chapter 12 recovery and rebirth: the renaissance

Chapter 12

Recovery and Rebirth:

The Renaissance

Timeline

Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance

Renaissance = Rebirth

Jacob Burkhardt Civilization of the Renaissance

in Italy (1860)

Urban Society

Age of Recovery

Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture

Emphasis on individual ability

The Making of Renaissance Society

Economic RecoveryItalian cities lose economic supremacy

Hanseatic League

Manufacturing• Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy

Banking• Florence and the Medici

Lorenzo de Medici

The Polish City of Gdansk An Important Member of the Hanseatic League

Social Changes in the Renaissance

The NobilityReconstruction of the aristocracy

Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population

Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529)The Book of the Courtier (1528)

Service to the prince

Peasants and TownspeoplePeasants

Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population

Decline of manorial system and serfdom

Urban SocietyPatricians

Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen

The poor and unemployed

Slaves

Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy

Husbands and WivesArranged Marriages

Husband head of household

Wife managed household

ChildrenChildbirth

Sexual Norms

The Italian States in the RenaissanceFive Major Powers

MilanVeniceFlorence

• The MediciThe Papal StatesKingdom of Naples

Independent City-StatesMantuaFerraraUrbino

The Role of WomenWarfare in Italy

Struggle between France and SpainInvasion and division

The Birth of Modern Diplomacy

Modern diplomacy a product of Renaissance Italy

Changing concept of the ambassadorResident ambassadors

Agents of the territorial state

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)The Prince

Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power

Cesare Borgia

Italian Renaissance HumanismClassical RevivalPetrarch (1304 – 1374)Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy

Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444)• New Cicero

Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457)Humanism and Philosophy

Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)• Translates Plato’s dialogues• Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism

Renaissance HermeticismFicino, Corpus HermeticumGiovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Oration on the Dignity of Man

Leonardo Bruni

Marsilio Ficino

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Education, History, and the Impact of PrintingEducation in the Renaissance

Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and musicEducation of womenAim of education was to create a complete citizen

Humanism and HistorySecularizationGuicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence

The Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg

• Movable type (1445 – 1450)• Gutenberg’s Bible

(1455 or 1456)The spread of printing

Johannes Gutenberg

Art in the Early Renaissance

Masaccio (1401 – 1428)Perspective and OrganizationMovement and Anatomical StructurePaolo Uccelo (1397 – 1475)

The Martyrdom of Saint SebastianSandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510)

PrimaveraDonato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)

DavidFilippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)

The Cathedral of FlorernceChurch of San Lorenzo

Donatello’s David

Masaccio, Tribute Money

Sandro Botticelli - Primavera

The Artistic High Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)

Last Supper

Raphael (1483 – 1520)

School of Athens

Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)

The Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo’s David

Raphael, School of Athens

The Artist and Social Status

Early RenaissanceArtists as craftsmen

High RenaissanceArtists as heroes

The Northern Artistic Renaissance

Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441)

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)

Adoration of the Magi

Music in the RenaissanceBurgundy

Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474)

The Renaissance Madrigal

The European State in the Renaissance

The Renaissance State in Western EuropeFrance

• Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483)England

• War of the Roses• Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)

Spain• Unification of Castile and Aragón• Establishment of professional

royal army• Religious uniformity• The Inquisition• Conquest of Granada• Expulsion of the Jews

Louis XI of France

Map 12.2: Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman EmpiresCentral Europe: The Holy Roman Empire

Habsburg DynastyMaximilian I (1493 – 1519)

The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe

PolandHungaryRussia

The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine EmpireSeljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territoryConstantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

Maximilian I

Map 12.4: The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe

The Church in the RenaissanceThe Problems of Heresy and Reform

John Wycliff (c. 1328 – 1384) and LollardyJohn Hus (1374 – 1415)

• Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy

• Burned at the stake (1415)Church Councils - Sacrosancta & FrequensThe Papacy - 1460 Execrabilis

The Renaissance PapacyJulius II (1503 – 1513)

• “Warrior Pope”NepotismPatrons of Culture

• Leo X (1513 – 1521)

Pope Leo X

John Hus