chapter 1. turfgrass science
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Chapter 1. Turfgrass Science
1. Introduction
• 1-1. Definitions
• Turfgrass : Plants that form a more or less contiguous ground cover that persists under regular mowing and traffic.
• Basic requirements for turfgrass ① Plants to maintain acceptable quality under continuous mowing ② Plants to stand regular traffic ③ Plants to grow low
• Turfgrass Quality : Visual quality and Func-tional quality
• Visual quality - density, texture, uniformity, color,
growth habit and smoothness• Functional quality - rigidity, elasticity, re-
siliency, yield, verdure, rooting, recuperative capacity
• Turf : An interconnecting community of turfgrasses and the soil adhering to their roots and other belowground organs from a turf.
• Lawn : Turfgrass field in a landscape Lawn turf, Sports turf, Utility turf
• Sod : Surface layer of a turf harvested for transplanting
1-2. Function of turf
• - Decorative : Home landscape, parks, street etc• - Functional : • Soil stabilization• Recreational activities and relaxation• Sports• Environment Protection : temperature control, toxic materials control, dust and noise control, drainage control, CO2 control, O2 production, etc
1-3. Related industries and Career opportunities
• ① Ground superintendent : golf course, athletic facility, recreational facility, institutional facility, government facility, transportation facil-
ity, business facility, residential complexes etc• ② Manufacturing/Sales representa-
tive : Equipment, Fertilizers, Pesticides, Seed, Sod and propagule, miscellaneous
• ③ Professional-service contractor : Consulting, testing, design, lawn care, landscap-
ing, construction• ④ Technical writer : trade magazines, technical journals, newsletters, commercial re-
ports• ⑤ Scientist/educator : academic institu-
tions, industrial-research operations
2. Climatic adaptation of Turfgrass
Family : Gramineae or Poaceae
6 Subfamilies 25 Tribes 600 Genera 7500 species
Subfamilies of turfgrass species
Festucoideae - Cool season grasses Optimum temperature range : 15 - 23 CPanicoideae Warm season grassesEragrostoideae Optimum temperature range : 27 - 32 C
Climate ZonesTropical : Frost free belt between 20 north and south lati-tudesSubtropical : Minimum of 8 month over 10 CTemperate : 4 - 7 month over 10 C Temperate oceanic and Temperate continental Transition zone - mostly Temperate continentalSubarcticPolarDry : Arid and Semiarid
Adaptation of turfgrass speciesCool-season turfgrasses : mainly to temperate and subarctic
Warm-season turfgrasses : mainly to tropical and subtropical
Boarder zone(about 300 km) : transition zone - Zoysiagrass and Tall fescue
3. History of turfgrass science
Evolution of grass species adapted to grazing by animals and cattle
Modern turfgrass management begins with1. 2,4-D and DDT development - 19452. New cultivars ; 'Merion' Kentucky bluegrass - 19473. Development of Core aerifier - Mid 1940s4. Many turfgrass species and cultivars Scientific turf management techniques Automatic equipment development Specific pesticides
4. The grass plants
4-1. Diagram of the grass plant
-growth habbit
4-2. leaf morphology- leaf sheath and leaf blade- ligule : A membranous or hairy structure at the junction of the blade and the sheath on the inner side, varying in size and shape
- collar : A light green or whitish band at the opposite side of the ligule
- auricle : Two clawlike appendages at the base of leaf blade
- vernation : The shape of new emerging leaf, folded or rolled
4-2. stems- tiller, stolon and rhyzome- flowering culm
4-3. inflorescence- spike, panicle and raceme
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