averaging Times

Secondary Stds.

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Revoked(2) Annual(2) (Arith. Mean)

150 µg/m3 24-hour(3) Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

15.0 µg/m3 Annual(4) (Arith. Mean)

Same as Primary

35 µg/m3 24-hour(5)

Visibility Reduction PM2.5 haze (review from 1/28

lecture) Eastern parks’ avg. visual range

reduced from 90 to 15-25 mi. Western parks’ avg. visual range

reduced from 140 to 35-90 mi. http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/

Permits/ARIS/index.cfm for more national parks air quality info

Wildfires Weather Patterns

Serve as condensation nuclei Effect on fog and precipitation Great Smokey Mountains National

Park,US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/visibility/

PM derivatives of SO2 and NOx (sulfates and nitrates) Intensifier Refer to SOx and NOx section

Environmental Damage Lake/stream acidification Nutrient depletion in soils Plant damage Ecosystem diversity upset

Aesthetics Damage Stain and damage stone structures New York City building façade after century of dirt (PM) accumulation

http://www.nycjpg.com/2003/pages/0802.html

Criteria Air Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide

Review… Cause: incomplete combustion Source: transportation sector, energy production, residential heating units, some industrial processes

Ambient concerns addressed by NAAQS OSHA (50 ppm avg over 8-hour period) CO contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone (refer to ozone section) photochemical smog Otherwise, largely inert to plants and materials

Pollutant Primary Stds.

Averaging Times

Secondary Stds.

Carbon Monoxide

9 ppm 8-hour(1) None(10 mg/m3)35 ppm 1-hour(1) None(40 mg/m3)

Criteria Air Pollutants: Lead (Pb)

Health effects in animals Domestic and wild Similar to humans

What would these include?

Slow vegetation growth Crop damage

http://www.eaglevalleyraptorcenter.org/rehabilitation.asp

http://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/lead_poisoning.htm

Other Heavy Metals

Source: metal smelters Copper, zinc,

nickel Severe

vegetation destruction Including crops

Rock left barren by Nickel smelter emissions in the Sudbury area; Natural Resrouces Canadahttp://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/2002_2006/sdki/mine/geospatial_e.php

Area of forest where vegetation cover has colonized as a result of reduced emissions; Natural Resrouces Canadahttp://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/2002_2006/sdki/mine/geospatial_e.php

HAPs: Mercury

Elemental Hg inhaled as a vapor, absorbed by lungs

Cause: vaporized mercury Sources: coal combustion,

accidental spill, mining Deposition in lakes, streams,

estuaries Biologically turned into

methylmercury Accumulation in fatty tissue Effects:

Progresses up food chain

http://www.friendsforourriverfront.org/2005/02/information-for-press-and-media.html

Some Florida Fish Advisories:Lake Alto (Alachua Co.): Children & Women of Childbearing Age should NOT eat Large Mouth Bass, Bowfin, or GarLake Disston (Flagler Co.): No one should eat Large Mouth Bass, Bowfin, or GarFrom coastal waters: No one should eat: Shark larger than 43 in.; King mackerel larger than 31 in.http://www.doh.state.fl.us/floridafishadvice/Fish_consumption_guide.pdf

HAPs: Dioxins

Generic term for several chemicals that are highly persistent in the environment chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

(CDDs) chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) certain polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) Cause: burning chlorine-based

compounds with hydrocarbons Sources: waste incinerator

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran

3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl

HAPs: Dioxins

Fish Consumption Advisory for Dioxins in Florida:

Do NOT Eat Checker Puffer Fish or Striped Mojarra from Wagner Creek in Miami-Dade County

http://www.doh.state.fl.us/floridafishadvice/Fish_consumption_guide.pdf

Airborne dioxins deposit in environment

Slowly decompose Taken up by animals

(domestic or wild) Accumulate in fat 95% of human dioxin

exposure through dietary intake of animal fats

http://www.southfloridasportfishing.com/species2.cfm?c=v&n=91&ct=5&l=S

Fluoride

Source: metal and stone processing, fertilizer manufacturing Livestock damage

Used to cause most domestic animal damage of all air pollutants Still a concern in developing countries Intake from contaminated forage Fluorosis Chronic: dental and skeletal changes

Plant damage Uptake of gaseous HF through leaves Uptake of soluble particulates through leaves/roots Accumulate in leaf margins and tips

Tip necrosis

Fluorine damage in Dracina leaf; http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/PDDCEducation/MasterGardener/General/Slide57.htm

Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols

Aerosols with organic origin Non-viable: pollen, dander,

insect excreta, sea salt Viable: microorganisms

Cause: aerosolization of organic material

Sources: Human: sneezing, coughing,

agriculture Non-human: wind, waves,

WWTP Welfare Effects: crop,

livestock damage, GEM, tourism

Mechanical aeration in oxidation ditch at UF WWTP

Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols Crop Damage

Fungi Irish Potato Famine

Fungi phytophthora infestans 500,000-1,000,000 people killed

between 1849-1846 2,000,000 refugees to England, US, etc

Livestock Damage Close quarters Bovine Respiratory Disease

1999 Deaths: ~60% 1991 BRD deaths: $624 million

Genetically Engineered Crops Cross-pollination w/ non-GE crops Reduction of genetic diversity

allows for susceptibility

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Potato_Famine_%281845%E2%80%931849%29

Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols Red tide

Dinoflagellate produces toxin Broken in waves Toxin released Irritating

Woods Hole Oceanological Institutionhttp://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=9257

Tourism

Image courtesy of P. Schmidt, Charlotte (FL) Sun

Largely nuisance Common sources:

WWTP, pulp and paper mills, feedlots/livestock, rendering plants

Amines, sulfur gasses (H2S, mercaptans), phenol, NH3, aldehydes, fatty acidsPhoto by Kurt Hegre, the Fresno Bee, 2000

Ecosystem Destruction

Effects rarely isolated Everything connected Forest destruction

Habitat Animal death or

bioaccumulation Food chain

USGS South Florida Information Accesshttp://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/166-96/fig1.html

Economic Losses

In light of the many welfare effects, in what ways could these have an economic impact?

Case Study: San Joaquin Valley

San Joaquin Valley… Nation’s “Salad Bowl” Major transportation sector Western border: Coastal Range Eastern border: southern Sierra Nevadas

Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Seqouia National Parks Winds enter through Bay Area Hot summers A few large cities: Bakersfield, Fresno, Stockton, Modesto, Visalia

All cities <500,000 population Population growth: +20% from ’90 to ’00 Daily VMT: +25% from ’90 to ‘00

Case Study: San Joaquin Valley25 Most Ozone-Polluted Cities

2006 Rank1 Metropolitan Areas

11 Bakersfield,CA Bakersfield,CA 2 Los Angeles-Long Beach-

Riverside,CA 33 Visalia-Porterville,CA Visalia-Porterville,CA 44 Fresno-Madera,CA Fresno-Madera,CA 55 Merced,CA Merced,CA 6 Houston-Baytown-Huntsville,TX

7 Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Truckee,CA-NV

8 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX

9 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA

10 Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland, PA-NJ-DE-MD

Metropolitan Areas Most Polluted by Year-Round Particle Pollution (Annual PM2.5)

2006 Rank1 Metropolitan Areas

1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Rivereside, CA

22 Bakersfield, CA Bakersfield, CA 3 Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA

44 Visalia-Porterville, CA Visalia-Porterville, CA

55 Fresno-Madera, CA Fresno-Madera, CA

6 Detroit-Warren-Flint, MI

77 Hanford-Corcoran, CA Hanford-Corcoran, CA

8 Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, OH 9 Birmingham-Hoover-Cullman,

AL 9 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-

Gainesville, GA-AL

American Lung Association 2006 State of the Air Best and Worst Cities http://lungaction.org/reports/sota06_cities.html

Case Study: San Joaquin Valley Some of the nation’s most polluted air Non-attainment for state or federal ozone and PM2.5

35-40 days exceeding federal ozone >100 days over CA ozone ~5 days exceeding federal PM2.5

90-100 days exceeding CA PM2.5

Largely rural ~3.5 million in entire valley (250 miles long by ~75 miles wide) Compared to Miami-Dade/Broward/Palm Beach Counties: 5.4

million in area 110 miles long by 5-20 miles wide Why the San Joaquin Valley?

Case Study: San Joaquin Valley Group Activity… What are the likely sources

of pollutants in this valley? Why is it so bad in this

area? What are the likely health

effects of these pollutants? What are the likely welfare

effects of these pollutants?

What is acid deposition?Often called acid rain

SO2 and NOx in the atmosphere interacts to produce acidic chemicals that can travel long distances before falling to earth.

Coal power plants are huge source.

Secondary Pollutant

Acidic Review “Normal” precipitation is slightly acidic.

Acidity Review

Measuring Acid Rain Normal rain is

slightly acidic and has a pH of about 5.0-5.6

Any rainfall with a pH value less than 5.0 is defined as acid rain

As of the year 2000, the most acidic rain falling in the US has a pH of about 4.3.

Two Forms… Wet

Refers to acid rain, fog, sleet, cloud vapor and snow.

DryRefers to acidic gases and particles.

Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition

Acid deposition Wet deposition Dry deposition

Fig. 20-8 p. 444

CompoundsTwo main contributers to acid deposition: Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

NO- nitric oxide (or nitrogen monoxide) NO2- nitrogen dioxide N2O- nitrous oxide

66% of all sulfur dioxides and 25% of all nitrogen oxides comes from coal or oil electric power plants. Most nitrogen oxides come from cars

When gas pollutants e.g. sulfur dioxide, nitrogen

dioxide dissolve in rain water, various acids are formed.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid)SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (sulfuric acid)NO2 + H2O HNO2 (nitrous acid) +

HNO3 (nitric acid)

ACIDIC PRECIPITATION

Primary PollutantsSO2

Secondary Pollutants

H2SO4 HNO2

sulfuric acid nitric acid

Fossil fuelsPower plants

Industrial emissionsAuto emissions

vegetationdirect toxicity

indirect health effects

soilsleaching of minerals

Transformation tosulfuric acid (H2SO4)and nitric acid (HNO3)

Nitric oxide (NO)

Acid fog

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)and NO

Windborne ammonia gasand particles of cultivated soilpartially neutralize acids and

form dry sulfate and nitrate salts

Dry aciddeposition

(sulfur dioxidegas and particles

of sulfate andnitrate salts)

Lakes indeep soil

high in limestoneare buffered

Lakes in shallowsoil low inlimestonebecomeacidic

Wet acid deposition(droplets of H2SO4 andHNO3 dissolved in rain

and snow)

AcidicAcidicPrecipitationPrecipitation

Where is acid rain a problemCoal power plants in

the midwest lead to very acidic precipitation in the northeastern U.S.

Land with limestone buffers acid where granite soils are very vulnerable

Acid Deposition in the US

Fig. 20-9 p. 445

Worst Acid Deposition Problem

China gets 59% of its energy from coal burning.

Parts of European forest have long been in decline from acid deposition.

Acid Deposition and Humans Respiratory diseases Toxic metal leaching

Decreased visibility

Damage to structures, especially containing calcium carbonate

Decreased productivity and profitability of fisheries, forests, and farms

Acid Deposition ImpactsDamage to lakes, forests, statues and buildings and rivers.

Acid Deposition and Aquatic Systems

Fish declines

Aluminum toxicity

Acid shock

In Canada 1,200 lakes contain little or no fish due to acid levels.

Acid Deposition, Plants, and Soil

Nutrient leaching

Heavy metal release

Weakens trees

Fig. 20-11 p. 447

Buffering Capacity Acid rain primarily affects sensitive

bodies of water, which are located in watersheds whose soils have a limited “buffering capacity” (places that have granite bedrock or soil for example)

Lakes and streams become acidic when the water itself and its surrounding soil cannot buffer the acid rain enough to neutralize it.

In areas where buffering capacity is low, acid rain also releases aluminum from soils into lakes and streams

aluminum is highly toxic to many species of aquatic organisms. Can attach to fish gills causing suffocation Can release from soil particles & enter

solutions taken up by plants causing death

http://home.earthlink.net/~photofish/fish_photos/sw10_thumb.jpg

Effects on Wildlife

Some birds have left areas- no fish, forests destroyed- less nesting space

Young of most species are more sensitive to environmental conditions than adults.

At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch.

At lower pH levels, some adult fish die.

Both low pH and increased aluminum levels are directly toxic to fish. Can also stress fish resulting in

low body weight, small size, less able to compete for food, habitats, reduced reproduction, increased susceptibility to disease

Salmon populations have decreased in Norway since 1950 due to acid rain. Red areas show where populations have declined.

Loons no longer nesting in Adirondack Mtn lakes- too acidic for fish which they eat

Acid Rain and Forests Acid rain does not usually kill trees

directly.

Instead, it is more likely to weaken trees by damaging their leaves limit the nutrients available to them expose them to toxic substances slowly

released from the soil.

Acid Rain & Forests Trees at higher

elevations can be more effected because of increased exposure to acid fog or acid cloud vapor

As water evaporates from leaf, acid becomes more concentrated, burning the leaf tissue.

Adirondack Mtns

Effects on Plant Nutrients Acidic water dissolves

the nutrients and helpful minerals in the soil and then washes them away before trees and other plants can use them to grow.

Acid rain also causes the release of substances that are toxic to trees and plants, such as aluminum, into the soil.

Global Warming And Greenhouse

What Is Global Warming?

Global warming is the warming of the earth through carbon dioxide (CO2) being pumped into the atmosphere from tailpipes and smokestacks. Then the gases trap heat like the glass in a greenhouse. This is where the term the “greenhouse effect” came from.

http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/

What’s Happening

Scientists say that the barrier insulating the continental ice caps is melting. “The impacts of warming temperatures in Antarctica are likely to occur first in the northern sections of the continent, where summer temperatures approach the melting point of water, 32 degrees F (0 degrees C).” http://www.climatehotmap.org/antarctica.html

What’s HappeningAs the ice melts, big chunks of glaciers will break off and become like ice cubes in a big glass of water. The ice chunks, known as icebergs, create mass in the ocean. The icebergs displace the water causing the ocean level to rise. Some of the shoreline in many places like Florida (where the land is at a low altitude) will go under water.

What Will Happen

“Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea level, and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks may be permanently altered.” http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/impacts.html

http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/default.asp

How Global Warming Works

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

The Sun’s energy passes through the car’s windshield.

This energy (heat) is trapped inside the car and cannot pass back through the windshield, causing the inside of the car to warm up.

Example of the Greenhouse Effect

What’s the difference between “global warming” and

“climate change”?

DifferenceGLOBAL WARMING

is the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature due to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

CLIMATE CHANGE is a broader term

that refers to long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and precipitation.

Effects of Global WarmingIncreased Temperature

Habitat Damage and

Species Affected

Changes in Water Supply

Rising Sea Level

What’s the proof that global warming is taking place?

Portage Glacier Alaska

1914 2004

Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch – WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org

Colorado River Arizona

June 2002 Dec 2003

Why is global warming happening

Burning of Fossil Fuels

Pollution from coal, natural gas, and oilPollution from coal, natural gas, and oilPollution from coal, natural gas, and oil

WHEN DID GLOBAL WARMING START?

When did global warming start?

Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2

How is global warming measured?

Ice Core DataIce Core Data

COCO22 Measurements Before 1958 - Antarctica Measurements Before 1958 - Antarctica

CO2 Atmospheric Measurements

CO2 Measurements Since 1958 – Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Temperature (Northern Hemisphere) CO2 Concentrations

1000 Years of CO2 and Global Warming

r Mill

Year Year

Global Warming:Global Warming: Shifting GearsShifting Gears

Goal: Reductions in CO2 Per Year

2007Reductions

in CO2

Per Year

Produce electricity efficientlyUse electricity efficientlyVehicle efficiencySolar and Wind PowerBiofuelsCarbon capture and storage

nOur Goal

What’s being done now to reduce our emissions?

Solar Power Wind Power Fuel-Efficiency

WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP SOLVE THE PROBLEM?SOLVE THE PROBLEM?

Simple Things To Do

Turn off your computer or the TV when you’re not using it.

Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy. Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or curtains.

Turn off the lights when you leave a room.

Use compact fluorescent bulbs.

Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs

IncandescentCompact

Fluorescent

500 lbs. of coal

What’s the difference?

•1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided •$30 saved

Simple Things To Do Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning

up the air conditioning. Or use a fan. Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning up the heat. Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC and furnace clean. Walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in the car.

Plant a tree. Recycle.

Mars Atmosphere: mass <1% earth’sGH Gases: >80% CO2

Sfc. Temp.: -47C GH Effect: 10C

FAR TOO COLD!

Other planets also have Greenhouse Effects, but these are unsuitable for life

EarthGH Gases: ~0.04% CO2

~ 1% H2OSfc. Temp.: 15C GH Effect: 33C

NOT BAD!

VenusAtmosphere: mass 90x earth’sGH Gases: >90% CO2

Sfc. Temp.: 477C GH Effect: 523C FAR TOO HOT!

The “Greenhouse Effect”

• The Earth’s surface thus receives energy from two sources: the sun & the atmosphere

– As a result the Earth’s surface is ~33C warmer than it would be without an atmosphere

Greenhouse gases are transparent to shortwave but absorb longwave radiation

– Thus the atmosphere stores energy

Electromagnetic Spectrumincoming outgoing

Ozone Two Types: Stratospheric

The “Ozone Layer” “Good Ozone”

(~15-50 km)Tropospheric

“Bad Ozone”• (0~15 km)

All ozone is within the first 50km of the earth’satmosphere.

Two Layers of Ozone

Ozone Layer vs. Tropospheric Ozone

Most ozone (about 90%) resides in a layer that begins between 6 and 10 miles (10 and 17 kilometers) above the Earth's surface and extends up to about 30 miles (50 kilometers).

This region of the atmosphere is called the stratosphere.

The ozone in this region is commonly known as the ozone layer.

The remaining ozone is in the lower region of the atmosphere, which is commonly called the troposphere.

The figure (left) shows an example of how ozone is distributed in the atmosphere.

Ozone Depleting Substances

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) contains: Cl, F, C long-lived, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and

non-flammable in 1960’s used in refrigerators, air

conditioners, spray cans, solvents, foams phase out by 1996 in developed countries

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)contains: H, Cl, F, Cfirst major replacement for CFC

ODP’s range from 0.01 - 0.1much less destructive by also ozone depletingreduce HCFC’s by 35% by 2004 in developed

countries Hydrofuluorocarbons (HFC)

contain: H, F, Cdo not deplete O3some HFC’s have a high GWP

Halons contain: Br, Cl (in some but not all), F, H (in some

but not all), C Br many times more effective in destroying O3

ODPs range up to 10 used in fire extinguishers phase out by 1994

Methyl Bromide (CH3Br) an effective pesticide, used to fumigate ag soil and

products ODP = 0.4 production in US will end 12/31/2000

Ozone Depletion Potential128

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): a number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance

The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of CFC-11.

Ozone Depletion Potential129

ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0. Other CFCs and HCFCs have ODPs that

range from 0.01 to 1.0. Halons have ODPs ranging up to 10. Carbon tetrachloride has an ODP of 1.2 Methyl chloroform's ODP is 0.11. HFCs have zero ODP because they do

not contain chlorine.

Impacts130

Ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful UV-B radiation; more UV-B means: more melanoma and non-melanoma skin

cancers more eye cataracts weakened immune systems reduced plant yields damage to ocean eco-ecosystems more damage to plastics

Montreal Protocol131

Vienna Convention in 1985 framework agreement

Montreal Protocol in 1987 Phase-out schedules for CFCs and halons

London Amendment in 1990 accelerated phase outs; additional CFC’s,

CCl4, CH3CCl3 Copenhagen Amendment in 1992

added methyl bromide, HBFCs, HCFCs Montreal Amendment in 1997

finalized phase-out schedules for methyl bromide

QUIZ How does our body protect us from air

pollutants?

What types of diseases are caused by air pollution?

QUIZ How does your respiratory system help protect us from air pollution?

QUIZWhat is acid deposition? Where does it occur?

What are harmful impacts of acid deposition?

How serious of a problem is it in the United States?

What can be done to reduce acid deposition?

QUIZ What is acid deposition? Where

does it occur? What are harmful impacts of

acid deposition? How serious of a problem is it in

the United States? What can be done to reduce acid

deposition?

chapter 3 impact of air pollution

Environment

air pollution and its impact on business

global health impact of air pollution: epidemiological...

exposure to air pollution and its impact on childhood

global and local impact of air pollution on health

perceptions of air pollution and its impact on …

health impact of air pollution india-california air...

health impact assessment of air pollution and...

health impact of ambient air pollution in serbiahealth...

quantifying the impact of traffic-related air pollution on

health impact assessment of air pollution and communication

the impact of air pollution on human health

the impact of air pollution on infant …the impact of air...

valuing the health impact of air pollution: deaths, dalys

the economic impact of air pollution related diseases on

air pollution and its impact on human health

perceptions of air pollution and its impact on human

the impact of air pollution on labor supply in...

air pollution has a significant negative impact on

body section (monitoring the impact of air pollution on

evaluating the air pollution impact using environmental