chapter 13
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Chapter 13The Anthropological Perspective on
the Human Life Course
Chapter Outline Fundamentals of Growth and Development Nutritional Effects on Growth and Development Other Factors Influencing Growth and
Development The Human Life Cycle Individuals, Society, and Evolution Are We Still Evolving?
Growth and Development Growth refers to an increase in mass or
number of cells. Development refers to differentiation of
cells into different types of tissues.
Nutritional Requirements for Growth Nutrients needed for growth, development, and
body maintenance include: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
The amount we need of these nutrients coevolved with foods available to humans throughout evolutionary history.
The specific pattern of amino acids required in human nutrition reflects an ancestral diet high in animal protein.
Distance and Velocity Curves of Growth in Height For a Healthy American Girl The distance curve shows the height attained in
a given year.
Distance and Velocity Curves of Growth in Height For a Healthy American Girl The velocity curve plots the amount gained in a
given year.
Preagricultural, Contemporary, and Recently Recommended Diet
PreagriculturalDiet
ContemporaryDiet
RecentlyRecommended
Total dietary energy (%)
Protein 33 12 12
Carbohydrate 46 46 58
Fat 21 42 30
Alcohol ~0 (7–10) —
Cholesterol (mg) 520 300–500 300
Preagricultural, Contemporary, and Recently Recommended Diet
PreagriculturalDiet
ContemporaryDiet
RecentlyRecommended
Total dietary energy (%)
Fiber (g) 100–150 19.7 30–60
Sodium (mg) 690 2,300–6,900 1,000–3,300
Calcium (mg) 1,500–2,000 740 800–1,500
Ascorbic acid (mg)
440 90 60
Factors Influencing Growth and Development Genetics
Environmental factors can influence growth and development, but an individual can not exceed their genetic potential.
Hormones Thyroxine regulates metabolism and aids in
body heat production. Growth hormone has an impact on almost every cell in the body.
Environmental Factors Environmental factors, such as altitude and
climate, effect on growth and development. In Colorado, birth weight declined 3.6 ounces
per 3,300 feet of elevation gain, even when gestational age, maternal weight gain, smoking, and prenatal care were considered.
Infectious diseases have their greatest impact during childhood and can delay growth, particularly when coupled with malnutrition.
The Human Life Cycle1. Prenatal begins with conception and
ends with birth.2. Infancy is when the baby nurses.3. Childhood is from weaning to puberty.4. Adolescence is from puberty to the end
of growth.5. Adulthood is the completion of growth.
Life Cycle Stagesfor Various Animal Species
Diameter of Birth Canal and Head Length and Breadth of Newborns
Providing for JuvenilesPercent Who Survive
Weaning AdolescenceLion 28 15Baboon 45 33Macaque 42 13Chimpanzee 48 38Human Populations!Kung 80 58Yanomamo 73 50Paleoindian 86 50
The Secular Trend in Age at Menarche in Europe
Life Spans
OrganismApproximate Maximum
Life Span (in years)Bristlecone pine 5,000
Tortoise 170Human 120
Blue whale 80Indian elephant 70
Gorilla 39Domestic dog 34
Rabbit 13Rat 5
Changes in Life Expectancy Due to AIDS in Seven African Nations
Quick Quiz
1. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the pre-agricultural human diet? It was high in
a) protein.b) complex carbohydrates.c) fat.d) fiber.
Answer: c Which of the following is NOT correct
regarding the pre-agricultural human diet? It was high in fat.
2. Why are essential amino acids called "essential"?
a) These are the only proteins that the human body produces.
b) They must be produced when we are infants.
c) They must be obtained from the diet.d) They cannot be absorbed in the gut.
Answer: c Essential amino acids are called
"essential” because they must be obtained from the diet.
3. Studies show that children at high elevations are shorter than those at low elevations. True False
Answer: True Studies show that children at high
elevations are shorter than those at low elevations.
4. Virtually all animals have clearly demarcated phases in their lives. True False
Answer: false It’s false that virtually all animals have
clearly demarcated phases in their lives.
5. One of the primary ways that genes have an effect on growth and development is through their effects on
a) blood.b) hormones.c) bone growth.d) organ development.
Answer : b One of the primary ways that genes
have an effect on growth and development is through their effects on hormones.
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