chapter 11: industry - · pdf filealfred weber’s theory of variable cost analysis ......

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Chapter 11: Industry

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where is Industry Distributed? •  Origin of industry

– From cottage industries to the Industrial Revolution

–  Impact of the Industrial Revolution especially great on iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing

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Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

Figure 11-2

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Where is Industry Distributed? •  Industrial regions

– Europe •  Emerged in late nineteenth and early twentieth

centuries – North America

•  Industry arrived later but spread faster than in Europe

– East Asia

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Industrial Regions

Figure 11-3

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Industrial Areas in Europe

Figure 11-4

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Industrial Areas in North America

Figure 11-5

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Key Issue 2 * Why Are Situation Factors Important?

•  Proximity to inputs – Bulk-reducing

industries – Examples:

•  Copper •  Steel

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Alfred Weber’s Theory of Variable Cost Analysis

A. Bulk Reducing

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Why Are Situation Factors Important?

•  Proximity to markets – Bulk-gaining

industries – Examples:

•  Fabricated metals •  Beverage production

– Single-market manufacturers

– Perishable products

Figure 11-10

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B. Bulk-Gaining

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Why Are Situation Factors Important?

•  Ship, rail, truck, or air? – The farther something is transported, the

lower the cost per km/mile – Cost decreases at different rates for each

of the four modes •  Truck = most often for short-distance travel •  Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +) •  Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile •  Air = most expensive, but very fast

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Key Issue 3 * Why Are Site Factors Important?

•  Labor – The most important site factor – Labor-intensive industries

•  Examples: textiles –  Textile and apparel spinning –  Textile and apparel weaving –  Textile and apparel assembly

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Cotton Yarn Production

Figure 11-16

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Woven Cotton Fabric Production

Figure 11-17

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Production of Women’s Blouses

Figure 11-18

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Why Are Site Factors Important? •  Land

– Rural sites – Environmental

factors •  Capital

Figure 11-20

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Why Are Location Factors Changing?

•  Attraction of new industrial regions – Changing industrial distribution within

MDCs •  Interregional shift within the United States

– Right-to-work laws –  Textile production

•  Interregional shifts in Europe – Convergence shifts – Competitive and employment regions

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Changing U.S. Manufacturing

Figure 11-21

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European Union Structural Funds

Figure 11-23

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Key Issue 4: Why are Locations Factor’s Changing?

Location Theory: explains the locations pattern of economic activites

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Location Interdependence Theory (AKA-Variable Revenue Analysis): refers to the influence on a firm’s location decision based upon locations chosen by competitors

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Why Are Location Factors Changing?

•  Attraction of new industrial regions –  International shifts in industry

•  East Asia •  South Asia •  Latin America

– Changing distributions – Outsourcing

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Global Production

Figure 11-25

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Apparel Production and Jobs in the United States

Figure 11-26

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Why Are Location Factors Changing?

•  Renewed attraction of traditional industrial regions – Proximity to skilled labor

•  Fordist, or mass production •  Post-Fordist, or lean production •  Just-in-time delivery

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Electronic Computing Manufacturing

Figure 11-28

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Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing

Figure 11-29

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The End.

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