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The Market Forces ofSupply and Demand
Chapter 4
Copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of
the
work should be mailed to:Permissions Department, arcourt !ollege Publishers,
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The Market Forces of
Supply and DemandSupplyanddemandare the two words
that economists use most often.
Supplyanddemandare the forces that
make market economies work.
Modern microeconomics is aboutsuppy, demand, and market
e!uiibrium.
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Markets
" marketis a group of buyers and
seers of a particuar good or ser#ice.$he terms suppy and demand refer
to the beha#ior of peope . . . as they
interact with one another in markets.
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Markets
%uyersdeterminedemand.
&eersdeterminesuppy.
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Market Type:
A Competitive Market
" competiti#e marketis a market. . .
with manybuyers and sellers.
that is not controlled by any one person.
in which a narrow range of pricesare
established that buyers and sellers act upon.
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Competition:
Perfect and Otherwise
'roducts are the same
(umerous buyers and seers so that each
has no infuence o#er price %uyers and &eers are price takers
'erfect Competition
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Competition:
Perfect and Otherwise
Monopoy
One seller, and seller controls price)igopoy
Few sellers
Not always aggressive competition
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Competition:
Perfect and Otherwise
Monopoistic Competition
Many sellers
Slightly differentiated products
Each seller may set price for its own
product
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Demand
*uantity demanded
is the amountof a good that buyers are
wiing and abe
to purchase.
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Law of Demand
$he aw of demandstates
that there is an inverserelationshipbetween price
and !uantity demanded.
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Demand Schedule
$he demand schedueis a tabe
that shows the reationshipbetween thepriceof the good
and the!uantitydemanded.
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Demand Schedule
Price Quantity$0.00 12
0.50 101.00 81.50 6
2.00 42.50 23.00 0
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Determinants of Demand
Market price
Consumer income'rices of reated goods
$astes
+pectations
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Demand Cure
$hedemand cur#eisthe downward-
soping ine reating price to !uantitydemanded.
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Demand Cure
$3.002.5
02.001.50
1.00
0.50
21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12
11
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream
0
Price Quantity$0.00 12
0.50 101.00 8
1.50 62.00 42.50 23.00 0
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Ceteris Pari!us
Ceteris paribusis a atin phrase thatmeans a #ariabes other than the
ones being studied are assumed to be
constant. iteray,ceteris paribus
means /other things being e!ua.
The demand cure slopes downward!ecause" ceteris pari!us" lower prices
imply a #reater $uantity demanded%
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Market Demand
Market demandrefers to the sum of a
indi#idua demands for a particuar
good or ser#ice.
raphicay, indi#idua demand cur#es
are summed horiontallyto obtain the
market demand cur#e.
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Determinants of Demand
Market price
Consumer income'rices of reated goods
$astes
+pectations
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Chan#e in &uantity Demanded
ersus Chan#e in Demand
Change in*uantity emanded Mo#ement aong the demand cur#e.
Caused by a change in thepriceof
the product.
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Chan#es in &uantityDemanded
0
1
Price of
Ciarettes!er Pac"
#umer ofCiarettes %mo"e&
( ta) t*at raises t*e!rice of ciarettes
resu+ts in a
mo,ement a+on t*e&eman& cur,e.
(
C
20
2.00
$4.0
0
12
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Chan#e in &uantity Demanded
ersus Chan#e in Demand
Change in emand " shift in the demand cur#e, either
to the eft or right.
Caused by a change in adeterminant other than the price.
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Chan#es in Demand
0
1
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream
3
2
Increase in
&eman&
'ecrease in&eman&
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Consumer 'ncome
"s income increases the demand
for a norma goodwi increase."s income increases the demand
for an inferior goodwi decrease.
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Consumer 'ncome(ormal )ood
$3.002.50
2.001.501.00
0.50
21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1211
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream0
Increasein &eman&
(nincrease
inincome...
1
2
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Consumer 'ncome'nferior )ood
$3.002.50
2.001.501.00
0.50
21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1211
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream0
'ecreasein &eman&
(n
increasein
income...
12
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Prices of *elated )oods
Su!stitutes + Complements4hen a fa in the price of one good
reducesthe demand for another good,
the two goods are caed substitutes.4hen a fa in the price of one good
increasesthe demand for another
good, the two goods are caedcompements.
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Chan#e in &uantity Demandedersus Chan#e in Demand
aria+es t*at(ect Quantity
'eman&e&
( C*ane in/*is aria+e . . .
Price e!resents a mo,ement
a+on t*e &eman& cur,e
Income %*ifts t*e &eman& cur,e
Prices of re+ate&oo&s
%*ifts t*e &eman& cur,e
/astes %*ifts t*e &eman& cur,e
)!ectations %*ifts t*e &eman& cur,e
#umer of
uyers
%*ifts t*e &eman& cur,e
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Supply
*uantity suppiedis the amount of a
good that seers are wiing and abeto se.
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Law of Supply
$heaw of suppystates that there is a
direct !positive" relationshipbetweenprice and !uantitysuppied.
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Determinants of Supply
Market price
Input prices$echnoogy
+pectations
(umber of producers
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Supply Schedule
$hesuppy schedueisa tabe that
shows the reationship between theprice of the good and the !uantity
suppied.
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Supply Schedule
Price Quantity$0.00 0
0.50 01.00 11.50 2
2.00 32.50 43.00 5
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Supply Cure
$hesuppy cur#eis the upward-soping ine reating price to !uantity
suppied.
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Supply Cure
$3.002.502.00
1.501.00
0.50
21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1211
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream0
Price Quantity$0.00 0
0.50 0
1.00 11.50 22.00 32.50 4
3.00 5
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Market Supply
Market suppyrefers to the sum of
a indi#idua suppies for a seers
of a particuar good or ser#ice.
raphicay, indi#idua suppy
cur#es are summed horiontallytoobtain the market suppy cur#e.
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Determinants of Supply
Market price
Input prices$echnoogy
+pectations
(umber of producers
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Chan#e in &uantity Supplied
ersus Chan#e in Supply
Change in *uantity &uppied Mo#ement aong the suppy cur#e.
Caused by a change in the market price
of the product.
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Chan#e in &uantity Supplied
1 5
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream0
&
1.00
(
C$3.00
" rise in the price
of ice cream conesresuts in a
mo#ement aong
the suppy cur#e.
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Chan#e in &uantity Supplied
ersus Chan#e in Supply
Change in &uppy
" shift in the suppy cur#e, either to the
eft or right.
Caused by a change in a determinant
other than price.
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Chan#e in Supply
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream0
&1 &2&3
Increasein %u!!+y
'ecreasein %u!!+y
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Chan#e in &uantity Supplied
ersus Chan#e in SupplyVariables thatAffect Quantity Supplied A Change in This Variable . . .
Price Represents a movement alongthe supply curve
Input prices Shifts the supply curve
Technology Shifts the supply curve
Expectations Shifts the supply curve
Number of sellers Shifts the supply curve
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Supply and Demand To#ether
+!uiibrium 'rice $he price that baances suppy and
demand. )n a graph, it is the price at
which the suppy and demand cur#esintersect.
+!uiibrium *uantity
$he !uantity that baances suppy anddemand. )n a graph it is the !uantity at
which the suppy and demand cur#es
intersect.
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Supply and Demand To#ether
Price Quantity
$0.00 0
0.50 0
1.00 11.50 4
2.00 7
2.50 10
3.00 13
Price Quantity
$0.00 19
0.50 16
1.00 131.50 10
2.00 7
2.50 4
3.00 1
'eman&
%c*e&u+e
%u!!+y
%c*e&u+e
,t -./00" the $uantity demanded is
e$ual to the $uantity supplied%
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%u!!+y
'eman&
Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream
1$uili!rium ofSupply and Demand
21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12110
$3.00
2.502.00
1.5
01.00
0.50
ui+irium
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Price of
Ice-CreamCone
Quantity
of Ice-Cream21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12110
$3.002.50
2.00
1.5
01.00
0.50
%u!!+y
'eman&
%ur!+us
12cess Supply
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Surplus
4hen the price is abovethe e!uiibrium
price, the !uantity suppied eceeds the
!uantity demanded. $here isecess suppy
or asurpus. &uppiers wi ower the price
to increase saes, thereby mo#ing toward
e!uiibrium.
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12cess Demand
Quantity ofIce-Cream Cones
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
$2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 ! " # 10 11 12 13
%u!!+y
'eman&
$1.50
%*ortae
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Shorta#e
4hen the price is belowthe e!uiibrium
price, the !uantity demanded eceeds the
!uantity suppied. $here isecess demand
or ashortage. &uppiers wi raise the price
due to too many buyers chasing too few
goods, thereby mo#ing toward e!uiibrium.
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Three Steps To ,naly3in#
Chan#es in 1$uili!rium ecide whether the e#ent shifts the
suppy or demand cur#e 5or both6.
ecide whether the cur#e5s6 shift5s6 to the
eft or to the right.
+amine how the shift affectse!uiibrium price and !uantity.
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ow an 'ncrease in Demand,ffects the 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 7 Quantity ofIce-Cream Cones
%u!!+y
Initia+eui+irium
D1
1. ot eat*er increasest*e &eman& for ice cream...
'2
2. ...resu+tin
in a *i*er!rice...
$2.50
10
3. ...an& a *i*eruantity so+&.
#e eui+irium
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Shifts in Cures ersusMoements alon# Cures
" shift in the suppy cur#e is caed achange
in supply.
" mo#ement aong a fied suppy cur#e iscaed achange in #uantity supplied.
" shift in the demand cur#e is caed a
change in demand. " mo#ement aong a fied demand cur#e is
caed achange in #uantity demanded.
D i S l ,ff t
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%2
ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffectsthe 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cone
13
'eman&
Initia+ eui+irium
S1
10
1. (n eart*ua"e re&ucest*e su!!+y of ice cream...
#eeui+irium
2. ...resu+tin
in a *i*er!rice...
$2.50
3. ...an& a +oeruantity so+&.
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5hat appens to Price and &uantity5hen Supply or Demand Shifts6
#o C*aneIn %u!!+y
(n IncreaseIn %u!!+y
( 'ecreaseIn %u!!+y
#o C*aneIn 'eman& P sameQ same P downQ up P upQ down(n IncreaseIn 'eman&
P upQ up
P ambiuousQ up
P upQ ambiuous
( 'ecrease
In 'eman&
P downQ down
P downQ ambiuous
P ambiuousQ down
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Summary
+conomists use the mode of suppy
and demand to anay7e competiti#e
markets.
$he demand cur#e shows how the
!uantity of a good depends upon the
price.
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Summary
"ccording to the aw of demand, as the
price of a good rises, the !uantity
demanded fas. In addition to price, other
determinants of !uantity demanded
incude income, tastes, epectations,and the prices of compements and
substitutes.
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Summary
$he suppy cur#e shows how the
!uantity of a good suppied depends
upon the price.
"ccording to the aw of suppy, as
the price of a good rises, the !uantity
suppied rises.
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Summary
In addition to price, other
determinants of !uantity suppied
incude input prices, technoogy, andepectations.
Market e!uiibrium is determined
by the intersection of the suppy anddemand cur#es.
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Summary
&uppy and demand together
determine the prices of the
economy8s goods and ser#ices. In market economies, prices are the
signas that guide the aocation of
resources.
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raphica9e#iew
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ow an 'ncrease in Demand,ffects the 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 7 10 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
%u!!+y
Initia+
eui+irium
D1
' i D d
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ow an 'ncrease in Demand,ffects the 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 7 10 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
%u!!+y
Initia+
eui+irium
D1
1. ot eat*er increasest*e &eman& for ice cream...
' i D d
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ow an 'ncrease in Demand,ffects the 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 7 10 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
%u!!+y
Initia+eui+irium
D1
1. ot eat*er increasest*e &eman& for ice cream...
'2
#e eui+irium$2.50
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ow an 'ncrease in Demand
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ow an 'ncrease in Demand,ffects the 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 7 10 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
%u!!+y
Initia+eui+irium
D1
1. ot eat*er increasest*e &eman& for ice cream...
'2
#e eui+irium
2. ...resu+tin
in a *i*er!rice...
$2.50
3. ...an& a *i*eruantity so+&.
ow an 'ncrease in Demand
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ow an 'ncrease in Demand,ffects the 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 7 10 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
%u!!+y
Initia+eui+irium
D1
1. ot eat*er increasest*e &eman& for ice cream...
'2
#e eui+irium
2. ...resu+tin
in a *i*er!rice...
$2.50
3. ...an& a *i*eruantity so+&.
ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffects
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ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffectsthe 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cone
13
'eman&
Initia+ eui+irium
S1
10
ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffects
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ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffectsthe 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cone
13
'eman&
Initia+ eui+irium
S1
10
1. (n eart*ua"e re&ucest*e su!!+y of ice cream...
ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffects
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ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffectsthe 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cone
13
'eman&
Initia+ eui+irium
S1
10
1. (n eart*ua"e re&ucest*e su!!+y of ice cream...
ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffects
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ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffectsthe 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cone
13
'eman&
Initia+ eui+irium
S1
10
1. (n eart*ua"e re&ucest*e su!!+y of ice cream...
#eeui+irium$2.50
ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffects
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ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffectsthe 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cone
13
'eman&
Initia+ eui+irium
S1
10
1. (n eart*ua"e re&ucest*e su!!+y of ice cream...
#eeui+irium$2.50
2. ...resu+tin
in a *i*er!rice...
ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffects
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71/71
ow a Decrease in Supply ,ffectsthe 1$uili!rium
Price ofIce-Cream
Cone
2.00
0 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 11 12 Quantity of13
'eman&
Initia+ eui+irium
S1
10
1. (n eart*ua"e re&ucest*e su!!+y of ice cream...
#eeui+irium$2.50
2. ...resu+tin
in a *i*er!rice...
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