chapt03 holes lecture animation
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Chapter 3Lecture
PowerPointCells
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3.1: Introduction
The basic organizational
structure of the human body is
the cell.
There are 50-100 trillion cells
in the human body.
Differentiation is when cells
specialize.
As a result of differentiation,
cells vary in size and shape
due to their unique function.
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3.2: A Composite Cell
Also called a typical
cell
Major parts include:
Nucleus containsDNA
Cytoplasm
cellularcontents
betweenplasmamembrane&
nucleus
Cell membrane selective barrier
Micro
tubules
Flagellum
Nuclear envelope
Basal body
Chromatin
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Mitochondrion
Cilia
Microtubules
Microtubule
Centrioles
Microvilli
Lysosomes
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Phospholipid bilayer
Smooth
Endoplasmicreticulum
Rough
Endoplasmicreticulum
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Golgi
apparatus
Secretoryvesicles
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Cell Membrane
(aka Plasma Membrane)Outer limit of the cellControls what moves in and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Phospholipid bilayerWater-soluble heads form surfaces (hydrophilic)Water-insoluble tails form interior (hydrophobic)
Permeable to lipid-soluble substances
Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane
Proteins:Receptors
Pores, channels and carriers
Enzymes
CAMS
Self-markers
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Cell Membrane
Cell membraneCell membrane
(b)(a)
Heads of
phospholipid
Tails ofphospholipid
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a: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Fibrous proteinCarbohydrateGlycolipid
Glycoprotein
Extracellular side
of membrane
Cytoplasmic side
of membrane
Cholesterol
moleculesGlobular
protein
Double
layer of
Phospholipid
molecules
Hydrophobic
fatty acid
tail
Hydrophilic
Phosphate
head
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CellMembraneElectrochemical Gradient
due to selectivepermeability
difference in
concentration ofchemicals acrossmembrane
difference indistribution ofcharges acrossthe membrane
difference is themembranepotential
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Cell Adhesion Molecules
(CAMs)Guide cells on the move
Selectinallows white
blood cells to anchor
Integringuides white blood
cells through capillary walls
Important for growth ofembryonic tissue
Important for growth of nerve
cells
Adhesion
White blood cell
Integrin
Selectin
Exit
Splinter
Attachment
(rolling)
Blood vessellining cell
Carbohydrates
on capillary wall
Adhesion
receptor proteins
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Cytoplasm
Cytosol = water
Organelles = solids
Cytoplasm is really like a Jello fruit
salad where the Jello is the cytosol andthe fruits (oranges, grapes, bananas,
maybe walnuts, etc.) are the
organelles.
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OrganellesEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Connected, membrane-bound
sacs, canals, and vesicles
Transport system
Rough ERStudded with ribosomes
Smooth ERLipid synthesis
Added to proteins
arriving from rough ER
Break down of drugsRibosomes
Free floating or connected to ER
Provide structural support and enzyme activityto amino acids to form protein (protein synthesis)
Membranes
Ribosomes
Membranes
(b) (c)
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Organelles
Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened,
membranous sacs
Modifies, packagesand delivers proteins
Vesicles
Membranous sacs
Store substances
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Cristae
(a) (b)
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a: Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Mitochondria
Membranous sacs with
inner partitions
Generate energy
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Organelles
Lysosomes
Enzyme-containing
sacs
Digest worn out cellparts or unwanted
substances
PeroxisomesEnzyme-containing
sacs
Break down organic
molecules
Centrosome
Two rod-like centrioles
Used to produce cilia
and flagellaDistributes
chromosomes during cell
division
(a) (b)
Centriole
(cross-section)
Centriole(longitudinal section)
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a: Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
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Organelles
Cilia
Short hair-like projections
Propel substances on cell
surface
Flagellum
Long tail-like projection
Provides motility to sperm
(a)
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a: Oliver Meckes/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Colin Anderson/Brand X/CORBIS
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Microfilaments and microtubules
Thin rods and tubules
Support cytoplasm
Allows for movement oforganelles
Organelles
Inclusions
Temporary nutrients
and pigments
Microtubules
Microfilaments
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M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited
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Cell Nucleus
Is the control center of the cell
Nuclear envelopePorous double membrane
Separates nucleoplasm from
cytoplasm
NucleolusDense collection of RNA and
proteins
Site of ribosome productionChromatin
Fibers of DNA and proteins
Stores information for synthesis of
proteins
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Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
(a)
Nuclear
pores
Nuclear
envelope
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3.3: Movements Into
and Out of the Cell
Passive (Physical)
Processes
Require no cellularenergy and include:
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Active (Physiological) Processes
Require cellular energy and
include:Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis
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Simple Diffusion
Movement of substances from regions of higher
concentration to regions of lower concentration
Oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid-soluble substances
Time
Solute molecule
Water molecule
A B A B
(2) (3)
Permeable
membrane
A B
(1)
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Animation:
How Diffusion Works
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Facilitated DiffusionDiffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or
carrier molecule
Glucose and amino acids
Region of higher
concentration
Transportedsubstance
Region of lower
concentrationProtein carrier
molecule
Cell
membrane
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Animation:
How Facilitated Diffusion
Works
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Osmosis
Movement of water through a selectively
permeable membrane from regions of higher
concentration to regions of lower concentration
Water moves toward a higher concentration of
solutes
Time
Protein molecule
Water molecule
A
B
A B
(1) (2)
Selectively
permeable
membrane
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Animation:
How Osmosis Works
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Osmosis and Osmotic
Pressure
Osmotic Pressureability of osmosis to generateenough pressure to move a volume of water
Osmotic pressure increases as the concentration
of nonpermeable solutes increases
Isotonicsame osmotic
pressure
Hypertonichigher osmotic
pressure (water loss)Hypotoniclower osmotic
pressure (water gain)
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David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited
(b)
(a)
(c)
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Filtration
Smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes
Hydrostatic pressure important in the body
Molecules leaving blood capillariesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Capillary wall
Larger molecules
Smaller molecules
Blood
pressure Blood
flow
Tissue fluid
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Active Transport
Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from
regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
Sugars, amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions, etc.
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Carrier protein Binding site
(a)
(b)
Cellmembrane
Carrier protein
with altered shape
Phospholipid
molecules Transported
particle
Cellularenergy
Region of higher
concentration
Region of lower
concentration
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Active Transport:
Sodium-Potassium PumpActive transport mechanism
Creates balance by pumping three (3) sodium (Na+)
OUT and two (2) potassium (K+) INTO the cell3:2 ratio
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Animation:
How the Sodium-PotassiumPump Works
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Secondary Active Transport
uses the energy stored in a concentration gradient the gradient is established through active transport
symporters move substances in the same direction whileantiporters move substances in opposite directions
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Endocytosis
Cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle aroundthe substance
Three types:
Pinocytosissubstance is mostly water
Phagocytosissubstance is a solidReceptor-mediated endocytosisrequires the
substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor
Nucleus Nucleolus
Particle VesiclePhagocytized
particle
Cell
membrane
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Endocytosis
Cytoplasm
Vesicle
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Receptor
protein
Cell
membrane
Molecules
outside cell
Cell
membrane
indenting
Receptor-ligand
combination
Nucleus Nucleolus
Particle VesiclePhagocytizedparticle
Cellmembrane
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Exocytosis
Reverse of endocytosis
Substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane
Contents released outside the cell
Release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
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Transcytosis
Endocytosis followed by exocytosis
Transports a substance rapidly through a cell
HIV crossing a cell layer
Viruses bud
HIV
Exocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
HIV-infectedwhite blood cells Anal or
vaginal canal
Lining of anusor vagina
(epithelial cells)
Virus infects
white blood cells on
other side of lining
Receptor-mediated
endocytosis
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Cell
membrane
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3.4: The Cell Cycle
Series of changes a cell
undergoes from the time it
forms until the time it divide
Stages:Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Apoptosis
G2phase
Cytokinesis
Restriction
checkpoint
Remain
specialized
Proceed
to division
S phase:
genetic
material
replicates
G1 phase
cell growth
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Interphase
Very active period
Cell grows
Cell maintains routine functions
Cell replicates genetic material to prepare for nucleardivision
Cell synthesizes new organelles to prepare for
cytoplasmic division
Phases:G phasescell grows and synthesizes structures other
than DNA
S phasecell replicates DNA
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Mitosis
Produces two daughter cells from an original somatic cell
Nucleus divideskaryokinesis
Cytoplasm dividescytokinesis
Phases of nuclear division:Prophasechromosomes form; nuclear envelope
disappears
Metaphasechromosomes align midway between
centriolesAnaphasechromosomes separate and move to
centrioles
Telophasechromatin forms; nuclear envelope forms
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Mitosis
Telophase and CytokinesisNuclear envelopes begin to
reassemble around two daughter
nuclei. Chromosomes decondense.
Spindle disappears. Division of
the cytoplasm into two cells.
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate to
opposite poles of cell. Eventsbegin which lead to cytokinesis.
Metaphase
Chromosomes align along
equator, or metaphase plateof cell.
Prophase
Chromosomes condense and
become visible. Nuclear
envelope and nucleolus
disperse. Spindle apparatus
forms.
Late InterphaseCell has passed the
restriction checkpoint
and completed DNA
replication, as well as
replication of centrioles
and mitochondria, and
synthesis of extra
membrane.
Early Interphase
of daughter cells
a time of normal cell
growth and function.
Cleavage
furrow
Nuclear
envelopes
Nuclear
envelope
Chromatin
fibers
Chromosomes
Spindle fiber
Centromere
Aster
Centrioles
Late prophase
Sister
chromatids
Microtubules
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
S phase
G1phase
Interphase
Restriction
checkpoint
(a)
(b)
(c)(d)
(e)
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Ed Reschke
G2phase
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Animation:
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasmic Division
Also known as cytokinesis
Begins during anaphase
Continues through telophaseContractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half
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Animation:
Control of the Cell Cycle
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3.5: Control of Cell Division
Cell division capacities vary greatly among cell typesSkin and blood cells divide often and continually
Neuron cells divide a specific number of times then cease
Chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each
mitosis provide a mitotic clock
Cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area
to volume relationship
Growth factors and hormones stimulate cell divisionHormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus
Epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin
Tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control
Contact (density dependent) inhibition
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Tumors
Two types of tumors:Benignusually remainslocalized
Malignantinvasive andcan metastasize; cancerous
Two major types of genescause cancer:
Oncogenesactivateother genes that increase cell
division
Tumor suppressor
genesnormally regulatemitosis; if inactivated they are
unable to regulate mitosis
Cells are now known asimmortal
Normal cells
(with hairlike cilia)
Cancer cells
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Animation:
How Tumor Suppressor GenesBlock Cell Division
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3.6: Stem and Progenitor Cells
Stem cell:
Can divide to form two new stem cells
Self-renewal
Can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cellTotipotentcan give rise to every cell type
Pluripotentcan give rise to a restricted number of cell
types
Progenitor cell:Committed cell
Can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells
Pluripotent
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Stem and Progenitor Cells
one or more steps
Sperm
Egg
Fertilized
egg
Stem cell
Stem cell
Progenitor cell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
Blood cells and platelets
Fibroblasts (a connective tissue cells)
Bone cells
Progenitorcell
Astrocyte
Neuron
Skin cell
Sebaceousgland cell
produces another stem cell
(self-renewal)
Progenitor
cell
Progenitor
cell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
Progenitorcell
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3.7: Cell Death
Apoptosis:
Programmed cell death
Acts as a protective mechanism
Is a continuous process
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