cells vary in size and structure depends on what they do

Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE

Depends on what they do

All Animal Cells have

•Nucleus

•Cytoplasm (cytosol)

•Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane is selectively permeable

Lipid bilayer (phospholipids) make up the membrane with proteins embedded to help regulate what comes across the membrane

ORGANELLES-  "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functions

The nucleus is to the cell what the __________is to a person.

The cell membrane is to a cell what the ________ is to a person.

•Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell

•Smooth ER (lipid synthesis)

•Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)

•Flattened membranes; function to package and deliver proteins produced by the ribosomes

•Proteins are exported in vesicles

•Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) • process is called Cellular Respiration

•The “powerhouse” of the cell

CRISTAE

•Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances

•Centrosome – forms a spindle during cell division

•Vesicles – packaged substances, exported

•Microfilaments and Microtubules - cell skeleton (cytoskeleton), maintains shape and functions in movement

•Cilia & Flagella

•Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell)

•Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin

•Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes

•Has tiny pores where RNA can exit the nucleus

•Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out

•Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion Animation

oHypertonic oHypotonicoIsotonic SALT

SUCKS

Osmosis Animation

•Active Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

Figure 3.6, step 12Extracellular fluid

Plasma membrane

Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane

Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome

Proteins in cisterna

Lysosome fuses withingested substancesMembrane

Transportvesicle

Pathway 3

Pathway 2

Secretory vesicles Pathway 1

Golgiapparatus

Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle

Cisterna

Rough ER

Proteins

Secretion byexocytosis

Active Transport Processes: Endocytosis

Figure 3.13a, step 6

Recycling of membraneand receptors (if present)to plasma membrane

CytoplasmExtracellularfluid

Extracellularfluid

Plasmamembrane

Detachmentof vesicle

Vesicle containingingested material

Vesicle

Vesicle fusingwith lysosomefor digestion

Release ofcontents tocytoplasm

Lysosome

Transport to plasmamembrane andexocytosis ofvesicle contents

Plasmamembrane

Ingestedsubstance

Pit

(a)

•Mitosis = nuclear division

•Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division)

•The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original

•Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs

•Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

•IPMAT

The structure of a chromosome

Centromere holds two chromatids together

1. chromosomes visible (chromatids)2. centrioles migrate to the poles3. nuclear membrane disappears4. nucleolus disappears5. spindle forms

1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

1. chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles

1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin2. nuclear membrane reforms3. nucleoli reappears4. spindle disappears5. centrioles duplicate

- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells- organelles are divided- daughter cells are genetically identical

Cells return to interphase

DIFFERENTIATION

occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows

1.Name the phases starting at the top.

1.Name the phase2.Identify X3.Identify Y

6. Name the structure

1.Name the structure2.What is its function?

9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag

     A                     B                   C                   D                    E

10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?

Protein Synthesis

Figure 3.16

Nucleus(site of transcription)

DNA

mRNA specifyingone polypeptideis made onDNA template

mRNA leavesnucleus andattaches toribosome, andtranslationbegins

Synthetaseenzyme

Amino acids

Cytoplasm(site of translation )

Correct aminoacid attachedto each speciesof tRNA by anenzyme

Growing polypeptide chain

Nuclear pore

Nuclear membrane

mRNA

As the ribosomemoves along themRNA, a new aminoacid is added tothe growing proteinchain

Released tRNAreenters thecytoplasmicpool, ready tobe rechargedwith a newamino acid

Direction of ribosomeadvance; ribosome movesthe mRNA strand alongsequentially as each codonis read

Small ribosomalsubunit

Portion ofmRNA alreadytranslated

tRNA “head” bearinganticodon

Large ribosomal subunit

Peptide bond

Incoming tRNArecognizes acomplementarymRNA codon callingfor its amino acid bybinding via itsanticodon to thecodon

Codon

AlaPhe

Ser

Gly

Met

C G G

GU UU C UCC AA G CCA U