cellular respiration chemical pathways

CELLULAR RESPIRATIONChemical Pathways

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___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food

AUTOTROPHShttp://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif

In the last section green plants used ________________ totrap energy from __________ and make ______________

sunlightfood (glucose)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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In this section, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ in a process called___________________

What kind of organisms do this?

energybroken down

ATP

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

________(Including _______)

ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!

What kind of organisms do this?

plants fungi bacteria__________________ animalshumans

We get the energy the plants stored as glucose by _____________ directly or eating the _________ that ate the plants.

How do we get the sugar from the plants?

 Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm

REMEMBER!

_______________ get their energy by eating other organisms.

HETEROTROPHS

eating plantsanimals

We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants.

GLUCOSE

In this section we will learn how ______________

get their energy by consuming other

organisms.

 Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif

HETEROTROPHS

http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

REMEMBER CELL BIO??

Area with gel-like material

inside cell membrane

surrounding mitochondria

= ______________________

Power plant of cell

that burns glucose

and stores the energy

as ATP

= _______________mitochondria

CYTOPLASM

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html

http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plantSurrounded by ___________ membrane

Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called

_______________ )

Space between inner membrane & outer membrane

= ____________________

Space inside cristae folds= _________________

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

DOUBLE

MATRIX

CRISTAE

Cellular Respiration

• Is an aerobic process—requires oxygen

• Takes place in the mitochondria

Heterotrophs use ________________to release energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____

  Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

ATP

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________.

If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________!

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slowly many steps

light and heat

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2

_____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________

______________________________________________________________

CELLULAR RESPIRATIONC6H12O6 6O2

6 CO2 6 H2O

The two equations are exact opposites!

Cellular Respiration

• Mitochondria cannot directly produce ATP

• First…foods are broken down into small products (GLUCOSE)

• Glucose is broken down by a process known as glycolysis

→

See glycolysis movie

The first step in cellular respiration = __________________•happens in the ________________outside the mitochondria•does not need oxygen (anaerobic)•Splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules•Net Gain: 2 ATP molecules

GLYCOLYSISCYTOPLASM

Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )

Glycolysis ____________________________BUT it needs some ____________to get it started.

What molecule do you think is going tosupply the energy do this?

split apart

DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN

ATP

sweet

ENERGY

________

↓___________ → → _____________

↓

____________________ + _______________

GLUCOSE

2 PYRUVIC ACID

PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________

2 ATP’s 4 ATP’s

GLYCOLYSIS

2 ATP’s 2 NADH

ATP ATP ATP ATP NADH NADH

Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration.

– two ATP molecules are used to split glucose– four ATP molecules are produced (NET GAIN OF 2

ATP)– two molecules of NADH produced– two molecules of pyruvate produced

• The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available.

• The two, three carbon molecules leaving glycolysis will enter the mitochondria

• Cellular Respiration occurs in two stages– 1. Krebs Cycle– 2. Electron Transport Chain

Stage 1: Krebs Cycle

• Takes place in mitochondrial matrix• Breaks down the three-carbon

molecules that came from glycolysis• makes a small amount of ATP• Releases Carbon Dioxide• Transfers electron-carrying

molecules (NADH & FADH2) to stage 2 (the electron transport chain)

The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration.

• Pyruvate is broken down before the Krebs cycle.– carbon dioxide

released– NADH produced– coenzyme A (CoA)

bonds to two-carbon molecule

The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.

The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.

– NADH and FADH2 are made– intermediate molecule with

CoA enters Krebs cycle– citric acid

(six-carbon molecule)is formed

– citric acid is broken down,carbon dioxide is released,and NADH is made

– five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, NADH and ATP are made

– four-carbon molecule is rearranged

Products of Krebs Cycle

• Breaking down one molecule of pyruvate:– Carbon Dioxide (3)– ATP (1)– NADH (4)

– FADH2 (1)

Stage 2: Electron Transport Chain

• Produces a large amount of ATP• Takes place in inner membrane of

mitochondria• Oxygen enters the process• ATP produced• Water released as a waste product

The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.• The electron transport chain uses NADH and

FADH2 to make ATP.

– high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain– energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across

the inner membrane– hydrogen ions

flow through achannel in themembrane

Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.

– ATP synthase produces ATP– oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions– water is released as a waste product

ATP Production• Approximately 38 ATP molecules are

produced when one glucose molecule is broken down.– 2 from glycolysis– 36 from cellular respiration

• 2 from Krebs Cycle• 34 from ETC

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

6H O2

6CO 2

6O 2

mitochondrionmitochondrion

matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)

inner membrane

ATP

ATP

energy

energy from glycolysis

1

2

4

3

and

and

and

PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP

IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)

IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)

= ANAEROBIC

= AEROBIC

PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN

2 kinds of fermentation

___________________ & _____________________

ANAEROBIC

Alcoholic Lactic acid

WITHOUT

_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

PYRUVIC ACID

ALCOHOL

Happens when yeast makes bread dough riseCO2 bubbles make _____________ in bread

Alcohol _______________ during cooking

CO2 NAD+

http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

air spaces

evaporates

_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

PYRUVIC ACID

ALCOHOL

Happens when___________ make _______

or

____________ make ______

CO2 NAD+

http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg

yeast beer

bacteria wine

_______ +_____ →______________ + ________

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

PYRUVIC ACID

LACTIC ACID

Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough.

Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness

NAD+

http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

exercise

muscles

_______ +_____ →______________ + ________

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

PYRUVIC ACID

LACTIC ACID

Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like: ______________________________________________________________________________

NAD+

http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpghttp://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html

yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, & sour cream, pickles, saurkraut, and kimchi

WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full.

Eventually glycolysis will

WHY DO FERMENTATION?WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS?

builds up

NAD+

NAD+

_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____

FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going

PYRUVIC ACID

ALCOHOL

→

CO2 NAD+

REGENERATE the NAD+

LACTIC ACID NAD+

→

You get the NAD+ carriers back

______

Flooded Corn Field

plants need ______________________ too. If plants seeds are under water 3 days or more, the seeds will die. If a plants roots are under water for 3 days or more, the plants will die.

By:http://skyways.lib.ks.us/towns/ElkCity/2007flood.html

Plants do

____________

but

photosynthesis

oxygen for cellular respiration