chapter 1 powerpoint slide presentation
Post on 06-May-2015
971 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20101
San Diego Mesa CollegeGeneral Psychology 101
Chapter OneThe Science of
Psychology
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20102
Defining Psychology
Scientific study of behavior and
mental processes
Key terms: Science
Behavior
Mental processes
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20103
Psychological Frame of Mind
Psychologists approach life questions as scientists.
Attitudes of scientific approach: Critical thinking
Curiosity
Skepticism
Objectivity
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20104
Science of All Human Behavior
Not just about psychological disorders
Diverse field
Understanding truths of human life in all its dimensions
Includes people’s best and worst experiences
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20105
Careers in Psychology
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20106
Historical Perspective
Western Philosophy
Biology and Physiology
Wilhelm Wundt & Structuralism
William James & Functionalism
Charles Darwin & Natural Selection
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20107
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) German philosopher-physician First Psychology Laboratory (1879)
Identify elements, or structures, of mental processes Introspection
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20108
Functionalism
William James (1842-1910) American psychologist and philosopher
Identify purposes, or functions, of the mind Why is human thought adaptive? Natural flow of thought, or stream of consciousness
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20109
Evolution & Natural Selection
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) British naturalist
Natural selection is adaptive and functional. Nature favors traits that promote reproduction and
survival. Successful characteristics become dominant.
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201010
Contemporary Approaches
Biological Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Evolutionary Sociocultural
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201011
Biological Approach
Focus on brain and nervous system
Neuroscience Structure, function, development, genetics,
biochemistry of nervous system Brain and nervous system as central to
understanding behavior, thought, and emotion
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201012
Behavioral Approach
Emphasis on observable behavioral responses (not thoughts or feelings) and their environmental determinants
Notable Behaviorists: John B. Watson (1878-1958) B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201013
Psychodynamic Approach
Emphasis on: Unconscious (sexual and aggressive) impulses Conflict between biological drives and society Childhood early family experiences
Founding father: Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201014
Humanistic Approach
Emphasis on: Positive human qualities Capacity for positive growth Freedom to choose any destiny
Notable Humanistic Psychologists Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201015
Cognitive Approach
Emphasis on mental processes involved in knowing
How we . . . Direct attention
Perceive, remember, think
Solve problems
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201016
Evolutionary Approach
Use of evolutionary ideas . . . Adaptation
Reproduction
Natural selection
. . . as basis for explaining specific human behaviors
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201017
Sociocultural Approach
Examination of ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior
Focus on comparisons of behavior across . . . Countries
Ethnic and cultural groups within countries
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201018
Steps in the Scientific Method
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201019
Scientific Method: Observation
Choose a variable. Phenomenon studied by scientists
Anything that can change
Develop a theory. Idea that attempts to explain observations
Seeks to explain why something happened
Can be used to make predictions
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201020
Scientific Method: Hypothesis
Formulate a hypothesis. Educated guess derived from theory
Prediction that can be tested
If supported, can lend credibility to theory
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201021
Scientific Method: Research
Establish an operational definition. Objective description of variable
How will variable be measured?
Collect and analyze data. Number crunching
What do data mean?
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201022
Scientific Method: Conclusions
Draw conclusions. Is theory supported?
Should theory be changed?
Evaluate conclusions. Publication and review
Ongoing research process
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201023
Types of Psychological Research
Descriptive research Finding out about some variable
Correlational research Discovering relationships between variables
Experimental research Establishing causal relationships
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201024
Descriptive Research
Describing some phenomenon without answering questions of how and why
Observation Surveys and Interviews Case Studies
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201025
Correlational Research
Examining whether and how variables are related and change together
Correlation Coefficient: -1.00 ≤ r ≤ 1.00 Strength: Number
Direction: Sign
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201026
Correlations: Scatterplots
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201027
Correlation and Causation
Correlation ≠ Causation
Third Variable Problem Some other variable accounts for relationship
between two variables
Third variables also called confounds
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201028
Longitudinal Designs
Obtaining measures of variables of interest in multiple waves over time
Can suggest potential causal relationships Causal variable would come first in time But causal relationships still not clear
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201029
Experimental Research
Determining whether causal relationship exists between variables
Experiment Manipulation of some variable(s) while
holding others constant
Random Assignment Formation of groups using chance
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201030
Experiments and Causation
Random assignment helps establish causation.
Independent variables Manipulated Dependent variables Measured
Experimental groups Experience manipulation
Control groups Serve as baseline for comparison
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201031
Experimental Research: Validity
External Validity Do experimental results apply, or generalize,
to real world?
Internal Validity Are changes in dependent variable due to
independent variables?
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201032
Experimental Research: Bias
Experimenter Bias Demand characteristics
Research Participant Bias Placebo effect
Double-blind experiment
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201033
Research Samples
Population Sample
Random samples likely to be representative of population, to allow generalizing of research results
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201034
Research Settings
Laboratory Research Control, but with some drawbacks
Naturalistic Observation Real-world setting
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201035
Ethical Research
History: World War II
Research participants have certain rights. Human participants
Animal research
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201036
APA Ethics Guidelines
Informed Consent
Confidentiality
Debriefing
Deception
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201037
Psychology and You
Avoid generalizing based on little information. Distinguish between group results and individual needs. Look for answers beyond a single study. Avoid attributing causes where none have been found. Consider source of psychological information.
top related