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CGE Technical Paper 2019 Distilled
Technical paper on problems, constraints and lessons learned, as well as capacity-building needs for the preparation of national communications and biennial update reports 2019
September 2020
Consultative Group of Experts
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Page 2OverviewTransparency
Transparency of climate action and support under the UNFCCC process includes measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) under the Convention and enhanced transparency framework under the Paris Agreement. Transparency is key to achieving the goals set out in the Convention and the Paris Agreement.
While countries have been engaging in the existing MRV arrangements under the Convention for many years, the Paris Agreement established an enhanced transparency framework (ETF) that applies common modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) for all Parties with “flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities.”
Countries are at different starting points in terms of their capacities and experience in preparing for the ETF. While the existing domestic MRV systems will provide a solid basis for countries to prepare for and implement the ETF, capacity-building to developing countries will remain crucial to ensure all countries are able to engage fully and effectively in the new and enhanced processes and requirements established under the ETF.
The Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) is an expert group mandated to assist developing countries, through technical advice and support, improve their capacities to implement the existing MRV arrangements under the Convention and the ETF under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement in a timely and sustainable manner.
CGE TP 2019 Distilled
The CGE, with a view to providing technical assistance and support that responds to the needs of developing countries in a targeted and strategic manner, conducts an assessment of the existing and emerging constraints and gaps, lessons learned and capacity-building needs of developing countries in implementing the existing MRV arrangements and preparing for the ETF and prepares, annually, a technical paper containing the results.
The CGE TP Distilled series aims at conveying the information in a more user-friendly manner and reaching a broader range of support providers and MRV experts and practitioners. The CGE TP 2019 Distilled provides visual presentation of the information contained in the CGE technical paper published in 2019.
The information on the existing and emerging constraints and challenges, lessons learned and capacity-building needs draws on, among others, a CGE stocktake survey on MRV and transparency gaps and needs, national communications (NCs) and biennial update reports (BURs) submitted by developing countries and summary reports of technical analyses of BURs.
ndbook f
For more information, see CGE Technical Paper 2019FCCC/TP/2019/4 available at
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Page 3Approach to the compilation and synthesis The information on problems and constraints, lessons learned and capacity-building needs identified by developing countries was compiled from various data sources as shown in figure below.
150 NCs 39
BURs
Problems, constraints, gaps and capacity-building needs as identied by developing countries and reported in their NCs and BURs
Problems, constraints and lessons learned in the implemenation of existing MRV arrangements under the convention
ETF under the Paris Agreement- Level of knowledge in the MPGs for the ETF- Status of national planning for reporting under the ETF- Key areas of capacity-building
41 TASRs
Capacity-building needs identied during the technical analysis of the BURs
Submitted by 31 January 2018
Published by 31 August 2019
2019 CGE Stocktake
SUrvey- Conducted between 24 May - 19 July 2019- 86 countries represented- National Focal Points, NR/BUR project coordinators, national GHG inventory coordinators, sectoral/thematic experts
Examples of problems and constraints and capacity-building needs
Signicance of key categories of issues as identied by countries represented in the survey
Problems and constraints, lessons learned and capacity-building needs associated with:
Status of capacity-building needs in respect of the preparation for the ETF
National GHG inventory
Reporting on mitigation actions
Reporting on climate change impacts and adaptation
Reporting on support needed and received
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Issues associated with institutional arrangements Issues associated with data and informationIssues associated with methodology and tools
The number indicates the average level of significance as identified by countries represented in the survey, on a scale of 1–3 (1: low – 2: medium – 3: high).
Page 4
Lack of formal arrangements and inadequate coordination often result in a delay in collecting data and feedback from stakeholders.
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.292.30
2.3
3
2.41
2.41
2.43
2.43
2.45 2.112.18
2.18
2.20
2.23
Leader-ship
Accessibility of data due to
condentiality
Technical capacity to use IPCC so�ware
Awareness of stakeholders,
especially private sector
Technical capacity to perform key
category analysis
Policy or legal mandate to prepare national
reports
Improvement planning
Roles and responsibilities
across stakeholdersData
management process
Technical capacity to perform uncertainty assessment
Technical capacity to
understand and apply IPCC guidelines
Quality data
Retaining institutional
capacity
Data availability
Coordination
Data collection process
Insufficient legislative or policy support for climate change initiatives usually results in an inadequate institutional basis to sustain the national reporting process. The responsible institution is unable to justify the resource commitment for the preparation and submission of national reports. Further, lack of mandate renders data collection from the private sector extremely challenging, especially where data collection and storage involves costs.
Inadequate data management systems for national GHG inventories make the archiving and use of data difficult. In most cases, data are archived in different formats and across multiple locations in different agencies, which means obtaining and using the data is challenging and which often leads to a failure to retain institutional memory.
Some countries faced technical constraints in: understanding and applying IPCC guidelines; estimating emissions using proxy activity data; carrying out uncertainty assessment; undertaking key category analysis and/or conducting QA/QC. Some countries have found that the default emission factors contained in the IPCC GLs are not applicable to their national circumstances; yet they lack the expertise and resources needed to develop country-specific emission factors.
The format of the data might not be suitable for the national GHG inventory, which renders the data compilation and processing for the inventory challenging and increases uncertainty. The data might also be incomplete or inconsistent.
National greenhouse gas inventories
Problems and constraintsKey categories of issues that have been recurrently reported by developing countries in relation to the preparation of their national GHG inventories are presented in the diagram below. Among 16 categories of issues presented, lack of inadequate data collection process was identified as the most significant, followed by inadequate coordination across sectors or institutions to collect and share data, and lack of availability of data that are consistent with reporting guidelines. See the boxes for examples.
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Page 5... continue National greenhouse gas inventories
Lessons learnedCountries are devising various ways of dealing with problems, constraints and gaps identified. Examples of success stories and lessons learned are:
What has been put in place? How did it contribute to enhancing the MRV process?
Establishing national GHG inventory data
management system as a central depository of all
relevant data and information and accessible to the
relevant stakeholders.
Ensures the continuous flow of data from the relevant institutions
to the designated entity.
Documenting the steps in the data collection process
and annotating collected data.
Helps maintain institutional memory and create a basis for a
larger data depository.
Creating a legal instrument (e.g. a by-law or
regulation).
Mandates the preparation of the national GHG inventory and the
continuous disclosure of activity data by major GHG emitters to the
designated entity.
Establishing data sharing protocols or memorandum
of understanding with the relevant institutions.
Facilitates data-sharing.
Creating a coordination mechanism, such as a
working group comprising key ministries.
Improves the quality of the national GHG inventory and the
efficiency of the data collection process.
Establishing a dedicated team or unit in key
institutions to serve as the focal point for data-
sharing and management.
Improves data collection and addresses the issue of data loss
resulting from staff turnover.
Clearly communicating to data custodians and key
stakeholders the purpose, process and strategic
results of data-sharing, including what is expected
from them and how the data and information
provided will be used.
Helps ensure that stakeholders are more actively engaged in the
process.
Involving national statistical agencies in the
inventory preparation process.
Facilitates data generation for certain sectors/categories.
Engaging more national experts in the process of
generating and managing data and information
and limiting the role of consultants to training the
national experts.
Helps retain institutional capacity and sustain the national GHG
inventory process.
Capacity-Building NeedsWhat are the key areas for capacity-building needs identified by developing countries in respect of the process and preparation of national GHG inventories?
Training and guidance to enhance the technical capacity of experts and institutions to:
• Understand and apply the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and IPCC inventory
software, and identify appropriate and consistent methods for estimating emissions to ensure a reliable and
consistent time series;
• Conduct uncertainty assessment and key category analysis;
• Identify and use surrogate data to fill data gaps in order to generate a consistent time series;
• Develop a QA/QC plan and implement QA/QC procedures;
• Develop country-specific emission factors to reduce uncertainty and enable the use of higher tiers for key
categories;
• Develop data management and archiving systems (i.e. technology infrastructure, such as a web-based
platform or centralized database);
• Develop or strengthen the data collection process by establishing data-sharing protocols or developing.
standardized data-sharing formats to ensure systemic collection of data that are consistent with IPCC guidelines.
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Issues associated with institutional arrangements Issues associated with data and informationIssues associated with methodology and tools
The number indicates the average level of significance as identified by countries represented in the survey, on a scale of 1–3 (1: low – 2: medium – 3: high).
Page 6 Reporting on mitigation actions
Problems and constraintsKey categories of issues that have been recurrently reported by developing countries in relation to their reporting of mitigation actions are presented in the diagram below. Among 17 categories of issues presented, lack of or inadequate methods for quantification of direct and indirect effects of mitigation actions, and lack of or insufficient institutional capacity to retain skills and knowledge gained from training were identified as the most significant issues. See the boxes for examples.
Conducting mitigation assessment requires quality baseline information. It serves as the reference point for assessing progress since the implementation of the mitigation action and for scenario development. Existing data challenges and high data uncertainties associated with the national GHG inventory place constraints on conducting assessment of mitigation measures and on identifying and developing mitigation options.
Some countries face technical constraints in using the available models, methods and tools and require practical and easy-to-apply guidelines or methods, particularly relating to setting baselines and target values, developing progress indicators, scenario development, uncertainty management and abatement cost analysis.
2.31
2.33
2.352.36
2.37
2.37
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.40
2.40 2.102.13
2.18
2.29
2.302.30
Improve-ment
planning Leader-ship
Accessibility of data due to
con�dentialiality
Technical capacity to use the
available tools
Awareness of stakeholders,
especially private sector
Technical capacity to analyze data and
information gathered from
modelling
Data collection process
Quality dataData
management process
Data availability
Practical tool to conduct
mitigation assessment (e.g. sector-speci�c
modeling)
Practical guidelines/
methods for setting baselines/target values/indicators
Policy or legal mandate to prepare
national reports
Coordination
Roles and
responsibilities across stakeholders
Retaining institutional
capacity
Methods for quanti�cation of direct and
indirect effects of mitigation
actions
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Page 7... continue Reporting on mitigation actions
Lessons learnedCountries are devising various ways of dealing with problems, constraints and gaps identified. Examples of success stories and lessons learned are:
What has been put in place? How did it contribute to enhancing the MRV process?
Building on the existing data collection process
in key sectors, for example, revisiting sectoral
data collection vehicles, such as an energy
survey conducted by the ministry of energy, to
incorporate progress indicators for mitigation
assessment.
Helps streamline the data collection process and obtain more up-to-
date and accurate data from key stakeholders.
Strengthening coordination with enforcement
entities, including ministries and other
stakeholders at different governance levels.
Facilitates data collection and use of policy instruments.
Clearly communicating to key stakeholders the
purpose, process and strategic results of data-
sharing.
Facilitates the participation of stakeholders and ensures that the
relevant policies and measures of each ministry are incorporated
into the national reporting process.
Including information on other development
benefits (i.e. economic, social and environmental)
of mitigation measures, so-called co-benefits.
Leads to more comprehensive outcomes of mitigation assessments
Facilitates communicating the benefits of mitigation measures
beyond reducing GHG emissions, which can make mitigation
measures more appealing to policymakers.
Countries have also found that the participation in the MRV process brings many benefits at the national level, including:
National planning process for new or updated
mitigation assessments provides a good basis
for improving scenario development and more
accurately calculating mitigation potential.
The preparation of information on mitigation
actions to be included in national reports helps
to improve the communication and dissem-
ination of information on mitigation projects
and programmes for the purpose of attracting
investors.
Capacity-Building Needs What are the key areas for capacity-building needs identified by developing countries in respect of reporting on mitigation actions?
Training and guidance to enhance the technical capacity of experts and institutions to:
• Identify and use appropriate methodologies and relevant assumptions to track the progress and quantify
the effects of mitigation actions in key sectors, and assess mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation
actions or economic diversification plans;
• Develop progress indicators;
• Maintain or strengthen the extensive analytical work conducted for developing scenarios and projections,
and create a solid analytical base for revising mitigation measures in the future;
• Develop or strengthen a mechanism for tracking and verifying GHG emission reductions resulting from
various mitigation actions across all sectors;
• Develop data management and archiving systems (i.e. technology infrastructure, such as a web-based
platform or centralized database);
• Develop or strengthen the data collection process by establishing data-sharing protocols or developing
standardized data-sharing formats to ensure systemic collection of data that are consistent with IPCC guidelines.
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Issues associated with institutional arrangements Issues associated with data and informationIssues associated with methodology and tools
The number indicates the average level of significance as identified by countries represented in the survey, on a scale of 1–3 (1: low – 2: medium – 3: high).
Page 8
2.34
2.36
2.382.38
2.39
2.39
2.41
2.42
2.45
2.47
2.48 2.122.14
2.16
2.16
2.232.32
Improvement planning
Leader-ship
Accessi-bility of
data due to
con�-dentiali-
ty
Technical capacity to use
the available tools
Awareness of stakeholders,
especially private sector
Technical infrastructure for
monitoring of climate data
Technical capacity to analyze data and information
Quality data
Data management
process
Data availability
Prac-tical tool to
conduct V&A assessment (e.g.
sector-speci�c modeling, regional/ downscaling climate
models)
Policy or legal mandate to
prepare national reports
Coordination
Roles and responsibilities
across stakeholders
Retaining institutional
capacity
Practical guidelines on
development of scenarios for V&A
assessment
Data collection process
Reporting on Climate Change impacts and Adaptation
Problems and constraintsKey categories of issues that have been recurrently reported by developing countries in relation to their reporting of climate change impacts and adaptation are presented in the diagram below. Among 17 categories of issues presented, lack of practical guidelines on the development of baseline or socioeconomic scenarios for vulnerability and adaptation assessment was identified as the most significant issue, followed by lack of practical tool to conduct vulnerability and adaptation assessment, in particular associated with sector-specific modelling and regional or downscaling climate models. See the boxes for examples.
Countries with incomplete data systems have found climate change scenario development challenging owing to inconsistencies between available data sources, such as historical observational data and meteorological data, and global and regional climate model outputs.
Some countries have acknowledged not having sufficient funds for or national experts capable of applying climate science and carrying out technical studies to address all prioritized socioeconomic sectors.
Some countries face the challenge of identifying socioeconomic indicators for vulnerability and adaptation assessment. In most cases, the challenge is associated with data constraint and/or the lack of technical capacity to interpret data and information gathered from modelling.
Many developing countries are faced with a lack of standardized methodologies and tools for developing baseline and climate change scenarios. Consequently, sectoral assessments are often incomplete or inconsistent and thus difficult to present in an integrated manner.
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Page 9
What has been put in place? How did it contribute to enhancing the MRV process?
Strengthening the network of meteorological
stations and observation systems;
Digitization and retrieval of historical
observational data.
Improves data availability.
Countries have also found that the participation in the MRV process brings many benefits at the national level, including:
Vulnerability and adaptation assessment
conducted during NC preparation has been
beneficial to the development of national ad-
aptation strategies.
The integration of vulnerability and adapta-
tion assessment for key sectors has proved
useful in informing the development and im-
plementation of relevant social and environ-
mental policies and strategies. Some countries
have reportedly integrated vulnerability and
adaptation assessment into their national
adaptation planning process.
Some countries have found that their technical
capacity to conduct vulnerability and adapta-
tion assessment for key sectors has been en-
hanced by the continuous reporting process.
Capacity-Building NeedsWhat are the key areas for capacity-building needs identified by developing countries in respect of reporting on climate change impacts and adaptation?
Training and guidance to enhance the technical capacity of experts and institutions to:
• Identify appropriate and practical methodologies and tools for vulnerability and adaptation assessment,
climate modelling and projections;
• Identify and prioritize adaptation options;
• Develop or upgrade technology infrastructure to enhance the quality of observational and meteorological
data.
... continue Reporting on Climate Change impacts and Adaptation
Lessons learnedCountries are devising various ways of dealing with problems, constraints and gaps identified. Examples of success stories and lessons learned are:
-
Issues associated with institutional arrangements Issues associated with data and informationIssues associated with methodology and tools
The number indicates the average level of significance as identified by countries represented in the survey, on a scale of 1–3 (1: low – 2: medium – 3: high).
Page 10 Reporting on support needed and received
Problems and constraintsKey categories of issues that have been recurrently reported by developing countries in relation to their reporting on support needed and received are presented in the diagram below. Among 10 categories of issues presented, lack of or inadequate allocation of responsibilities for MRV of support was identified as the most significant issue, followed by lack of or inadequate data collection process. See the boxes for examples.
Many countries reported their lack of a clear understanding of what constitutes climate finance and the lack of a common mechanism for classifying financial support received as either climate finance or development assistance. Consequently, they are faced with the challenge of setting criteria, identifying key actors and institutions for generating data, and putting in place a process or strategy to coordinate data collection.
In most cases, financial and technical assistance for climate action is channeled through various agencies: not only governments, but also the private sector and non-governmental organizations. The dispersion of information thereon can hinder a country’s ability to track and measure the financial and technical support received for climate action.
2.49
2.40
2.342.4
4
2.46
2.48
2.20
2.31
2.332.33
Accessibility of data due to
con�dentiality
Identi�cation of all relevant
stakeholders
Data collection process
Guidelines or standards such as
common de�nitions of relevant
terminology and approaches
Data availability
Improvement planning
Data management
process
Process for the coordination of support received
Process or approaches to integrate reporting processes to various donors on support
received
Allocation of responsibilities for MRV
of support
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Page 11... continue Reporting on support needed and received
Lessons learnedCountries are devising various ways of dealing with problems, constraints and gaps identified. Examples of success stories and lessons learned are:
What has been put in place? How did it contribute to enhancing the MRV process?
Mapping the scope of mandates and projects
of relevant institutions receiving financial,
technological and capacity-building support
related to climate change;
Defining the roles of relevant institutions and
involving planning and finance ministries in the
data gathering and reporting process.
Helps reduce duplication of efforts and inconsistencies between
institutions .
Carrying out thematic studies and preparatory
work for establishing a national climate finance
tracking mechanism or climate finance tagging
mechanism.
Helps identify a set of criteria for tracking climate finance (e.g.
expenditure allocated to or spent on adaptation measures) and
thereby enhances data collection from various stakeholders,
including from the private sector and non-governmental
organizations.
Countries have also highlighted the need to put in place a new process or system for reporting on support needed and received, including:
• Clear mechanism, technological platforms, methodologies and monitoring instruments for the funds received;
• A donor coordination mechanism through which donors can report on their climate-related activities and projects.
Capacity-Building NeedsWhat are the key areas for capacity-building needs identified by developing countries in respect of reporting on support needed and received?
Training and guidance to enhance the technical capacity of experts and institutions to:
• Develop a methodology or systemic approach for identifying and classifying climate change related
support needed and received;
• Develop procedures and arrangements for collecting and managing information.
A compilation and synthesis of information on methodologies for and experience in setting criteria for climate finance, tracking support received and assessing needs and gaps in a rigorous manner.
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Page 12Preparation for the enhanced transparency framework
Where do developing countries stand?Few questions were asked in the survey with a view to gauging the emerging needs of developing countries resulting from the enhanced transparency framework under the Paris Agreement.
Limited knowledge
Knowledgeable enough to identify needs and start planning for the implementation of the enhanced transparency framework.
Familiar but need more guidance and detailed information to identify needs
Key areas of capacity-buildingWhat are the key areas of capacity-building that developing countries could most benefit from in respect of the implementation of the enhanced transparency framework?
Planning at the national level
Has the country started planning for reporting under the ETF?
Level of knowledge of the MPGs
To what extent are you familiar with MPGs for ETF?
42% Methods and/or practical guideline for tracking progress of implementation and achievement of NDCs.
Understanding of the relationship between MRV/transparency
of climate action and support and tracking/monitoring of SDGs
indicators.
Formalization of data collection and management process.
Use of 2006 IPCC guidelines.
Understanding of the relationship between existing MRV
arrangements and enhanced transparency framework.
20%
17%
11%
11%
55 %
59 %
No
41% Yes
21 % 24 %
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