cebu history lecture

CEBU

GeographyGeographyHistory History

and and CultureCulture

Physical Geography:

9°25'N and 11°15'N latitude and between

123°13'E and 124°5'E

600 kilometers south of Manila

Boundaries:

East---Camotes SeaWest---Tanon StraitNorth--Visayan Sea Southeast--Bohol

Strait

L - 250 kilometers

from North to South

W - 45

kilometers across at its widest point

5,088 sq. kms.

(508,839 has.)

1.7% of the total land

area of the country

Table 1. Total Population of Top 10 by Sex: Cebu, 2000

MunicipalityTotal Population Percent Male Female

Cebu 2,377,588 100.00 1,194,700 1,182,888

     Lapu lapu City (Opon) 217,019 9.13 106,099 110,920

     Talisay City 148,110 6.23 71,309 76,801

     Toledo City 141,174 5.94 71,719 69,455

     Danao City 98,781 4.15 49,423 49,358

     Carcar 89,199 3.75 45,276 43,923

     Naga 80,189 3.37 40,332 39,857

     Minglanilla 77,268 3.25 39,898 37,370

     Daanbantayan 69,336 2.92 34,738 34,598

     Bantayan 68,125 2.87 34,542 33,583

     Liloan 64,970 2.73 32,619 32,351

     Other Municipalities 1,303,417 55.66 668,745 654,672

Cities and municipalitie

s :Alcantara

Alcoy Alegría

Aloguinsan Argao

Asturias Badian

Balamban Bantayan

Barili Boljoon Borbon Carcar Carmen Catmon

Compostela Consolación

Cordova

Daanbantayan Dalaguete Dumanjug Ginatilan

Liloan Madridejos Malabuyoc Medellin

Minglanilla Moalboal

Oslob Pilar

Pinamungahan Poro

Ronda Samboan

San Fernando San Francisco

San Remigio Santa Fe

Santander Sibonga Sogod

Tabogon Tabuelan Tuburan Tudela

Cebu City Danao City

Lapu-Lapu City Mandaue City Talisay City Toledo City

The Cebuano speaking world

Number of native speakers:Approximately a little more

than 20 million…

History of

Cebu

What was the state of Cebu before 1521?

When and where did Spanish Rule Begin in the Philippines?

Why did Legazpi move the Capital of the Spanish Colonization from Cebu to Manila and what happened to Cebu after the Spaniards

transferred their capital to Manila?

When did Cebu finally re-emerge as a major city in the Philippines?

What was Cebu’s involvement during the Philippine Revolution?

What was the state of Cebu during the American Period?

How did Cebu survive the ravages of WWII?

How did Cebu emerge as the Queen City of the South?

Where to Cebu?

What was the state of Cebu before

1521?

We do not exactly know when Cebu was populated but some evidence point to the early metal age

as the earliest.

We are definite that it was through migration.

Settlers from nearby islands.

Fishing villages that eventually also became cultivators.

Promontory (Ilihan) dwellers

As to when the Cebuanos became seaport traders, that is not clear but definitely in the 9th and 10th

centuries Cebu was already actively engaged in trade.

ISLA DE PINTADOS

OTHER CRAFTS

•Red clay Pottery with blackened bottoms

•Weaving

Back strap horizontal loom (lompot), most likely used with the evidence of cloth and nets

(also based on Pigafetta’s accounts and others)

LUTAWS?

Semi-nomadic boat people drawn to the island because of its rich marine

resources

Peterson claims though that

Cebuanos at the start of the

contact period had already become promontory dwellers.

1521

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magellan-Map-En.png

1521 was when the first contact

between the Spanish

forces and the

inhabitants of Cebu

happened

First Philippine Massni Carlos V. Francisco, undated

 http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/

spread_of_roman_catholicism_and_.htm

Nag unsa man na

sila diay?

Unsa ni?

1565

From Villa San Miguel to Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus

Spanish Fort City in Cebu was established on

May 8, 1565 and named Villa San Miguel in honor of Sr. San Miguel

June 4, 1565 Treaty between Spaniards and Cebuanos

Periodic acts of hostility on both sides

Occasional Portuguese attacks and food shortage

Cebuanos were subsistence farmers

1569 Legazpi moved to the island of Panay

1570 Returned with 50 Spanish couples to settle

in Cebu and renamed the settlement

after the Holy Child

1571 Legazpi moved to Manila

Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)

Cebu’s role as regional trade center was undermined by the Galleon Trade based in Manila.

The Galleon trade also did not carry much of Philippine products (only 10%) and the only product that were from Cebu were the lampotes (cotton gauze)

Its traditional trade linkages with other Asian and SEAn traders was disrupted as traders began to by-pass the port of Cebu.

1594 Decree allowed Spanish citizens in Cebu to build

and send one Galleon to New Mexico but the trade items that could be loaded were limited to products that did not necessarily have a high demand in New Mexico

1604 the Cebu based Galleon Trade closed…

Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)

1611 the Spaniards tried to revive the Galleon Trade but were turned down.

Spanish population declined as well as that of the Cebuanos in the port area.

Cebu was reduced to being an outpost of Spanish Colonial Administration

Inter-island trade also was disrupted by Moro raids and whatever little domestic trade activities existed, the Alcalde-Mayor monopolized this…

Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)

Introduction of the concept of land ownership In theory, the crown owned all of the lands…

Changes in the landholding patterns.

Banilad Estate in Banilad and the Talisay-Minglanilla Estate of the Augustinians

Mandaue Estate of the Jesuits

Chinese and Chinese mestizos also began acquiring land holdings

Introduction of New Crops

- corn - tobacco - cacao

Took a while before the Cebuanos were able to adjust to these new crops…

Conversions and Colonization in Cebu

Beginnings of Missionary Work in Cebu

1565 Augustians and 2 Secular Priests

1592 Jesuits

1622 Recollects

Became a diocese in 1592 that included all of the Visayas, Christian Mindanao, Palawan, the Carolines, Marianas and Palau islands until 1865

But Cebu was basically Augustinian territory as they owned the Banilad Estate,

Talisay-Minglanilla Estate and the guardians of the Holy Cross and the Image of the Sto.

Nino

Jesuits also had a small estate in the North (Mandaue Estate) …

Conversions and Colonization in Cebu

CONVERSION ISSUES

Not sweeping as we sometimes would like to believe

scarcity of missionaries

the few who where in Cebu concentrated their work in Cebu port area

visitas were rarely visited

accounts point to the widespread practice of pre-hispanic customs and beliefs

and practices even after WWII

reducciones were not immediately successful as very few chose to live in the

cabecera

accounts of some missionaries who wrote about their second thoughts as to whether they will ever succeed in their missionary endeavors…

1860 CEBU

WAS OPENED TO

WORLD TRADE

When did Cebu finally re-emerge as a major city in the Philippines?

Along with the opening of Philippine ports to world and global demand for agricultural products, large plantations surfaced in the region, especially in the

Visayas –Filipinos would come to call them "haciendas”

“…“…a time between times” a time between times” 1898-1906 - A highly disturbed period :

Health crisis, agricultural collapse Period of relative stability, 1906-12 Improvements in infrastructure, public

education, health, sanitation and public order

Introduction of modern commercial farming, 1920s

Backdrop of agricultural products, 1930s American colonialism strengthened

economic forces already at work in the Spanish period…

CEBU OVERTAKES ILO-ILO CITY AS PREMIERE COMMERCIAL AND TRADING

CENTER

SOUTH OF MANILA

Cebu becomes the main base for

the Philippines’ shipping industry .