chapter 3 culture and currents of thought mr. thompson

The British Regime

Chapter 3 Culture and Currents of Thought

Mr. Thompson

The Age of Enlightenment

Gallileo

Sir Isaac Newton

John Locke

Ben Franklin

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Other Famous Enlightenment Writers

• Johann Von Goethe – German Philosopher.• Joseph Haydn – Classical Composer.• Thomas Hobbes – Political Philosophy.• Thomas Jefferson – American Statesman.• Immanuel Kant – German Philosopher.• John Locke – English Political Philosopher.• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart• Thomas Paine – American Political Activist.• Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Swiss Political

Philosopher.

• Adam Smith – Scottish Economist.

The Coffeehouse or the Salon

The American War of Independence (1775-1783)

The French Revolution (1789-1799)

The End of Absolutism?

The End of Imperialism?

Imperialism, defined by The Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.”

Johnston, Ronald John (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 375.

Maybe not quite yet…

The British Regime 1763 –

1871

• New ideas: like “Individual rights” instead of Absolutism or Imperialism.

• American War of Independence.

• The French Revolution

The British Regime 1763 – 1871

• New Idea: Political and Economic liberalism.

•Why was it starting to grow?• Democracy• Individual freedoms• Equality • The right to own private land (the opposite of the

seigniorial system).

The British Regime 1763 – 1871

• American War of Independence 1775-1783

• The British Loyalists arrive in Canada

• Start to ask for a Legislative Assembly.

• The first Canadian Legislative Assembly was created in 1791 – very limited powers.

• But they wanted more power, which in turn led to the Rebellions of 1837-1838.

Did he say Rebellions?

Lord Durham

The British Regime 1763 – 1871

•After the Rebellions•Governor of Canada Lord Durham•The Durham Report - 1839•The Assimilation of the French

• In 1840, Great Britain passed the Act of Union in attempt to assimilate the French Canadians.

The Dual Identity

The Dual Identity• Since the Treaty of Paris - Quebec and Canada,

became another part of the very large British Empire.

•The Duality? • English Loyalists vs. French Quebecers• Catholics vs. Protestants• Canada’s population is split in two

The British Empire

June 1791

The Dual Identity•The French •Worried about their language, their schools and their religion.•Why?

•Ludger Duvernay :•St-Jean Baptiste Association (June 24th 1834).

The Dual Identity• The St-Jean Baptiste Association:• The maple leaf • “O Canada”•Monuments in memory of French Canadians• Founding the Montreal Chamber of Commerce

Papineau’s Rally – The 92 Resolutions

The Battle of St-Eustache

The Dual Identity•French Canadian Nationalism• the Rebellions of 1837-1838.• The Legislative Assembly was largely made up of French

Canadians • The Parti Patriote• Demanded more control of the Colony’s finances.

So what happened?When the Crown refused their demands, fighting

broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada.

The Dual Identity•1839 – The Durham Report

1. The lack of responsible government in Upper Canada and the racial tensions between Upper and Lower Canadians.

2. He suggested an assimilation of the “people with no literature and no history” into one, large English speaking group.

The Dual Identity•1840 - The Act of Union•Upper and Lower Canada united•The French language was banished from the government•Education and civil law regarding the French Canadians was suspended.•The creation of one parliament to oversee all of Canada.

Francois-Xavier Garneau

The Dual Identity• 1845 - Francois-Xavier Garneau’s book: Histoire du Canada• Tried to tell the story of the French colonists in a patriotic way – why?• In order to bring them back into favour with the British Crown – Did it work?

Not really...BUT...It did make the French Canadians realize they

had little or no cultural literature!

Economic Liberalism

Economic Liberalism• It was the latest British fad.• Individual business had freedom • Very little government intervention.

• Helped with the modernization of the Education system – how?

• Because the business community wanted a school for professionals!

Economic Liberalism•Who did it involve?• The French Canadian middle-class or the Petit

Bourgeoisie, which made up parties like the Parti Patriote and the Parti Rouge

• The English Business-Class or the Bourgeoisie d’Affairs, they profited most from the capitalist system and were

represented by the Tory Party.

Parti Patriote

Economic Liberalism•The transmission of ideas?•The Quebec Gazette (1764) English and French

•The Montreal Gazette (1775) Liberalism – criticized the clergy, demanded a Legislative Assembly and became the voice of Canadian intellectuals.

• The Quebec Mercury; The Montreal Herald; Le Canadien; La Minerve; La Presse (1884)

Activity #3 – The EnlightenmentChoose an Enlightenment Philosopher and...• Research what he/she did/wrote and tell me a

little bit about it.• Explain how their invention/discovery/ideas had a

direct impact on the events which unfolded in Canada during the British Regime.

WRITE DOWN YOUR SOURCES!

The Anti-Clerical Movement

The Anticlerical Movement• Because of Liberalism - The clergy is criticized.

• The separation of Church and Education.

• Strangely – it is the Parti Patriote who opposed the reign of the Catholic Church over education.

• But they also refuse to submit to the rule of British Government…

The Anticlerical Movement• The Parti Patriote was dissolved due to

the Rebellion.

• But the Parti Rouge started to speak out against the Catholic Church.

• State of ignorance? Were they right?

• Newpapers: L’Avenir and Le Pays

Under the British Regime – The Catholic Church was losing influence over the people!

Conclusion?

Ultramontanism

Ultramontanism• The Clergy got a bit of its power back during the

Ultramontanist period of the 19th century.

• What does “Ultramontanist” mean?• Complete submission to Rome• Very strict religious practice

• In 1864, the Vatican published a list of things they considered to be against the faith :

liberalism and socialism were on the list!

Ultramontanism• Canadian Ultramontanism:•Catholic obligation to the Church

•The control of the Clergy on education

• Increased interventions of Bishops into politics

•The creation of religious Brotherhoods (e.g.: The Knights of Columbus)

Ultramontanism• Catholic Ultramontanists spent a lot of money.

• They created newspapers (La Vérité),

• Influenced elections,

• Condemned books (Les Misérables),

• Refusal to give some political members the sacrament because of the affiliations!

UltramontanismConclusion?• The Catholic Church went to great lengths to

combat the Liberalist ideas.

Were they successful? • For a time…But in the end the separation of the

Church and the State would be finalized during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960’s.

Education

Education1840: •Out of the 111 000 children in Eastern Canada …•only 5000 of them went to school (that’s only 4.5%).

What was the problem?•Not enough schools and little organization.

Education• In 1841 the Canadian government passes a law

creating Public School Boards to collect taxes and to organize the schools.

• However, they created one Catholic board

and one Protestant.

Is this a Good or a Bad thing?

Education• School attendance started to increase.

• The number of elementary schools in 1842 was 804, but by 1866 it was 3589.

Reasons for this increase: • School was now mandatory up to a certain age • The Canadian population started to believe in creating a

better life for their children.

• As a result, schools started to overflow with children…

McGill - 1821

Bishops - 1843

Laval - 1852

Montreal - 1878

Higher EducationIn response to the British desire for professionals trained in Canada – two English speaking Universities were created:

•McGill (1821) in Montreal - English•Bishops (1843) Sherbrooke - English

Higher EducationThe Clergy started to worry about the influence of these English Universities, so they created their own:

• 1852 - the Université Laval was created in Quebec City.• 1878 - the Université of Montreal

Higher EducationOf course, the Francophone and the Anglophone schools were split.

• Anglophone Universities – funded by English businesses:• Engineering and Medicine.

• Francophone Universities - funded by the Church: • Theology, Law and Art

Higher Education• The Universities however, were only for the

bourgeoisie – very few farmers got to attend!

• The 20th century would bring even more growth in the area of education – especially after the 1930’s and two World Wars.

• And naturally, the cultural landscape would change yet again…

(for reals)You are learning…