chapter 2: the planting of english america
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Chapter 2: The Planting of English America
By: Faris Mirza
England’s Imperial Stirrings
1607: Central and South America controlled by Spain or Portugal; North America mostly unclaimed
Spain had Santa Fe; France had Quebec; British had struggling Jamestown
Political/religious problems prevented England from colonizing
Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church Queen Elizabeth made Protestantism the main
religion; Spain became the Catholic enemy Catholic Ireland gave British problems
England Under Queen Elizabeth Francis Drake and
his “sea dogs”: specialized in pirating Spanish ships
First British attempts at colonization: Sir Walter Raleigh
established Roanoke Island Colony, later known as the Lost Colony
The Spanish Armada
1588: Spain decided to attack England but was defeated
BIG turning point in history: opened the door for Britain to cross Atlantic and establish colonies Sprung British to naval
prominence Lots of unity and national
pride in Britain Golden age of literature:
William Shakespeare
England on the Eve of the Empire
1500’s: England’s population was growing greatly
The Enclosure movement meant less land was available for the poor Poor wanted to come to
America Primogeniture: the
firstborn son inherits everything from father
Younger, landless sons wanted to leave
England on the Eve of the Empire
The concept of the joint stock company grew People invest money; investor makes
money as a share-owner
England’s Jamestown
1606: King James I gives Virginia Company a charter to establish a colony in America Charter gives the colonists all rights of
Englishmen Virginia Co. was a joint-stock company
looking for quick profit
England’s Jamestown
1607: 100 men settled in Jamestown: very bad situation No women 40 men died Sanitary issues Most men were looking for gold instead of preparing for survival
Captain John Smith took control in 1608 and enforced strong self-discipline among the men: “No work, no food” policy
Good relations with Chief Powhatan with the help of Pocahontas
Still, numbers of settlers died Lord De La Warr forced the return of some abandoning
settlers, bringing more discipline and supplies
Culture Clash in the Chesapeake Region
The colonists and the Powhatans wavered between good and bad relations
1614: First Anglo-Powhatan war ends; sealed by the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas
1644-1646: Second Anglo-Powhatan war saw Indians defeated soundly Indians banned from Chesapeake Beginnings of reservations system Indians fell because of disease, disorganization,
and disposability
The Indians’ New World
Changes that Europeans brought Arrival of horses Disease devastated the Indian
population Indians obtained firearms, increasing
violence
Tobacco: The Revelation for Virginia
Tobacco became the cash crop and was sought by Europe; Jamestown now had the means to be successful Virginia’s economy built entirely on one product
Cultivating tobacco also wore out the land, causing producers to seek new land by moving inland
Created a demand for cheap labor, which was fulfilled by indentured servants in the 1600’s but more and more by slaves in the 1700’s
The Importance of 1619
The House of Burgesses was created in Virginia: first form of representative self-government in America A legislature to work out basic local
issues The first blacks were brought to
America, either as indentured servants or slaves
The first shipload of women arrived in Virginia
Maryland
Lord Baltimore founded Maryland in 1634; religious freedom was the main motivation
A haven for Catholics to avoid persecution from Protestants in Europe or America
Those who settled there Lord Baltimore gave huge land grants to
Catholic friends, while poor Protestants settled there too---tensions ensued
Flourished because of sale of tobacco
Maryland
Indentured servants bore most of the workload The same trend was later seen: slaves replaced
indentured servants as the 1700’s came along Reasons for this switch
Desire for a stable work force White indentures wanted their own lands
Maryland passes the Act of Toleration, guaranteeing religious toleration to all Christians
The West Indies
With the decline of Spain and Portugal, who had holdings in the West Indies, England looked to colonize there
Intensives sugar plantations worked by slaves Indians were used at slaves at first, but too many were
wiped out by disease Africans were then used
Slave codes were instituted because the white’s feared the large number of blacks Barbados Slave Code: designed to keep slaves in control
West African slaves were “seasoned” here, having ideas of revolt beaten out of them
Colonizing the Carolinas
England was in political turmoil Charles I was beheaded, Cromwell ruled for
10 years, then Charles II became king with The Restoration
This disrupted colonization Charles II made an effort to colonize; 1670
marked the start of the Carolinas’ colonization
Carolina had ties to the West Indies The Charleston port brought in slaves as well
as the slave codes
Colonizing the Carolinas
Rice and indigo became the cash crops in the Carolinas because tobacco could not be grown there Africans were sought after
because of their resistance to malaria and their knowledge of growing rice
South Carolina had an air of aristocracy among plantation owners, while North Carolina had more independent, yeoman farmers Eventual split between the two
in 1712
The Emergence of North Carolina
Many settlers came from Chesapeake because as lands for tobacco ran out, they just moved southward
Trouble with the Indians The Tuscaroras attacked in 1711, but
Carolinians protected themselves successfully
Defeated Indians travelled north, where some became the 6th nation of the Iroquois Confederacy
Others were sold into slavery
Georgia
Georgia was established with the purpose of acting as a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and the British colonies on the east coast
James Oglethorpe founded it in 1733, naming it after King George II
It became the colony where debtors could get a second chance and criminals were dumped-called the “charity colony”
All Christians except Catholics were allowed Missionaries such as John Wesley, founder of
Methodism tried to convert Indians to Christianity
The Plantation Colonies
Slavery was omnipresent Forests as well as social structure stunted
the growth of cities Rarely find schools and churches
Tobacco grown in Chesapeake (Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina
Indigo and rice grown in Georgia and SC In general, there was a great deal of
religious freedom because of a focus on profiting from plantations
Frequent clashes with American Indians
The Iroquois Confederacy Five tribes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and the
Seneca Under leadership of Hiawatha Proved to be the strongest opposition against white colonization Eventually met defeat after disease, whiskey, and weapons Lived in “longhouses”; a sessile community Matriarchal-based society
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