chapter 14(a) acids and bases. copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved.14a–2...

Chapter 14(a)

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases

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Common household substances that contain acids and bases. Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic

acid. Drain cleaners contain strong bases such as sodium hydroxide.

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Figure 14.1: The reaction of HCl and H2O.

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Figure 14.2: The reaction of an acid HA with water to form H3O+ and a conjugate base A-.

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Figure 14.3: The reaction of NH3 with HCl to form NH4+ and Cl-.

Figure 14.4: Graphic representation of the behavior of acids of different strengths in aqueous solution. (a) A strong acid. (b) A weak acid.

Figure 14.5: The relationship of acid strength and conjugate base strength for the reaction

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Figure 14.6: (a) A strong acid HA is completely ionized in water. (b) A weak acid HB exists mostly as undissociated HB molecules in water. Note that the water molecules are not shown in this figure.

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Figure 14.7: Two water molecules react to form H3O+ and OH2.

Figure 14.8: The pH scale and pH values of some common substances.

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Figure 14.9: pH meters are used to measure acidity.

Chapter 14(b)

Acids and Bases Acids and Bases (cont’d)(cont’d)

An acetic acid solution, which is a weak electrolyte, contains only a few ions and does not conduct as much current as a strong electrolyte. The bulb is only dimly lit.

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Figure 14.10: The effect of dilution on the percent dissociation and [H+] of a

weak acid solution.

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Figure 14.11: The effect of the number of attached oxygens on the O—H bond in a series of chlorine oxyacids.

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Figure 14.12: Reaction of BF3 with NH3.

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Figure 14.13: The Al(H2O)63+ ion.

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Solving Acid-Base Problems