ch. 25: america moves to the cities: 1865-1900 ap us history
Post on 18-Jan-2016
220 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Ch. 25: America Moves to the Cities: 1865-1900
AP US History
The Urban Frontier
• The Growth of cities– Cities grew both up and out
(Skyscraper: George Fuller)• Skyscrapers = more homes/workspace in
smaller area– Electric Elevator made them usable
– Mass transit made commuting possible• Trolley, subway, railroads, etc.• This also meant cities could grow bigger
Introduction
• As we move from an agricultural society to an industrial society people begin to move from the country to the city.
– Population is (x2 from 1870-1900)• By 1900: 1 of 4 were city dwellers
The Urban Frontier
• Why did people move to the city?– JOBS!! (#1 reason)– Lifestyle• Electricity, indoor plumbing, telephones, department
stores, etc.
– Immigrants (poor)
The Urban Frontier
• New Problems with emergence of Cities– Waste (wrappers on products)– Pollution– Impure water– Sanitation– Slums– Danger = wealthy head to suburbs• Before building codes: Chicago fire of 1871• Little government (corrupt)
New Immigration
“Old Immigrants”• 1840s-1860s• 2 Million/ decade• British isles/Western Europe
– Germany/Ireland/Chinese• Reasons for coming
– No land– No food– Religious freedom– No jobs
• Now accepted by Americans
“New Immigrants”• 1880-early 20th century• 5 Million/ decade• Southern/Eastern Europe
– Italians, Jews, Greeks, Poles, etc.
• Reasons for Coming– Same as “Old” immigrants
• Resented by Americans and “Old” immigrants– “Nativist” FEARS
(Outbreed/Outvote)
New Immigrants
• Tried to preserve their own culture in America– Parochial Schools– Newspapers– Restaurants– Social Clubs – Lived together (EX: “Little Italy”)
City Movement
• The American Government was not ready for city movement (very little enforcement)
• “Unofficial Government”- job to assimilate immigrants into American society– Led by bosses like NY’s Boss Tweed
(corrupt: Tammany Hall)• Traded jobs/services for votes
City Movement
• These corrupt gov’s would ignite social campaign again in US.
– “social gospel”: churches job to tackle social issues of the day.
– Settlement Houses: offered schooling, counseling to cope with city-life, child-care and cultural activities. (EX: Hull House by Jane Addams)
– “Gospel of Wealth”
City Movement
• New Opportunities for Women – More work/opportunity = social/economic
independence
– Black Women: domestic work– Native born whites: social work, telephone
operators, secretaries, store clerks, etc– Immigrants: cluster in particular industry by race
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
• Anti-Foreignism “nativism” is aroused again (new immigrants)
• FEAR = Outbreed and Outvoted by immigrants.
• Americans blamed immigrants for…– Shady urban governments– Low wages– Philosophy (Socialism, Communism, Anarchism)
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
• Anti-Immigrant organizations form
1. American Protective Association (APA) 1887• Urged voting against anything foreign
2. Labor Unions = anti-immigrants• “scabs”• If American industry is entitled protection (tariff) why
not American workers?
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
• Congress takes Action…
1. 1882 banned paupers, criminals and convicts2. 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: Chinese banned3. 1885 Prohibited foreign workers under contract
(usually below avg. wage)
Did Americans believe this?
• “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door. “
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
• “Social Gospel” –churches job to fix social problems of the day– D.L. Moody (Urban revival movement)– Religious affiliated organization arise
• YMCA/YWCA
• “Gospel of Wealth”- claimed God caused the righteous to prosper– What is wrong with this thought?– How are they judging monetary
achievement?
Darwin Disrupts the Church
• Charles Darwin- An English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution.
– Evolution- belief that higher forms of life slowly evolve from lower forms. • Natural Selection- nature blindly chose what
would survive.
• AT A TIME RIPE FOR RELIGIOUS REVIVAL WE SEE A REVERS REVIVAL WITH THE HEIGHTENED SNESE OF SKEPTISIM AS THE BIBLE AS TRUE HISTORY/TRUTH IN ITS ENTIRETY.
Lust for Learning
• During this time we see an increase public education. Educational success= new mindset
• REASON:– A free government cannot function successfully if
the people are ignorant (EX: urban governments)
Lust for Learning
• FACTS:– 1870s state are making grade school compulsory
(helped check child labor)– By 1900 = 6,000 high schools– Free textbooks (taxpayers)– Parochial schools increase with new immigrants– 1870-1900 illiteracy drops from 20% to 10.7%• Schools = success
Education for African Americans
• The South lagged behind in public education– REASONS• Civil War• Reconstruction• Spread out society• Most schools for higher education in North = no teachers.
• African Americans suffered the most– 44% illiterate!
Education for African Americans
• Question: How do African Americans gain the rights/equality of other Americans?
Education for African Americans
• Booker T. Washington = champion of black education.– BELIEF: economic independence was the
ticket to black political and civil rights.
• Founded Tuskegee Institute (1881)– African American institute for
agriculture/trades• GOAL: to gain self-respect and economic
opportunity.
Education for African Americans
• W.E.B Du Bois- American sociologist/civil rights leader.– From Mass. (never really saw racism)– BELIEF: demanded complete equality for
African Americans.• “talented tenth”- should be given full and
immediate access to American life.
– Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909
Hallowed Halls of Ivy
• Colleges after Civil War
• REASONS:– Increased belief in education = success– Cities = white collar work– Medicine on the rise– Philanthropy– Morrill Act 1862
• Provided land grants for state supported schools– EX: Ohio State, California, Texas A&M
Hallowed Halls of Ivy
• Educational opportunity increased for African Americans and Women– By 1880 1 of 3 college graduates were women
March of the Mind
• Up to this point colleges were mainly for religious training (theology)
• Reasons for traditional curriculum changing…– Darwin’s new ideas (said science and religion didn’t go
together)– Industrialization- need for “practical” courses and
specialized vocational training in sciences.– Elective System- students choose courses– New Professions- medicine, white collar work, etc.
Appeal to the Press
• With a more educated population a new market arises. – Books, newspapers, and magazines – Linotype (1885)- made the printing of material
quicker and cheaper (1 man job)– Libraries begin being built• All over not just NE• Philanthropist donate money
Appeal to the Press• A new type of journalism arises = “yellow
journalism”– Relies on sensationalism and exaggeration to attract
readers. • The WOW factor• There is no need for it to be TRUE
• Joseph Pulitzer (NY World)• William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner)
• This journalism is balanced out by the formation of the Associated Press, which brought validity to stories.
Families and Women in the City
• Urban life = hard on families (work)– Trends:• Isolation- new stresses
– ERA OF DIVORCE is launched
• New work habits– Went from a farming society to a industrial society
• New family sizes– Families in country = larger (had to get work done)– Families in the city= smaller (more mouths to feed)
» Birth control hits the market
Families and Women in the City
• Women– More social/economic opportunity =
independence• Jobs• Nightlife
top related